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Topic: Muzzle energy

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	Building an air rifle chronograph
		Muzzle energy is a measure of the energy possessed by the projectile just after it leaves the barrel.
		It was intended to determine the muzzle velocity and subsequently the muzzle energy of a pellet.
		It is considered that the difference in muzzle energy between the different types of pellet is due to the difference in force required to deform the particular type of pellet to fit the rifling.
	www.prmay.demon.co.uk /PRMay/chronograph/chronograph.html (3271 words)

	Muzzle Brakes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A muzzle brake is a sleeve fitted to the end of an artillery barrel to reduce the recoil when the gun fires.
		An unfortunate consequence of the use of muzzle brakes is the increase in the amount of sideways blast that the crew is subjected to.
		The muzzle brake is constructed of several steel baffle plates shaped to allow the projectile to escape yet capture a large proportion of the following gases.
	riv.co.nz /rnza/hist/ord/muzzle.htm (244 words)

	How it Works
		By this I mean that the higher the muzzle energy in relationship with the weight of the device will translate into higher perceived recoil.
		With simple porting, you can cut small ports in the barrel near the muzzle and if they are correctly located and the correct size they will vent high pressure gas for a short period of time and push the muzzle down.
		Since the rifle is already moving away from the bullet (recoil starts during the ignition process) the stored energy in the rifle is what causes the rifle to keep moving after the bullet leaves the barrel.
	www.bp-tec.com /recoil.htm (1370 words)

	One Hand Clapping » Blog Archive » Calculating recoil redux
		Actually, the recoil directly relates to the energy released by the chemical reaction of the powder which creates a massive change in pressure due to the gases it creates, and is not, per se, due to the acceleration of the projectile.
		It is the expansion of the gases, the release of energy, that are propelling both the projectile and the rifle or shotgun.
		The reason a muzzle brake works (at least for guns with higher propellant velocities and pressures) is that the brake basically forms a kind of aerodynamic “wing” that deflects some of the gases backward (well, a 45-degree angle or so), which pushes the brake (attached to the rest of the barrel) forward.
	www.donaldsensing.com /index.php/2006/09/07/calculating-recoil-redux (2297 words)

	Muzzle energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Muzzle energy is the measurement of the kinetic energy of a bullet as it is expelled from the barrel of a firearm.
		The general formula for the kinetic energy in a coherent system of units, including SI and cgs systems, and the gravitational foot-pound-second and the absolute foot-pound-second system, is:
		E is the muzzle energy of bullet (in foot-pounds force)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muzzle_energy (162 words)

	Muzzle velocity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A gun's muzzle velocity is the speed at which the projectile leaves the muzzle of the gun.
		(~5906 ft/s) for tank guns firing kinetic energy penetrator ammunition.
		In conventional guns using gunpowder, muzzle velocity is determined by the quality (burn speed, expansion) and quantity of the propellant, the mass of the projectile, and the length of the barrel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muzzle_velocity (393 words)

	Global Defense Review : High-speed
		Energy must be available in sufficient quantities when needed and the power output must be high enough without affecting other systems such as the driving or steering gears.
		By the controlled input of electro-thermally converted energy, the burning of a modified nitro-cellulose propellant charge is controlled so that during the initial phase of projectile acceleration a temperature-independent, almost constant propulsion pressure profile is achieved that is in the order of the designed gas pressure.
		Concurrently the thermo-dynamic characteristics of the firing gas are improved by an additive generated before or during the decomposition of the propellant in the chamber by an electrically initiated reaction.
	www.global-defence.com /1997/High-speed.html (1405 words)

	Genitron.com - Common Handgun Ammunition
		The result was a 30% increase in muzzle velocity and a 25% increase in muzzle energy over the High Velocity version.
		The standard Winchester 40 grain JHP bullet is now loaded to a rifle muzzle velocity of 1910 fps with a muzzle energy of 324 ft-lbs The various 30-40 grain JHP bullets are best for varmint hunting, but are overly destructive on small game.
		This is a sub-sonic round with a bullet weight typically between 90 and 100 grains and a muzzle energy between 185 and 215 ft-lbs.
	www.genitron.com /Ammunition/Ammo.html (1782 words)

	Muzzle Energy for Palm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Energy is as defined in physics: 1/2 mass times velocity squared.
		It is defined as energy in foot pounds multiplied by projectile cross-sectional area in square inches.
		In an email about the Muzzle Energy Computer page, Neil wrote, "I'm not absolutely certain of its applicability to rifles (although it looks pretty good and is fine for slugs and rifles like.45/70).
	billstclair.com /energy/index.html (626 words)

	AirsoftPlayers Discussion - The "PHYSICS" of airsoft... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This amount of energy represents the gun's energy output, called muzzle energy, which can be measured by measuring muzzle velocity - the speed of the projectile as it leaves the barrel.
		As the energy output of the gun remains more or less constant, a heavier BB will have less velocity but roughly the same amount of energy as a lighter BB when it leaves the gun barrel.
		We are talking muzzle energy, the inital energy of the BB when it exits the gun, the most closest to ideal conditions, and not 50 ft down the road.
	www.airsoftplayers.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=987 (3811 words)

