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	Elephant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In zoos, musth is often the cause of fatal accidents to elephant keepers.
		Musth is accompanied by a significant rise in reproductive hormones.
		Mahouts are often able to greatly shorten the duration of their elephants' musth: this is accomplished by tying the bull to two extremely strong trees, and keeping him on a starvation diet until the musth ends, typically after 5 to 7 days.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Musth (8097 words)

	Musth and elephant bulls in zoo and circus
		Musth is a word of Persian origin and is translated in the languages of Northern India by "condition of poisoning".
		The word musth is used to describe an abnormal behaviour or the behaviour of a drunk, whether human being or elephant.
		The musth can be defined as a periodical change of the behaviour of elephant bulls, which can last from some weeks up to some months.
	www.upali.ch /musth_en.html (916 words)

	manmusth
		Musth is a physiological phenomena, occurring annually in male, Asian elephants.
		Musth is a special condition in an elephant, where it exhibits violent tendencies.
		A mahout must know his elephant's musth period, duration, and temperament during musth It is advisable to tether the animal in the early stages of musth.
	www.elephantcare.org /manmusth.htm (2358 words)

	Elephants' protection fund
		Musth can occur, to a less marked degree, in African female elephants (but not Asian ones) though flow from the glands is usually absent.
		A scientific study of musth behavior on Sri Lanka revealed the following stages: in the early phase, signalled by a swelling of the temporal glands, bulls showed hypersexuality, with erections during breaks in work; the flow of the secretion had a sudden onset and was accompanied by ar~pid rise in testosterone level, indicating increased virility.
		Musth occurs only in strong, well-nourished animals, and Indians take the absence of musth to be a sign of poor health.
	elephant.kulichki.net /elib4.htm (1299 words)

	Balarama-Phanphetsila-Navam Raja-Elephants-Musth
		Although the musth period is not directly connected with reproduction, it is usually the elephants in musth that mate.
		The pressure in the musth gland creates pressure in the head which is the cause of the anger and aggressiveness.
		In the case of tame elephants in musth, they are tied up during this period, which tends to increase their aggressiveness.
	members.tripod.com /~animom/musth.html (2115 words)

	What Elephants Communicate
		Musth rumbling is associated with an increased rate of urine dribbling and a particular ear posture known as ear waving(2)
		Musth males also frequently rumble before or after a bout of listening and presumably in these cases they are either responding to elephant calls that we cannot hear or they are calling and expecting an answer - possibly from potential mates(4)
		The typical musth rumble is of moderate intensity, low in pitch, pulsated and is generally relatively long in duration.
	www.elephantvoices.org /what_comm/musth.html (377 words)

	Musth - Wild India
		Musth is a periodic condition in bull elephants, characterized by a thick, tar-like secretion from the temporal ducts and, far more notably, by highly aggressive behaviour.
		It is accompanied by a significant rise in reproductive hormones - testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times.
		Interestingly, mahouts are often able to greatly shorten the duration of their elephants' musth: this is accomplished by tying the bull to two extremely strong trees, and keeping him on a starvation diet until the musth ends, typically after 5 to 7 days.
	www.wildindia.org /wiki/Musth (256 words)

	Musth in elephant society
		Musth males are more aggressive probably as a result of higher levels of testosterone, and most other males will avoid a musth bull.
		Musth changes an individual’s position in the hierarchy, and any bull that is in musth automatically becomes dominant to any bull that is not in musth.
		A consequence of this hierarchy is that when a bull does actually enter musth he has the experience to cope with the circumstance of being cock-full of testosterone in the presence of a group of receptive females, and in a bunch of like-minded guys.
	www.und.ac.za /und/lesci/elephant/musth.htm (1263 words)

	Course Descriptions - Undergraduate Students - Hunter College Music Department
		Prereq: MUSHL 206, MUSTH 221 and 291 and ENGL 120.
		Prereq: ENGL 120 and MUSTH 221 and 291 or perm instr.
		Prereq: MUSPF 349 and MUSTH 381, or perm instr; Coreq: audit MUSPF 221 or 231.
	www.hunter.cuny.edu /~music/undergraduates/courses.shtml (2262 words)

	The Hindu : Kerala / Kollam News : How to advance musth in tuskers
		Musth has resulted in tuskers turning violent and often killing the mahouts, besides creating a reign of terror and damaging property.
		Musth is a phenomenon seen in physically fit captive male elephants above the age of 20.
		It is said to be caused due to the over-activity of the male sex hormone androgen owing to excessive stress.
	www.hindu.com /2006/01/12/stories/2006011216490400.htm (463 words)

