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Topic: Mycorrhiza

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	Mycorrhiza
		A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas meaning "fungus roots") is a distinct type of root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizae are formed only by fungi in the division Glomeromycota, which are typically associated with the roots of herbaceous plants, but may also be associated with woody plants.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizae (formerly known as vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae) are an example of mycorrhizae that enter within plant cell walls to produce structures that are either balloon-like (vesicles) or dichotomously-branching invaginations (arbuscules).
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Biology/Mycorrhiza.php (713 words)

	Mycorrhiza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas, Greek for fungus roots) is the result of a mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant.
		Mycorrhizas form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of most plant species (although only a small proportion of all species have been examined, 95% of all plant families are predominantly mycorrhizal).
		Arbuscular mycorrhizas, or AM (formerly known as vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas), are an example of a mycorrhiza that involves entry of the hyphae into the plant cell walls to produce structures that are either balloon-like (vesicles) or dichotomously-branching invaginations (arbuscules).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mycorrhiza (1044 words)

	Mycorrhiza
		Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations that form between the roots of most plant species and fungi.
		Mycorrhiza refers to an association or symbiosis between plants and fungi that colonize the cortical tissue of roots during periods of active plant growth.
		Functional ecology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas as influenced by phosphate fertilization and tillage in an agricultural ecosystem.
	cropsoil.psu.edu /sylvia/mycorrhiza.htm (5150 words)

	AM 120 Mycorrhizal Inoculum
		Mycorrhiza are destroyed or greatly reduced by heavy disturbance and soil grading.
		Mycorrhiza have been shown to directly mineralize nutrients from the soil and help decompose and scavenge nutrients from organic material.
		Mycorrhiza produces "glomalin", a substance that acts as a soil-binding agent, improving particle aggregation.
	www.pawneebuttesseed.com /mycorrhizal_inoculum.htm (378 words)

	Bonsai workshop and case studies by Stefan Strand
		The soil bacteria that are supported by mycorrhiza live on the surface of soil particles and create an adhesive that fuse soil particles to create a more granular substrate.
		Mycorrhiza is especially important under marginal growth conditions and regardless how hard we try, a small pot is not ideal for a tree.
		In transplanting of a plant that one suspect does not have mycorrhiza, it is easy to inoculate it by the introduction of soil from another plant.
	web.telia.com /~u31608412/mycorrhiza.html (1108 words)

	Greater Louisville Bonsai Society - Mycorrhiza - Articles_05_05
		I have been using mycorrhiza (pronounced my-ko-risea) for a number of years after it was recommended at a workshop I attended at Brussel's nursery.
		In addition, since the mycorrhiza aid in the uptake of essential nutrients, the plants' ability to produce roots is increased.
		Using new mycorrhiza or inoculating plants from previously transplanted trees is a simple step in the repotting process that can help the survival of your little trees.
	www.louisvillebonsai.org /articles/Articles_05_05.asp?more=mycorrhiza_05_05 (2717 words)

	MykoWeb -- Mycorrhizas 2
		Arbuscular mycorrhizas are by far the most common and widespread, being formed by about 170 species of mold-like fungi from the Order Glomales of the zygomycetes and plants from nearly all families.
		Thus, mycorrhizas are thought to occur in at least some members of nearly all plant families and at least 80-90% of higher plant species.
		Arbuscular mycorrhiza is the dominant type in the tropics, and in grasslands and deserts of temperate latitudes.
	www.mykoweb.com /articles/Mycorrhizas_2.html (3044 words)

	Mycorrhiza
		To invisibility we must add the perplexingly complicated and obscure ecology of mycorrhiza, which is just too much hassle for many of the scientists in whose studies it ought to be relevant, even ecologists.
		From the start, mycorrhiza was the normal way of life for land plants, and it still is for an estimated 90-95% of plants in all ecosystems on every continent.
		Mycorrhiza comes in at least five distinct forms that all evolved separately and are really completely different.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /attadale/merryweather/mycorrhiza2.html (1503 words)

