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Topic: Mycotoxin

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	Mycotoxins in the Grain Market (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mycotoxins are poisonous trace organic residues of mold deterioration.
		Mycotoxins are not alive themselves, but instead are very potent compounds causing, at very low dosages (parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb)), a variety of human and animal health problems.
		Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin that occurs in corn and wheat in the midwest.
	www.extension.iastate.edu /grain/info/mycotoxinsinthegrainmarket.htm (2190 words)

	Mycotoxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of fungal infection of the crop.
		The negative health effects of mycotoxins are a function of the concentration, the duration of exposure and the subject's sensitivities.
		They include a range of mycotoxins including the fumonisins, which affect the nervous systems of horses and cause cancer in rodents, the trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone, the last two of which are very stable and can survive cooking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mycotoxin (818 words)

	T-2 mycotoxins and Yellow Rain
		Mycotoxins are naturally occurring substances produced by fungi as a secondary metabolite that typically affords the organism survival benefit (eg, penicillin).
		The T-2 mycotoxin, which is classified as a trichothecene mycotoxin, is elaborated from the fusariam, aspergillus, and stachybotrys species of fungus.
		The trichothecene mycotoxins are low molecular weight compounds (250-500 d, averaging 466 d) that are nonvolatile, relatively insoluble in water, and highly soluble in ethanol, methanol, and propylene glycol.
	www.mold-survivor.com /t_2_mycotoxin.html (2169 words)

	Mycotoxin Testing Lab
		We are the first to provide a simple procedure for mycotoxin testing for IAQ professionals and concerned consumers that may be impacted by the presence of mycotoxins in their environment.
		If mycotoxins are ingested, they produce a variety of signs and symptoms depending upon the type of mycotoxin consumed, the health status of the individual, age, the diet of the individual and the dosage of the mycotoxin.
		Mycotoxin Testing Lab.com is the first to provide a simple procedure for submission of samples for mycotoxin testing for IAQ professionals and concerned consumers that may be impacted by the presence of mycotoxins in their environment.
	www.mycotoxintestinglab.com (433 words)

	Application of HACCP to mycotoxin control
		Mycotoxin limits can also be set by the customer in specific contracts and it is possible that these may include mycotoxins not subject to regulatory limits.
		The risk of a particular mycotoxin hazard should be estimated using well established data on the relative susceptibilities of commodities to given mycotoxins and the climatic conditions required for the mycotoxins to be produced.
		Once the mycotoxin hazard(s) has been identified, each step in the CFD must be considered in turn and the likelihood of mycotoxin contamination occurring must be assessed.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y1390E/y1390e0b.htm (1832 words)

	Publication: Sampling and Analyzing Feed for Fungal (Mold) Toxins (Mycotoxins)
		Mycotoxins commonly found in grains or feeds used in Nebraska are aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, vomitoxin and zearalenone.
		Mycotoxins in a sample of grain are dissolved into a solution, which is placed in the plastic well.
		Mold counts in feeds are not considered an indicator of the presence of mycotoxins in feeds and are usually ignored in the assessment of possible mycotoxin contamination.
	www.ianrpubs.unl.edu /epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=346 (2873 words)

	Selected IUPAC Mycotoxin References and Publications
		Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of moulds belonging essentially to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium genera.
		Mycotoxins are toxic compounds, produced by the secondary metabolism of toxigenic molds in the Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium genera occurring in food commodities and foodstuffs.
		Despite the considerable efforts devoted to mycotoxin research in the past few decades, improvements in methodology has to be achieved mainly in sampling procedures and in quality assurance of the laboratories involved in mycotoxin analysis, as well as in the selection of appropriate biomarkers.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/iuprefs.html (7751 words)

	Mycotoxin
		Mycotoxins can appear in food and animal feed as a result of fungal infection of the crop, for example Fusarium ear diseases in cereals, or the infection of stored products.
		The mycotoxins are not gaseous (non-volatile), but rather they are associated with the spores and hyphae.
		A fictional application of a mycotoxin occurs in William Gibson's seminal novel Neuromancer, in which Case, the anti-hero, is punished by some of his business partners by being administered a "Russian mycotoxin", which alters his nervous tissue and renders him unable to access cyberspace.
	www.mrsci.com /Toxicology/Mycotoxin.php (794 words)