	Air guns, BB Guns, Pellet guns, Air rifles, BB pellet guns -- Crosman, Gamo, Walther, Webley & Scott, Air Arms, ...
		Muzzle energy is simply the energy of a projectile measured at the moment it exits the muzzle of a gun, which is when it is going fastest.
		They then apply a formula to their recorded velocity figure to correct for this distance, and they call that number the muzzle velocity, which gives them the muzzle energy from the formula we learned at the start.
		The energy would be 8 times the square of the number 800, which is 640,000.
	pyramydair.com /site/articles/formulas (822 words)

	Wadcutter: Energy & momentum part II
		This is why ammunition manufacturers always list the approximate muzzle energy of their rounds; it is the easiest way to indicate a round’s potential effectiveness.
		This is the important number for understanding recoil, since this is the amount of kinetic energy that a shooter must absorb and transfer into some other type of energy with his body.
		Another thing to notice is that recoil energy is proportional to the square of recoil momentum; a gun producing momentum three times that of another with the same mass will recoil with nine times the energy (e.g.
	wadcutter.blogspot.com /2005/03/energy-momentum-part-ii.html (1341 words)

	gloss
		Spoken of in ballistics as Muzzle Energy or Remaining Energy.
		The measure of energy in ballistics is the Foot Pound.
		MUZZLE ENERGY: Food pounds of energy of a projectile at the muzzle.
	www.sav10ml.com /pages/gloss.htm (509 words)

	120mm Tank Gun KE Ammunition
		The 19.6kg ammunition uses 8.4kg of propellant and a combustible case, packing the 4kg penetrator and aluminum sabbot, fired at a muzzle velocity of 1740 m/sec generating chamber pressre of 5,800 bar.
		The DM53 round was designed to maximize the performance of KE projectiles fired from 120mm smoothbore guns such as the L44 (15% improvement) or L55 (30% improvement in muzzle energy).
		The projectile's length is 745mm, and with chamner pressure of 5,450 generated during firing, the muzzle velocity is 1,750 m/sec (L55 barrel) and 1,670 m/sec.
	www.defense-update.com /products/digits/120ke.htm (600 words)

	Re: "Muzzle Energy"
		Energy = 1/2mv^2, or in words, energy equals one-half the mass of the bullet times the square of the velocity (velocity times itself).
		"Muzzle" energy is simply the calculated value obtained from muzzle velocity.
		As was explained by others, we seldom take the velocity at the muzzle since the bullet must pass through the screens of a chronograph, and so we really determine the velocity at some distance, 7 ft, 10 ft, or whatever, depending on the setup.
	www.gunfighter.com /cgi-bin/bbs/cowboy-a/cowboy-a.cgi?read=29586 (608 words)

	exterior ballistics
		It is interesting to note that the muzzle energies of all the bullets in the table are not much different, but the downrange energies differ quote a lot.
		Bullet energy downrange is a consideration in target shooting only for the case of silhouette matches, in which the steel targets must be tumbled, not just struck, in order to score.
		The energies of all the bullets are sufficient to tumble, drop, and drift for a 10 mph crosswind are shown at 200 m (for the chicken) and at 500 m (for the ram the least crosswind drift, even though it starts out with the lowest muzzle velocity.
	www.exteriorballistics.com /ebexplained/4th/42.cfm (2270 words)

	Firearms Glossary - ArmsVault (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The compression of air caused by hot, high-pressure powder gases jetting from the muzzle of a gun.
		Usually used to reduce recoil by redirecting the jet effect of muzzle blast.
		Gas pressure in the barrel at the muzzle at the instant the bullet leaves the muzzle.
	www.armsvault.com /glossary_m.asp (453 words)

	Pellant: Airgun Glossary
		The energy of a projectile as it departs from the muzzle of a gun.
		Muzzle energies may range from 0.5fp (0.65J) for inexpensive BB pistols, to 5.5fp (7.46J) for sporting spring pistols and competition rifles and up to 40fp (54.23J) for extremely powerful PCP sporting rifles.
		It is also a favorite energy source for Competition / Match grade pistols and rifles because of the consistency and ease of use between shots.
	home.hiwaay.net /~ispellan/AirGlossary.html (1161 words)

	Firearm Muzzle Energy - HERO GAMES Discussion Boards
		All of this is why I like muzzle energy (for a game), its not perfect but its easy to access and in my opinion as good as any other method out there.
		This is not to say other formulas are not just as good or maybe better, but muzzle energy works fine for me and is pretty much an industry standard (I've never seen a cartridge manufacturer give the Taylor Knock Out or IPSC power level of a cartridge).
		So it is true that a bowling ball can have more energy than a bullet, but where this falls apart is surface area and velocity, the bowling ball divides its energy over a large area (lets say 9" diameter) vs a bullet that puts its energy into a small area (1/2" dia or less)...
	www.herogames.com /forums/showthread.php?t=22573 (2793 words)