	Male Elephants Woo Females With Precise Chemistry
		The OHSU and New Zealand team showed that the enantiomers of frontalin are released in the elephants in specific ratios that depend on the animal's age and stage of its musth.
		Musth periods get longer as the males age, according to the study, and, importantly, the enantiomeric composition of the frontalin secreted is almost equal in the middle part of a musth episode, a period of prime signaling by male elephants.
		In contrast, at the end of the physiologically exhausting musth episode, the ratio becomes more varied so that at the end of musth, the ratio is askewed toward the minus enantiomer, allowing other males and females to detect the ending of musth.
	www.ohsu.edu /ohsuedu/newspub/releases/122105elephants.cfm (821 words)

	Mating System
		Musth bulls are extremely aggressive towards other bulls, and they tend to consequently increase in dominance for the period of time that they are in musth.
		Musth bulls also produce a low-frequency 'musth rumble' that acts to attract females and alert males (DiSilvestro, 1991).
		For this reason, researchers once thought that musth was actually some sort of male sex cycle when in fact the apparent cycling is actually due to an optimized cost-benefit scheme of mating (Poole, 1989).
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2002/havard/MS.html (928 words)

	Elephant care manual for mahouts and camp managers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Musth is a natural phenomenon of nearly every healthy male elephant the age of 18 years and above.
		With some elephants their behaviour and personality do not change, that is they do not become aggressive, but most elephants experience a behavioural shift and become stubborn, dangerous, and aggressive for a period of one to four months until the condition runs its course.
		When the elephant is in musth, the most appropriate food has low nutritional value, such as banana tree stalks (always cutting it to about a hand’s length before feeding), green squash (fak khiow), and dried grass (which can be sprinkled with salt water to improve palatability), because such foods have a low nutritional value.
	www.fao.org /docrep/008/ae943e/ae943e09.htm (6435 words)

	Bull Elephants in Musth a new kinder treatment
		Musth is a condition affecting male bull elephants.
		During musth they are easily constipation and, because of the short chain they get no exercise.
		This time musth lasted only two weeks before he is back to normal and his is ready to rejoin the herd.
	www.thaifocus.com /elephant/news/story_0309b.htm (542 words)

	Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Introduced Elephant Project - The problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Musth is a state of heightened aggression associated with reproduction, and the young elephants are entering musth at around 18 years old, instead of at about 30.
		The normal pattern is for bulls to gradually enter musth, with the period lengthening with each event.
		The older bulls should suppress the musth behaviour of the younger bulls, and allow the younger bulls to become experienced in dealing with the consequences of musth.
	www.und.ac.za /und/lesci/elephant/ele_HUP_background.htm (216 words)

	Musth,a sexual agressive period among elephant bulls
		Musth is a period among adult male elephants, (over 15-20 years old) sometimes referred to as similar to male deer's "Rot".
		According to Cynthia Moss, author of the book elephant memories, the older females in a heard gives passage to musth males when a female is in heat, while they block the way for younger males, not in musth.
		Asian Wild bulls often go into musth during rain season, and when they have had unnormal access of food, so the reason for the longer musth periods in captivity may have a connection with the short days during winters, (hormones often depend on daylight)over feeding, and under stimulation.
	www.elephant.se /musth.php (424 words)

	Musth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Musth bulls produce a distinctive low-frequency vocalization, the musth rumble, have thick secretions from their temporal glands (the duct from the temporal gland opens between the eye and the ear), and continuously dribble urine.
		Asian elephant males start their musth cycles by the time they are 20, but African elephants do not reach this stage of maturity until they are 25 or so years old.
		Bulls which exhibit off-season musth are displaying a type of satellite strategy, in which their mating efforts are peripheral to the main mating competition.
	www.animalbehavioronline.com /musth.html (308 words)

	The Hindu : Elephantine etiquette - musth must be muted
		Since musth makes an elephant more aggressive, and since in general a community of elephants (indeed a community of most animals - dogs, bears, hyenas for that matter) prefer to establish rank order through symbolic play acting than actual fighting and hurting, the musth male automatically becomes dominant to those that are not in musth.
		Elder bulls that are in musth, reports Dr. Poole, actually supress the musth cycle of less dominant young bulls to the extent that they will fall out of musth in a few days.
		Poole figured that musth would become shorter or even vanish, and rowdy behaviour curtailed with the presence and disciplining influence of the seniors.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/01/04/stories/08040004.htm (1815 words)