	Botany online: Interactions - Plants - Fungi - Parasitic and Symbiotic Relations - Mycorrhiza
		The so-called vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (in short: V/A-mycorrhiza), that has by now shown itself to be the most common type, is among the endomycorrhizas.
		This fact is especially interesting in connection with the rescue actions against the damages caused by the acid rain, since the pH of forest soils is locally drastically increased causing considerable damage of the mycorrhizal fungi.
		Carbohydrates are essential for the fungi, though, since they cover their need for nitrogen mainly by the uptake of reduced nitrogen compounds (ammonium- and amino-groups) the fixation of which requires acceptor molecules (carbon skeletons).
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e33/33b.htm (2418 words)

	Trees for Life - Ecological features of the Caledonian Forest - Mycorrhizas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For example, orchids in general are very dependent on mycorrhizas for all or part of their life cycle, and cannot germinate fully without being infected by a fungus.
		Mycorrhizas can be damaged by soil compaction and disturbance, as well as by the use of certain chemicals, all of which occur in intensive agriculture and forestry.
		Mycorrhizas are so crucial to tree health, that the practice of inoculating the soil with fungi at the time of planting is becoming increasingly common.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /forest/ecological/mycorrhizas.html (1641 words)

	Dr. Davies Research Page
		The word "Mycorrhiza" is given to a mutualistic asociation between a fungus (Myco) and the roots (rhiza) of the plants.
		The Orchids species are epiphytes mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics; these plants have very small seeds with little nutrient supply that are consumed at the first stage of development the plant becomes colonized by Mycorhizal fungus (Basidiomycetes), which ssupply the carbon and energy necesary for the development of the embryo.
		The colonization of orchids by mycorrhiza is a endoinfection characterized by the invagination of the host cell membrane and forming hyphae coils within the cell.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /faculty/davies/research/mycorrhizae.html (611 words)

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		Mycorrhiza literally means “fungus root” which is in reference to the fact that this term describes the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant cells, mainly the root area of a plant.
		Mycorrhiza may vastly affect the physiology and fitness of its plant host, both commercially and in natural ecosystems.
		Mycorrhiza generally seem to form symbiotic (mutialistic) relationships, in which the fungus obtains access to some of the plants sugars, while the plant benefits from increased efficiency of water and nutrient uptake amongst other things (fig.8).
	www.angelfire.com /hiphop/mycoeducation/mycorrhiza.html (710 words)

	Oddělení mykorhizních symbióz, Botanický ústav AV ČR
		Ericoid mycorrhiza is a distinguishable type of endomycorrhiza, occurring in the roots of the members of Ericaceae (mostly northern hemisphere distribution) and Epacridaceae (southern hemisphere distribution).
		Orchid mycorrhiza is an endomycorrhizal association with an extensive intracellular mycelium, occurring in the roots of the members of the Orchidaceae.
		In general, also all germinating orchids are dependent on their mycobionts, especially in the terms of carbon metabolism, because orchid seeds contain insufficient amount of storage compounds, namely sugars, to support the development of the seedlings.
	www.ibot.cas.cz /mykosym/mycorrhiza.html (1473 words)

	Mycorrhizas
		The types can be distinguished by their positions along two gradients, from a lack of penetration of cortical cells (ectomycorrhizas) to penetration (vesicular-arbuscular and arbuscular mycorrhizas) and from an enclosed (ectomycorrhizas) to open root (vesicular-arbuscular and arbuscular mycorrhizas).
		Mycorrhizas are also involved in the transfer of nutrients from components of soil minerals and organic residues to solution, and in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem.
		The fungal partners in some mycorrhizas may also have chemical mechanisms to liberate fixed inorganic ions or minerals incorporated in organic matter in the soil.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/mycorrhizas/types.html (434 words)

