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Topic: Mutation

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Mutation and disease

Genetic mutation

Point mutation

Genetic deficiencies

Mutation rate

Nonsense mutation

DNA damage

DNA repair

Genetic disorder

Gene flow

Mutant

P53 gene

Tumor supressor gene

P53

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	Mutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation.
		Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection, while more favorable (beneficial or advantageous) ones tend to accumulate.
		For example, a common mutation associated with Huntington disease is an increased number of copies of repeated CGA triplets in the Huntingtin gene.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mutation (1754 words)

	Mutation Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mutations (or mutagenesis, both words originating in the Latin word mutare, to change) are permanent, transmissible changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of an organism.
		Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses.
		Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable mutations are removed by natural selection, but favorable ones tend to accumulate.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/m/mu/mutation.html (602 words)

	mutation. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Sometimes the word mutation is used broadly to include variations resulting from aberrations of chromosomes; in chromosomal mutations the number of chromosomes may be altered, or segments of chromosomes may be lost or rearranged.
		For example, the inherited sickle cell disease is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid valine for glutamic acid in hemoglobin.
		Mutations may be induced by exposure to ultraviolet rays and alpha, beta, gamma, and X radiation, by extreme changes in temperature, and by certain mutagenic chemicals such as nitrous acid, nitrogen mustard, and chemical substitutes for portions of the nucleotide subunits of genes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/mu/mutation.html (563 words)

	Mutation
		Though it is not practical to eliminate all deleterious mutation, the incidence of affected individuals may be significantly reduced through a combination of intelligent breeding practice and the development of DNA tests.
		Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA that potentially affect the correct functioning of genes.
		This mutation eliminates 85-90% of the active clotting factor, but this low level is still sufficient to protect a homozygous affected individual from excessive bleeding in most situations.
	www.canine-genetics.com /Mutation.htm (2136 words)

	Population and Evolutionary Genetics
		The mutation could be a change in one allele to resemble one currently in the population, for example from a dominant to a recessive allele.
		If the mutation is beneficial to the species as a whole, migration from the population in which it initially arose must occur for it to spread to other populations of the species.
		A natural result of mutation is that new forms develop, and these new forms may or may not add to the fitness of the individual.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc431/popgen/popgen4.htm (967 words)

	Mutation - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mutation is the ultimate source of variation on which natural selection acts.
		This held that mutations in the gene were what was selected for by natural selection, which allowed for new variation to be constantly added to a population.
		Mutations can have a wide variety of effects depending on the function of the DNA in which they occur.
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/Mutation (1984 words)

	Mutation, missense definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Mutation, missense: A genetic change involving the substitution of one base in the DNA for another which results in the substitution of one amino acid in a polypeptide for another.
		This is in contrast to a nonsense mutation which has no meaning except to halt the reading of the genetic message.
		The first missense mutation discovered in humans was found to be responsible for sickle hemoglobin, the molecular basis of sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15871 (295 words)

	Mutation
		These mutations, in contrast to the somatic mutations, will be passed on to the next generation, because they occur in the cells that produce the next generation.
		A mutation may occur in a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in a metabolic pathway, such as an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of an amino acid.
		Some mutations are lethal to an organism, like the yellow coat color allele in mice (as outlined in the module on extensions of Mendelism) or the Huntington's allele of humans.
	www.emunix.emich.edu /~rwinning/genetics/mutat.htm (975 words)

	How Genetic Disorders Occur - myDNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mutations range in size from one DNA base to a large segment of a chromosome.
		Mutations that are passed from parent to child are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they are present in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells).
		This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.
	www.mydna.com /genes/genetics/genetics101/geneticdisorders_family.html (948 words)

	Mutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mutations are also found at the center of a number of diseases and disease processes.
		Indeed, mutations are the only source of novel variation within wild populations, and it is upon this variation that natural selection acts (i.e., evolution).
		To mutagenize (a.k.a., mutate) is to treat an organism with chemicals (mutagens) that cause an increase in the rate of mutation.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1075.htm (1202 words)

	Mutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The effect of mutation is to reintroduce divergence into a converging population.
		The biological inspiration behind this operator is the way in which a chance mutation in a natural chromosome can lead to the development of desirable traits which give the individual displaying these characteristics an advantage over its competitors [Parker, 1992].
		Following the reproduction, crossover and mutation, we see that of the initial population, strings 1 and 2 were selected ones (average fitness), string 3 was not selected (low fitness) and string 4 was selected twice (high fitness).
	www.estec.esa.nl /outreach/gatutor/mutation.htm (407 words)

	The Mutation Problem
		These problems with mutation rates do not seem to be appreciated by most biologists, and even the creationist sources I have read do not seem to comprehend the seriousness of the problems posed for the theory of evolution by the rates of mutation observed and assumed for evolution.
		A mutation to the functional DNA will change the amino acid more than 2/3 of the time, and if it does, the mutation will be harmful about 9/10 of the time or more (according to estimates by biologists).
		Assuming a mutation per base pair every 200 million years (4.61 per billion years), this means 150 million point mutations in the functional DNA and at least 100 million harmful mutations every 200 million years, since 2/3 of the mutations are harmful.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~plaisted/ce/problem.html (4068 words)