	Elephants
		Females in a heard give passage to musth males, when a female is in heat, while they block the way for younger males, males in musth are always able to cover a female.
		In captivity, the limited space makes it dangerous to let a bull in musth condition to be housed with a female, since she may be attacked and wounded if she is not willing to mate.
		Asian Wild bulls often go into musth during rainy season, and when they have had abnormally good access to food, so the reason for the longer musth periods in captivity may have a connection with the short days during winters, (hormones often depend on daylight) over feeding, and under stimulation.
	members.fortunecity.com /phylcage/past/animals/elephants.htm (1173 words)

	Reproductive behavior in male African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and the role of musth: A genetic and experimental ...
		Musth in male elephants has been recognized for hundreds of years in the Asian elephant and for at least twenty-five years in the African elephant, yet there is still a tremendous amount that remains poorly understood about this distinctive condition.
		I concluded that age, size and musth all interact to affect a male's iv reproductive success and that males in musth sired a disproportionately large proportion of offspring in the wild.
		I also conclude that males are able to detect musth state in urine as indicated by their ability to differentiate between musth and non-musth urine samples using their vomeronasal or secondary olfactory system.
	www.elephant-news.com /book.php?ISBN=0542363941 (502 words)

	Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1412 : LSD-induced effects in elephants: Comparisons with musth behavior. : Siegel RK
		Musth is a condition observed in male Asiatic elephants (Elephans maximus) and is characterized by aggression and temporal gland secretions.
		Results are discussed in terms of musth and drug-induced perceptual^motor dysfunction.
		It is concluded that elephants can tolerate high doses of LSD but that the resultant behavior provides an unsatisfactory model for the natural aggression and behavioral disorders associated with musth or temporal gland secretions.
	www.erowid.org /references/refs_view.php?ID=1412 (132 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		When male Asian elephants are about 20 years old their bodies go through some chemical changes that drive them to start searching for a female elephant to mate with.
		This happens every year of their lives and lasts for about three weeks and is called musth.
		When male elephants are in musth they become very agitated and aggressive and will fight other male elephants for the attentions of a female.
	www.planetarkive.org /creatures/asian-elephant.jsp?mode=mating_sum (147 words)

	The Elephant Sanctuary, Hohenwald, Tennessee
		Young males coming into musth for the first time are less predictable; they are unsure of their new selves, apparent slaves to their raging hormones.
		A small musth male can lord it over a much larger, normally dominant non-musth male and he will go out of his way to do just that, threatening and pursuing the biggest of the big boys.
		That, after all, is his driving force — to use his aggressive state to be master of all that he can so that when he finds an estrous female he does not have to fight for her; he has merely to fold his ears and dribble more urine.
	www.elephants.com /poole_address.htm (2899 words)

	Elephant - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Females in estrus try not to court males, but usually choose a mate based on size and dominance, which tends to be a male in musth.
		Elephants have also been used as mounts for safaris, especially on tiger hunts, and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world.
		However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of musth is dangerous and difficult to control; elephants used by humans have typically been female.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/e/l/e/Elephant.html (3624 words)

	Press Releases \| Current Information \| Riddle's Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary
		The findings demonstrate that younger, socially immature male Asian elephants avoid conflict with larger, adult males by releasing honey-like odors from the temporal glands, located about halfway between the animal's eyes and ears.
		In contrast, older musth males produce malodorous combinations that signal their dominance over young males.
		Musth is a well documented, though not well understood condition that male elephants experience annually.
	www.elephantsanctuary.org /info/press_releases.asp?id=9 (287 words)

	CSEE News \| OGI School of Science & Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The researchers say the release of a specific proportion of two mirror images of the pheromone, frontalin, depends on whether the male elephant is mature enough and has reached a particular stage of musth.
		The OHSU/New Zealand team showed that the enantiomers of frontalin are released in the elephants in specific ratios that depend on the animal's age and stage of its musth.
		It found that low concentrations of frontalin, represented when the enantiomer ratio is more "plus" than "minus," was of mild interest to both young and old males, but when the ratio became balanced--equal amounts of plus and minus frontalin--males of all ages, as well as luteal-phase and pregnant females, were repulsed.
	www.cse.ogi.edu /news/index.php?news_id=4EE8CF83-EF81-6BFD-69780C972EB1A5F5 (795 words)

	Scientific Research \| Press Releases \| Current Information \| Riddle's Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary
		Musth in male elephants presents a unique system in which to investigate evidence for such signals.
		Malia Somerville, American University, Washington (DC) The purpose of this study is to characterize the effects of season and musth status on testicular, pituitary, adrenal and thyroid endocrine activity in Asian and African male elephants.
		If we knew more about the biology of male elephants and could understand the etiology of musth, then perhaps better strategies could be developed to manage them.
	www.elephantsanctuary.org /info/research.asp?id=8 (1028 words)

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