	Molds and Mycotoxins In Forages
		Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi (molds) growing on crops in the field or in storage.
		While greater than 400 mycotoxins have been chemically identified, the biological or veterinary medical impact of only several mycotoxins is known.
		Fumonisin is a recently discovered mycotoxin that is associated with human esophageal cancer and a highly fatal equine central nervous disease in horses.
	www.uwex.edu /ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2001/dairy_mycotoxin.htm (3414 words)

	BP-47
		Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi (molds) growing on grain, feed, or food in the field or in storage.
		Mycotoxins may be detrimental to the health of both animals and humans.
		Fumonisin is a recently discovered mycotoxin that may be the cause of equine leukoencephalomalacia (blind staggers) in horses, donkeys and mules, and pulmonary edema in swine.
	www.ces.purdue.edu /extmedia/BP/BP-47.html (2681 words)

	CORN001 - Mycotoxins in Corn
		Mycotoxins are known to cause serious health problems in animals including equine leukoencephalomalacia in horses and porcine edema in swine.
		The mycotoxins reported to occur in corn are listed in table 1.
		Contamination of corn with mycotoxins is greatly influenced by weather.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/pp/notes/Corn/corn001.htm (1347 words)

	Agronomic Considerations for Molds and Mycotoxins in Corn Silage
		Mycotoxins have long been a concern to livestock producers when environmental conditions during the growing season were conducive to mold growth on the field crop.
		Mycotoxins are now more frequently being associated with crops like corn silage that include not just grain but a high percentage of stalks and stover.
		Although field fungi and mycotoxin levels are usually reported not to increase after the crop has been ensiled and gone through fermentation, levels will continue to increase as long as oxygen is present and the pH is sufficiently high.
	www.uwex.edu /ces/crops/uwforage/Mycotoxins.htm (2096 words)

	Mycotoxins
		Mycotoxins are substances produced from fungal secondary metabolic processes, which impair animal health thereby causing great economic losses of livestock through disease.
		In general, mycotoxins are specifically associated with a particular feed, are not transmissible from organism to organism (except when special circumstances are considered like milk production for later human consumption), and are usually not responsive to any kind of direct treatment.
		Mycotoxin intoxications are not dramatically obvious, and as in any field investigation, a detailed clinical history should first be obtained (Spainhour and Posey 1992).
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/mycotoxins2.html (1475 words)

	The Analyst - Internet Health Report: Condition: Fungus / Mycotoxin Exposure
		Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of food and their complete elimination is impossible.
		Producers often use grains that are too contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins to be used for table foods, so the risk is higher that you are consuming more than just alcohol in your beverage.
		Pasta may be the least offensive form of grains since some water-soluble mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), are partially removed and discarded with the water the pasta was cooked in.
	www.digitalnaturopath.com /cond/C682761.html (1229 words)

	New Computer Program Predicts Mycotoxin Levels in Corn / December 21, 20044 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research ...
		Predicting mycotoxin levels in midwestern corn is now possible with a new computer program developed by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists.
		Mycotoxins are natural carcinogens produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme.
		So, if the program predicts that mycotoxin problems are likely to arise from heavy insect feeding, the farmer may opt to spray the crop before caterpillars can hide inside corn husks and cause damage that allows mold growth.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2004/041221.htm (372 words)

	IMPACTS OF SOME SELECTED MYCOTOXINS ON RUMINANTS
		Mycotoxins are toxic, secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by naturally occurring fungi.
		Therefore, precautions must be taken in sampling to obtain a reliable quantitative estimate of the concentration of a mycotoxin in a given lot.
		Part of the deleterious impact of mycotoxins on ruminants may be caused by the indirect effect of reduced nutrition from the infected grains or forages.
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/mycotoxin.html (549 words)