	Mycorrhizas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mycorrhizas are symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots (the term means literally 'fungus root').
		To a large degree, mycorrhizas seem to be symbiotic (mutualistic) relationships, in which the fungus obtains at least some of its sugars from the plant, while the plant benefits from the efficient uptake of mineral nutrients (or water) by the fungal hyphae.
		Arbuscular mycorrhizas are found on the vast majority of wild and crop plants, with an important role in mineral nutrient uptake and sometimes in protecting against drought or pathogenic attack.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/mycorrh.htm (1539 words)

	FAQ's on Mycorrhiza
		Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between soil fungus and plant roots.
		Use of an inoculant here is still appropriate as research shows that the species of mycorrhizal fungi most effective with young plants may be different than the species most effective with mature plants of the same plant species.
		However, mycorrhiza can be most beneficial at low fertility levels - increasing growth rate, plant quality, and survivability and at the same time reducing fertilizer material and labor costs.
	www.hortsorb.com /FAQ's_on_Mycorrhizae.asp (1376 words)

	Mycorrhiza and soil phosphorus levels Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Tri River Area Mesa Delta, ...
		Mycorrhizae are an integral part of most plants in nature (Giazninazzi et al., 1982) and occur on 83% of dicotyledonous and 79% of monocotyledonous plant investigated (Wilcox - 1996).
		Mycorrhizae also are known to reduce problems with pathogens which attack the roots of plants (Gianinazzi-Pearson and Gianinazzi, 1983).
		Mycorrhizae, an integral part of plants: biology and perspectives for their use.
	www.coopext.colostate.edu /TRA/PLANTS/mycorrhiza.html?PrintWindow (1165 words)

	Mycorrhiza
		While the VA mycorrhizas are the most abundant, no more than a few hundred species of fungi are involved, whereas over 6,000 species of fungi are involved in ectomycorrhizas.
		A study of the ericoid mycorrhizas on several epacrid species in the south-west of Western Australia showed that the mycorrhizas were seasonal.
		Identification of the fungi present in ericoid mycorrhizas is mostly based on the physical, chemical or DNA analyses of the hyphae found in roots, since fruiting bodies are rarely found.
	www.anbg.gov.au /fungi/mycorrhiza.html (3433 words)

	Mycorrhiza (fwd) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On the other hand, mycorrhizae is the bio-fertilizer which is produced with little energy =E1and no polluting efffect, and can play a key role in future as a substitute to chemical fertilizers.
		Because these mycorrhizae are so important to plants, and eco-friendly too, scientists must explore ways of using mycorrhizal fungi to improve the growth and health of agricultural crops or trees in forest plantations and ultimately towards conserving the environment.
		Mycorrhiza network is the answer to meet some of these requirements Please visit our Mycorrhiza Network and Mycorrhiza Research site, currently under TERI Homepage.
	ibiblio.org /london/permaculture/mailarchives/permanet.1/msg00368.html (310 words)

	Mycorrhiza
		To be more specific, mycorrhizae are fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants.
		In return, the mycorrhiza absorbs nutrients from the soil which are passed along to the plant.
		Drought, high temperatures, salinity, and acidity, or a build-up of toxic elements in the soil are some of the effects on host plants that mycorrhizae reduce.
	www.hort.wisc.edu /mastergardener/Features/misc/mycorrhiza/mycorrhiza.htm (985 words)

	Mycorrhiza
		Mycorrhiza : a rootlet of a higher plant modified through integral association with afungus to form a constant structure which differs from either component but is attached tothe root system and functions somewhat as a rootlet.
		...of an undescribed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, a Glomus sp.
		Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic, mutually beneficial association between a fungus...
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Mycorrhiza.html (409 words)

	Orchidacean mycorrhiza
		Historically, the orchidacean type mycorrhiza was described as a certain group of organ- and tissue-specific fungal infections exhibiting definite histological picture.
		The disintegration of fungal coils in root cells followed by the absorption of materials released from the pelotons by the root cells is usually termed as "digestion".
		The intricate role of this phenomenon in the early stages of orchid seed germination are far beyond the scope of this brief treatment, but inquiring into the problem in case of an adult orchid might shed some light on the true nature of orchidacean mycorrhiza.
	orchidnights.com /mykes/mycorrhiza.html (1274 words)

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