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Topic: Mycobacteria

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	Mycobacterium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains are known to exist.
		Mycobacteria tend to be fastidious (difficult to culture), sometimes taking over two years to develop in culture.
		Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are all the other mycobacteria which can cause pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mycobacteria (457 words)

	Mycobacteria in Nail Salon Whirlpool Footbaths \| CDC EID
		The mycobacteria isolated were identified by ≥1 of the following methods: rapid DNA probes using nucleic acid hybridization (10), high performance liquid chromatography that produces mycolic acid patterns (11), and biochemical tests (9).
		Mycobacteria were isolated from virtually all pedicure spas surveyed, the sole exception being the footspa that had only been in service for 11 days.
		Mycobacteria were recovered whether or not disinfectants were reportedly used and whether or not debris was visible behind the recirculation screen.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol11no04/04-0936.htm (1895 words)

	CDC - Mycobacterial Aerosols and Respiratory Disease
		Mycobacteria are resistant to formaldehyde and quaternary ammonium disinfectants (16) and the heavy metals in metalworking fluids (17).
		Mycobacteria are resistant to chlorine (27) and preferentially aerosolized from water (28).
		Mycobacteria are slow growing as a consequence of their fatty acid- and wax-rich impermeable cell wall (35).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol9no7/02-0415.htm (2929 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 33
		With the exception of M leprae, the mycobacteria are classified into two broad categoriesmembers of the M tuberculosis complex (M tuberculosis, M bovis, M microtii, M africanum) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (virtually all other species), which often are described based on their growth rate and pigmentation with and without exposure to light.
		Early in infection, mycobacteria may spread distally either indirectly through the lymphatics to the hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes and thence via the thoracic duct into the blood stream, or directly into the circulation by erosion of the developing tubercle into a pulmonary vessel.
		However, the immune response to mycobacteria is a double-edged sword: the intense cell-mediated hypersensitivity that usually accompanies infection is responsible for much of the pathology associated with clinical tuberculosis.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch033.htm (6623 words)

	[No title]
		Mycobacteria are found in soil and in water, and are typically transmitted to humans by ingestion of microscopic particles of soil existing as dust on carelessly washed or poorly cooked foods, breathed in as dust, or by drinking contaminated water.
		Most forms of mycobacteria are considered to be very poorly transmissible, and are not easily passed from person to person.
		In fact, the mycobacteria are generally almost totally untouchable, except when they are actively reproducing, which is the only time at which they can be killed by treatment drugs.
	www.critpath.org /aric/gloss/body/mycobacteria.htm (480 words)

	The mycobacteria: an introduction to nomenclature and pathogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mycobacteria are also a leading cause of infection in various domesticated animals and wildlife.
		The authors briefly describe the mycobacteria involved in animal infections, the wildlife reservoirs and strategies to control bovine tuberculosis, and the use of molecular tools for diagnostics and epidemiology of mycobacterial infections in animals.
		The characteristic of intracellular parasitism is discussed, in addition to the fate of pathogenic mycobacteria that have the ability to grow inside phagosomes and phagolysosomes of infected host macrophages.
	www.oie.int /eng/publicat/rt/2001/A_R2010.htm (287 words)

	Mycobacterial infections, atypical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Atypical mycobacterial infections are infections caused by several types of mycobacteria similar to the germ that causes tuberculosis.
		Mycobacteria are a group of rod-shaped bacteria that cause several diseases, among them leprosy and tuberculosis.
		Since these mycobacteria are found in most city water systems, in hospital water supplies, and in bottled water, at-risk persons should boil drinking water.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/mycobacterial_infections_atypical.jsp (992 words)

	Mycobacteria
		In the 1980's, many experts felt that the days of tuberculosis as a threat to the US population had passed and the incidence of new cases (around 20,000 a year) was slowly decreasing, even though it was still the leading infectious cause of death world-wide.
		The "atypicals" generally infect the immunocompromised host and are thus not transmitted man-man. With the AIDS epidemic, the atypical mycobacteria have taken on new importance with the recognition that the M.
		The chain length of these mycolic acids is longest in mycobacteria, intermediate in nocardia and shortest in corynebacteria.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /fox/mycobacteria.htm (2145 words)

	Immune reactions to mycobacteria.
		The position in the spectrum in the spectrum is determined by the strength of their CMI reaction to the infecting mycobacteria.
		Some mycobacteria are capable of interfering with the immune system of the infected host, thus causing a spectrum of reactions in different hosts.
		Mycobacteria, when they infect the human body, evade the defenses of the immune system by hiding inside macrophages.
	alan.kennedy.name /crohns/primer/human.htm (1418 words)

	Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria (RGM) Infections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are now close to 100 species of mycobacteria described.
		A great deal remains to be learned about the epidemiology, host susceptibility, and therapy of infections caused by a variety of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species.
		At the current time, infections caused by RGM are not "reportable diseases", so the precise incidence is unknown.
	www.idsociety.org /EIN/Query_Intros/RGM_10-01.htm (338 words)

	Acid-Fast (Mycobacteria) Broth-Based Culture and Smear
		Mycobacteria culture (AFB) and smear when appropriate; smears are not performed on blood or when there is less than 2 mL of cerebrospinal fluid.
		Mycobacteria cultures of the urine are approximately 90% sensitive.
		Isolation of mycobacteria from stool indicates disseminated disease, and cultures from blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes are usually also positive for the same mycobacterial isolate.
	www.labcorp.com /datasets/labcorp/html/chapter/mono/mb021300.htm (2288 words)

	Nat'l Jewish-Med. Sci. Update-Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
		Slender and raylike bacilli, mycobacteria share a distinctive staining property, a result of their lipid-rich cell walls.
		Once stained, mycobacteria resist decolorization when exposed to acidified organic solvents and, therefore, are informally designated acid-fast.
		Mycobacteria are obligate aerobes but, of the more than 60 species that have been well-defined, only M.
	library2.nationaljewish.org /MSU/15n4MSU_NTM.html (1801 words)

	Atypical Mycobacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Atypical mycobacteria are a group of bacteria that are widely distributed in nature.
		Person-to-person and animal-to-animal transmission of atypical mycobacteria is not an important factor in acquisition of infection with these organisms.
		Many people become infected with and harbor atypical mycobacteria in their respiratory secretions without any symptoms or evidence of disease.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/954973743.html (361 words)

	Environmental Mycobacteria
		The term Atypical Mycobacteria seems inappropriate as of all the Mycobacteria, M. tuberculosis with its Asian and African variants, and M. leprae, are the only ones which are obligative parasites.
		The result is that patients, with pulmonary infections caused by environmental mycobacteria, are usually first diagnosed as having tuberculosis, with the public health implications which that brings.
		Environmental mycobacteria are usually resistant to all fist line anti-tuberculosis drugs with the exception of ethambutol.
	www.priory.com /envmyco1.htm (1727 words)

	Detection Methods
		Thin slices of preserved fish tissue are examined for the presence of inflammatory cells that surround the mycobacteria in an attempt to "wall-off" the infection.
		Although laborious and time-consuming, the culture method allows researchers to determine the density of mycobacteria in fish tissue and to recognize the types of mycobacteria present.
		Once mycobacteria are isolated, they can be characterized by biochemical tests, growth characteristics, and molecular methods (see articles in Emerging Infectious Diseases and International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology).
	www.vims.edu /myco/Detection.html (342 words)

	Siderophore-mediated iron uptake in mycobacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Iron is vital for the survival and proliferation of microorganisms, while mycobacteria also require this element for their survival within the host.
		To meet the demand for iron, mycobacteria synthesis and utilise specific high-affinity iron-binding compounds (siderophores) which help them grow in the iron-restricted conditions of the host (1, 2) and also participate in the uptake of iron across the thick lipid cell wall.
		We have therefore studied the uptake of iron by four strains of mycobacteria in the absence and in the presence of exochelins released by these strains.
	www.trc-chennai.org /Publications/pub338.htm (201 words)

	Virginia Department of Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mycobacteria are a group of bacteria that may cause illness in people.
		Other types of mycobacteria, called nontuberculous mycobacteria, may cause illnesses in people that are different from tuberculosis.
		Nontuberculous mycobacteria are found in many places including coastal waters, swimming pools and tropical fish aquariums.
	www.vdh.state.va.us /epi/dzee/waterborne/skininfections.asp (797 words)

	Environmental Mycobacteria
		The term Atypical Mycobacteria seems inappropriate as of all the Mycobacteria, M.tuberculosis with its Asian and African variants, and M. leprae, are the only ones which are obligative parasites.
		The Americans may win the day with "Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis" (MOTT), which is cumbersome, or "Non-tuberculous mycobacteria," which is inaccurate, as these bacteria form tubercles in the infected host identical to those produced by M.tuberculosis.
		On direct smear all mycobacteria stain positive to acid and alcohol fast Zehl-Neelsen and are therefore indistinguishable from one another.
	www.priory.com /cmol/envmyco1.htm (1689 words)