	TAB E - Trichothecene Mycotoxin (T-2)
		Some victims developed a protracted lethal illness characterized by initial symptoms of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and exhaustion followed within days by fever, chills, muscular pain, and an imbalance of the red and white blood cells accompanied by pus-forming or other disease-causing organisms or their toxins in the blood or tissues.
		The trichothecene mycotoxins are nonvolatile compounds produced by molds.
		From the 1970s and 1980s trichothecene mycotoxins surfaced in the press as a biological warfare agent in incidents labeled "yellow rain" attacks in Southeast Asia.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /bw_ii/bw_tabe.htm (455 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - T-2 Mycotoxins : Article Excerpt by: Donald A Locasto, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Background: Mycotoxins are naturally occurring substances produced by fungi as a secondary metabolite that typically affords the organism survival benefit (eg, penicillin).
		The T-2 mycotoxin, which is classified as a trichothecene mycotoxin, is elaborated from the fusarial species of fungus.
		Qualities important to producing an effective chemical or biological weapon are its ease of manufacture, ease of weaponization, durability of the organism or toxin in storage form, ease of dispersal, and chemical stability when exposed to heat and UV radiation.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---t-2-mycotoxins.htm (690 words)

	APSnet Feature - Mycotoxins: The Cost of Achieving Food Security and Food Quality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mycotoxin losses result from (A) lowered animal production and any human toxicity attributable to the presence of the toxin, (B) the presence of the toxin in the affected commodity which lowers its market value, as well as (C) secondary effects on agriculture production and agricultural communities.
		Mycotoxin management costs are incurred by both producers and the Federal and state governments to prevent mycotoxins from becoming a human and animal health threat.
		Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin generating the greatest losses and the highest management costs due to its extremely high toxicity on a unit basis, and its long history of stringent regulation.
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/mycotoxin/top.html (10244 words)

	Horse feed mycotoxin binding inhibition supplements control mycotoxins
		Although the effects of mycotoxins on horses are not well documented in scientific literature, in field situations apparent mycotoxin problems appear to be significant.
		Mycotoxins have been implicated in a variety of health problems including colic, neurological disorders, paralysis, hypersensitivity, and brain lesions.
		Due to the lack of conclusive scientific research concerning the levels of various mycotoxins tolerated by the horse, emphasis should be placed on feeding mycotoxin-free grain and forage to all horses.
	www.ublcorp.com /equitrol.html (910 words)

	IS1550 Mycotoxin in Swine Diets
		More than 200 mycotoxins have been identified, but only a few are believed to affect swine performance.
		Risk to the pig from mycotoxin-contaminated feed depends on the age and health of the pig and level of toxin in the feed.
		Mycotoxin usually appears in feed because one feed ingredient has been contaminated.
	msucares.com /pubs/infosheets/is1550.htm (1016 words)

	VICAM - Mycotoxin Products
		Mycotoxins are toxic substances naturally produced by molds (fungi) that may contaminate agricultural commodities by growing on grain or feed.
		These molds result in a variety of dangerous mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin, and zearalenone—some of which are known human carcinogens.
		This stiffening of EU import standards drives worldwide adoption of mycotoxin tests that are ever more precise, accurate, and sensitive.
	www.vicam.com /products/mycotoxin.html (479 words)

	Mycotoxin analysis in foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mycotoxins can contaminate a wide variety of foods as a result of fungal infection in crops, during growth or in storage.
		EU food safety legislation on mycotoxin levels is becoming increasingly strict, with the latest regulations setting lower limits in foods for infants and young children.
		It is widely recognised that mycotoxins are the most difficult group of contaminants to sample, due to their irregular distribution within bulk commodities.
	www.csl.gov.uk /prodserv/ana/mycotoxin (449 words)

	European Mycotoxin Awareness Network - EMAN - Factsheets for HACCP prevention and control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Precise mycotoxin analysis is costly and often too slow to be of real use in many commodity chains*.
		Understanding mycotoxin contamination at this stage is therefore the realm of the agronomist, mycologist and plant pathologist, and experts in these disciplines will need to be part of the HACCP team.
		However, the significance of mycotoxins themselves is becoming widely recognized and is currently the subject of active scientific research, with much knowledge yet to be gained.
	www.lfra.co.uk /eman2/fsheet3_2.asp (1255 words)

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