	Mutations
		Recessive mutations (most of them are) will not be seen except on the rare occasions that both parents contribute a mutation at the same locus to their child.
		The frequency with which a given mutation is seen in a population (e.g., the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis) provides only a rough approximation of mutation rate — the rate at which fresh mutations occur — because of historical factors at work such as
		The significance of mutations is profoundly influenced by the distinction between germline and soma.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Mutations.html (2763 words)

	Mutation definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Mutation: A permanent change, a structural alteration, in the DNA or RNA.
		Mutations are the necessary raw material of evolution.
		Mutations can be caused by many factors including environmental insults such as radiation and mutagenic chemicals.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4471 (310 words)

	Parrotlets - Mutation Descriptions & Photos
		Females of the blue mutation are similar to the male, but lack the cobalt blue rump and wings.
		Both the Yellow and Blue mutations are simple recessive, it requires a copy of the same recessive gene from each parent in order for the trait to be expressed in the offspring (visual).
		This is believed to be the first mutation of Green Rumped Parrotlets to occur in the US and, like the Pacifics, also appears to be a recessive mutation.
	www.shadypines.com /plets2.htm (698 words)

	Terms in classical genetics
		In this description, a mutation is the change in the DNA sequence (the genotype) which causes that altered phenotype.
		I would like to propose instead the following definition: a mutation is a change in the sequence of DNA from what is found in the wild type irrespective of the resulting phenotype.
		Occasionally reference will be made to conditional lethal mutations where the strain carrying such a mutation dies under the non-permissive conditions regardless of the medium.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Microtextbook/BactGenetics/geneticterms.html (1403 words)

	MSRGSNet/Genetic Drift/Venous Thrombosis and the Factor V (Leiden) Mutation
		The discovery of the factor V mutation in 1994 has revolutionized the diagnostic work-up of patients with hypercoagulability, and the ability to detect this mutation in asymptomatic relatives offers the opportunity to prevent venous thrombosis through special management of those at risk.
		This mutation is a single G to A base change that results in replacement of an arginine with a glutamine in the protein, destroying a cleavage site and thereby limiting factor V degradation by APC.
		The factor V mutation test is accurate regardless of the clinical condition or medication of the patient.
	www.mostgene.org /gd/gdvol14b.htm (1355 words)

	Mutation Detection 2005-Santorini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Mutation Detection Symposium this year will be held in the Petros M. Nomikos Conference Centre which is located in the capital of the island of Santorini which is generally considered to be one of the most beautiful places in the world.
		Mutation Detection is a highly specialized field and these workshops gather inventors & major users of mutation detection techniques to discuss new technologies, improvements of old techniques & their application as well as inherent problems in the techniques.
		In the case of single gene disorders scanning for causative mutations will become more important than ever as an increasing number of disease genes are discovered and as this strategy is used in more and more laboratories in advanced and less advanced countries.
	www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au /santorini.html (1740 words)

	Mutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Induced mutation (def) is caused by mutagens, substances that cause a much higher rate of mutation.
		Substitution of one nucleotide for another is a result of tautomeric shift, a rare process by which the hydrogen atoms of a deoxyribonucleotide base move in a way that changes the properties of its hydrogen bonding.
		This is sometimes seen with a single substitution mutation when the change in the DNA base sequence results in a new codon still coding for the same amino acid (see Fig.
	www.cat.cc.md.us /biotutorials/protsyn/mutate.html (983 words)

	Microbial Genetics: Mutation
		A missence mutation is a nucleotide substitution that changes a codon so that it codes for a different amino acid in the protein.
		A nonsense mutation is the same as a missense mutation except the resulting codon codes for a STOP signal.
		Another type of mutation is a frameshift mutation which is caused by the insertion or a deletion of a base pair.
	plato.acadiau.ca /courses/biol/Microbiology/mutation.htm (909 words)

	Evolution: Library: A Mutation Story
		This segment tells the story of a genetic mutation affecting the population of West Africa.
		Although helpful in preventing malaria, this mutation can also lead to sickle cell anemia.
		The sickle cell mutation is a like a typographical error in the DNA code of the gene that tells the body how to make a form of hemoglobin (Hb), the oxygen-carrying molecule in our blood.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html (600 words)

	Mutation Testing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mutation 2000: Uniting the Orthogonal, Jeff Offutt and Roland Untch.
		Mutation Operators for Ada, Jeff Offutt, Jeff Voas, and Jeff Payne.
		Mutation Testing of Software Using a MIMD Computer, Jeff Offutt, Roy Pargas, Scott Fichter, and P. Khambekar.
	www.isse.gmu.edu /faculty/ofut/rsrch/mut.html (703 words)

	Mutation
		This is redundant with the term "heritable" but points out an important genetic issue: The mutations which are of primary concern are those in the germ line as these are the one that will be passed on.
		There are measurable mutation rates and that there can be a genetic variation for mutation rates; "mutator strains" of bacteria exist.
		Mutations in the replication or repair machinery of DNA can alter mutation rates.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BIO48/4.Mutants.Link&Recomb.HTML (1338 words)

	mutation
		mutation: Induced Mutations - Induced Mutations Mutations may be induced by exposure to ultraviolet rays and alpha, beta, gamma,...
		mutation: Point Mutations - Point Mutations Each gene is made up of a long sequence of substances called nucleotides; these...
		mutation: Mutation and Evolution - Mutation and Evolution In 1901 the observation of mutants, or sports, among evening primrose plants...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0834606.html (248 words)

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