	Tuberculosis and other mycobacteria
		Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) have also been implicated in monkey disease, mainly acute and chronic enteropathies and pulmonary infections.
		Culture and associated biochemical tests for the identification of mycobacteria species are slow and painstaking procedures, and require careful collection and preservation of specimens in order to obtain accurate results.
		Ultrasensitive detection of mycobacteria by PCR and subsequent restriction digest analysis not only allows reliable detection of various species of mycobacteria but in many cases also enables identification of mycobacteria at the species level.
	www.zoologix.com /primate/Datasheets/Mycobacteria.htm (893 words)

	Mycobacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Mycobacteria are slim rod shaped organisms that are 1-10 µm long.
		Mycobacteria contain mycolic acids, rare complex, long chain fatty acids that are found otherwise only in Nocardia and Corynebacterium.
		Mycobacteria are catalase positive, with the exception of some nonpathogenic M.
	www.ratsteachmicro.com /Mycobacteria_notes/HCOE_CAI_Review_Notes_Mycobacteria.htm (3370 words)

	InterMune - Atypical Mycobacteria
		Atypical Mycobacterial infections are caused by a variety of mycobacteria related to the tuberculosis bacillus.
		Although the exact prevalence of this disease is unknown, we believe there are at least 20,000 patients diagnosed with chronic pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in the United States.
		Several preclinical studies have shown that interferon gamma can improve the clearance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from cell cultures or animal models.
	www.intermune.com /wt/itmn/atypical_mycobacteria (167 words)

	Discovery Health :: Medical Tests :: sputum exam for Mycobacteria
		This test is done when tuberculosis or another kind of lung infection with Mycobacteria is suspected.
		In the lab, the sputum is placed on a microscope slide, stained, heated, and treated with acid.
		If Mycobacteria are seen, the sputum may be put on a culture dish to see if more organisms can be grown.
	media.health.discovery.com /encyclopedias/illnesses.html?article=1477 (211 words)

	Defense Mechanisms
		In mammals, disease-causing mycobacteria have the capability to avoid the killing mechanisms of macrophages and can survive as intracellular parasites rather than being digested.
		Using a combination of electron microscopy and functional in vitro assays, we are exploring the ability of striped bass macrophages to kill mycobacteria, as well as the mechanisms by which mycobacteria resist killing.
		In addition to cellular assays, we are examining the defensive response of striped bass to mycobacteria on a whole-fish level.
	www.vims.edu /myco/Defense.html (226 words)

	Differential Effects of Prior Exposure to Environmental Mycobacteria on Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG or a ...
		Differential Effects of Prior Exposure to Environmental Mycobacteria on Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG or a Recombinant BCG Strain Expressing RD1 Antigens -- Demangel et al.
		of environmental mycobacteria from the lungs and spleens of
		tuberculosis infection is not diminished by presensitization with environmental mycobacteria.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/4/2190 (3544 words)

	Species Identification of Mycobacteria by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of the rpoB Gene -- Lee et al. ...
		Rapid identification of mycobacteria to species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene and proposition of an algorithm to differentiate 34 mycobacterial species.
		DNA amplification and reverse dot blot hybridization for detection and identification of mycobacteria to the species level in the clinical laboratory.
		Identification of mycobacteria by PCR-based sequence determination of the 32-kilodalton protein gene.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/38/8/2966 (3524 words)

	Health Impacts of Environmental Mycobacteria -- Primm et al. 17 (1): 98 -- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
		mycobacteria are a contributor to the increase in autoimmune
		Non-specific tuberculin reactivity due to sensitization to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (nontuberclous mycobacteria) in children not vaccinated with BCG.
		Environmental mycobacteria in northern Malawi: implications for the epidemiology of tuberculosis and leprosy.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/17/1/98 (5523 words)

	Sputum stain for mycobacteria Encyclopedia Search - Drug Price Search
		This is a test involving special staining and direct microscopic examination of a sputum specimen, used to check for the presence of Mycobacteria.
		If the stain shows mycobacteria, the specimen may be placed in culture media.
		Abnormal results show that the stain is positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellular, or other Mycobacteria or acid-fast bacteria.
	www.drug-price-search.com /encyclopedia/?encyclopedia_name_url=98&level=2 (368 words)

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