	Air guns - Pyramyd Air Report: Energy transfer - some things you may not know
		Energy transfer depends on what the pellet hits, how fast it's moving when it hits and what the pellet is made of.
		Energy transfer is important to the airgun hunter or pest control shooter.
		My guess is that a springer with a rated muzzle velocity of 1000fps shooting a 10.6gr pellet will not have the energy at impact that a precharged pneumatic with he same pellet and rated muzzle velocity.
	pyramydair.com /blog/2006/01/energy-transfer-some-things-you-may.html (2886 words)

	Muzzle Energy Calculator
		Ballistic data is frequently reported in terms of bullet weight and muzzle velocity.
		While this gives a very good indication of the kind of relative performance of which the cartridge/firearm combination is capable, it fails to give an indication of the projectile's terminal effect on the target.
		Muzzle energy is calculated by the formula E=MV /450400 for the imperial system and E=MV for the metric system.
	www.cruffler.com /BallisticCalculators/BallisticCalculator.shtml (283 words)

	Muzzleloaders
		Technically a "Muzzleloader" is considered a firearm that's loaded through the muzzle.
		The kinetic energy created by the muzzleloader is comparable to the centerfire at the muzzle - later we'll look at the downrange trajectory of the two firearms and compare the kinetic energy at downrange targets.
		The Kinetic Energy is less than one-third and the bullet drop is approximately 6 times greater for a muzzleloader.
	www.buckdeer.com /mloaders.htm (596 words)

	Red hot barrel (Arno Hahma; Steve Faber)
		It looks like the heating at the muzzle is due mostly #to the friction between bullet and barrel.
		The greatest force on the rifling would be at the pressure peak, and the longitudinal friction would be constant or greater at the pressure peak also if normal force due to the squeezing of the bullet is a significant effect.
		Some more data points: According to one reference (Lowry) he indicates the typical energy lost to the barrel of a rifle is around 10%, and the energy due to friction is 4%.
	yarchive.net /gun/red_hot_barrel.html (1759 words)

	How Hard Does It Hit?
		This is in the form of "foot-pounds" of energy, usually written as "ft. lbs." in the manuals.
		What we were measuring is called "Momentum Energy" by those who are better at math than I. Momentum is the amount of "push" a moving object has.
		With kinetic energy figures velocity is the big factor which influences the results.
	www.leverguns.com /articles/taylor/hit.htm (1232 words)

	Markesbery Muzzle Loaders - New Life for the .45 Caliber
		However, instead of developing better, harder hitting projectiles (bullets) for the bore size, muzzleloader manufacturers simply upped the bore sizes to.50 and.54 caliber, which were loaded with a larger diameter and heavier soft lead ball.
		Markesbery Muzzle Loaders is now breathing new life into the once popular.45 caliber bore by rethinking the fodder which is stuffed in through the muzzle.
		A jump to 90 grains of Pyrodex "P" will almost push the muzzle velocity of the heavier 200 grain Hornady 10mm/.40 caliber bullet to nearly 2,000 f.p.s., and up the muzzle energy to over 1,6000 ft. lbs of energy.
	www.markesbery.com /45CaliberFrame1Source1.htm (829 words)

	The SVU Story
		The barrel was shortened 100 mm resulting in a 15% decrease of muzzle energy and the gas chamber was displaced back, this in turn caused increased loads on the gas piston, which demanded special measures for the prevention of breakage.
		For the reduction of recoil influence, an ergonomically designed elastic butt stock with an integral lamellar spring was non-rigidly affixed to the receiver, this stock was designed to turn slightly forward absorbing part of the energy from the recoil.
		A three-chambered muzzle device was also added to the barrel, this device was very complex and played a simultaneous role.
	www.users.qwest.net /~jman1/index.html (785 words)

	Saflex.com - Sweets Guide - Ballistic Attacks
		A supplementary test using a rifled lead slug with a muzzle energy of 2,438-2,950 ft.-lbs.
		and 00 lead buckshot with a muzzle energy of 2,078-2,415 ft.-lbs., fired from a 12-gauge shotgun.
		While the ability of a specific security glazing construction to resist ballistic attack is strongly dependent on its overall thickness relative to the energy of the incoming round, it is not solely dependent on these two parameters.
	www.saflex.com /pages/technical/sweets/ballistic.asp (1234 words)

	Shape Shifting
		Velocity and energy dissipate as a bullet travels downrange, and the really significant thing is that after a bullet leaves the muzzle, the amount of velocity and energy delivered downrange is totally dependent on the shape of the bullet.
		More than a ton of muzzle energy sounds as if it should be plenty for taking deer at any distance.
		And by simply changing bullet shapes to improve downrange efficiency, you're not increasing muzzle blast, muzzle pressure or recoil--all of which have a tendency to reduce one's ability to shoot well.
	www.huntingmag.com /guns_loads/shape_shifting (974 words)

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