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Topic: Myoclonus

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	Myoclonus Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Myoclonus describes a symptom and generally is not a diagnosis of a disease.
		Reticular reflex myoclonus is thought to be a type of generalized epilepsy that originates in the brainstem, the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
		Although some cases of myoclonus are caused by an injury to the peripheral nerves (defined as the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, or the central nervous system), most myoclonus is caused by a disturbance of the central nervous system.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/myoclonus/detail_myoclonus.htm (2032 words)

	Myoclonus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles.
		Most often myoclonus is one of several symptoms in a wide variety of nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
		Anatomically, myoclonus may originate from lesions of the cortex, subcortex or spinal cord.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Myoclonus (416 words)

	Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Myoclonus describes a symptom and generally is not a diagnosis of a disease.
		This type of myoclonus often is caused by brain damage that results from a lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain when breathing or heartbeat is temporarily stopped.
		Although some cases of myoclonus are caused by an injury to the peripheral nerves (defined as the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, or the central nervous system), most myoclonus is caused by a disturbance of the central nervous system.
	www.bcm.edu /neurol/jankovic/educ_myoclonus.htm (1634 words)

	MDVU Resource Library - Myoclonus - Etiologic Classification
		The final form of physiologic myoclonus is benign sleep myoclonus of infancy, which usually occurs in the immediate postpartum period and is often mistaken for epilepsy.
		Myoclonus varies in its predominance in these conditions, from being the only seizure manifestation, to one of multiple seizure types within the epileptic syndrome, to seizures rather than myoclonus dominating the clinical picture.
		The myoclonus is typically seen as generalized jerks of the limbs and tremulous movements of the fingers, with rare generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
	www.mdvu.org /library/disease/myoclonus/myo_ec.html (1345 words)

	BCM-Neurology-Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders-myoclonus
		Cortical reflex myoclonus is thought to be a type of epilepsy that originates in the cerebral cortex - the outer layer, or "gray matter," of the brain, responsible for much of the information processing that takes place in the brain.
		Palatal myoclonus is a regular, rhythmic contraction of one or both sides of the rear of the roof of the mouth, called the soft palate.
		Reticular reflex myoclonus is thought to be a type of generalized epilepsy that originates in the brainstem, the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
	www.bcm.edu /neurol/struct/parkinson/myoclonus.html (1796 words)

	Myoclonus: Movement and Cerebellar Disorders: Merck Manual Professional
		Physiologic myoclonus may occur as a person falls asleep (nocturnal myoclonus).
		Myoclonus due to severe closed head trauma or hypoxic-ischemic brain damage may worsen with purposeful movements (action myoclonus) or may occur spontaneously when movement is limited because of injury.
		Many forms of myoclonus respond to the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (initially, 25 mg po qid, increased to 150 to 250 mg po qid), which must be used with the oral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa (50 mg every morning and 25 mg at noon or 50 mg every evening and 25 mg at bedtime).
	www.merck.com /mmpe/sec16/ch221/ch221f.html (198 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Primary care guide to myoclonus and chorea
		Myoclonus is defined as sudden, brief, shocklike involuntary movements caused by muscular contractions (ie, positive myoclonus) or inhibitions (ie, negative myoclonus, or asterixis) (1).
		Myoclonus may be only one component of a seizure, the only seizure manifestation, or one of multiple seizure types within an epileptic syndrome.
		Myoclonus and chorea are hyperkinetic movement disorders that confer a jerky appearance.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/10_00/caviness.htm (2964 words)

	myoclonus - multiple sclerosis encyclopaedia
		Myoclonus describes sudden and uncontrollable jerks of a muscle or a group of muscles.
		However, myoclonus is often associated with neurological or biochemical conditions including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke, spinal cord injury, kidney or liver failure and lipid storage disease.
		Myoclonus in one or both legs during the night is known as Noctural Myoclonus or Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) and can also occur in the absence of any other disease.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /myoclonus.html (270 words)

	What is myoclonus? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Myoclonus arises from damage to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord.
		Myoclonus is activated by an electrical discharge originating in the central nervous system, which is transmitted through peripheral nerves to produce the sudden muscle contractions.
		Patients severely afflicted with myoclonus may be unable to stand or ambulate, reach or grasp objects, feed or dress themselves, speak, or even direct their gaze because of the involuntary muscle jerking interfering with all of these functions.
	www.myoclonus.com /whatis.htm (273 words)

	lVeterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Neuro. signs in Video: Distemper Myoclonus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The myoclonus may appear in only one small group of muscles or it may be nearly body wide; sometimes it appears to affect the diaphragm, although I have not been able to verify this.
		This particular dog's gait is affected by the myoclonus; its gait also may reflect a degree of transverse myelopathy as well, for transverse myelopathy occurs commonly in distemper in the absence of myoclonus.
		Myoclonus in a foreleg persisted after transection of the spinal cord cranial and caudal to the brachial enlargement and after cutting the dorsal roots of the relevant spinal nerves.
	www.neurovet.org /VIDEOS/Myoclonus.htm (497 words)

	Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy
		Myoclonus is usually a greater problem than seizures for patients with PME because it is not helped much by the anticonvulsants that do help to control the seizures.
		In general, myoclonus is a group of movement disorders characterized by sudden, involuntary contractions of a skeletal muscle or group of muscles.
		Myoclonus may accompany a number of neurological diseases including seizure disorders, brain injuries, hereditary brain disorders, viral infections, and brain tumors.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord781.htm (2384 words)

	Introduction: Myoclonus - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Myoclonus: Everyone has muscle twitches, such as hiccups or sleep starts, but clinical myoclonus is more severe.
		Myoclonus: Myoclonus is a term that refers to brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles.
		Researching symptoms of Myoclonus: Further information about the symptoms of Myoclonus is available including a list of symptoms of Myoclonus, other diseases that might have similar symptoms in differential diagnosis of Myoclonus, or alternatively return to research other symptoms in the symptom center.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /m/myoclonus/intro.htm (276 words)

	Myoclonus: Movement Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Myoclonus is similar to sudden muscle cramps, but muscle contractions begin and end more rapidly, lasting only moments.
		Myoclonus may involve only one hand, a group of muscles in the upper arm or leg, or a group of facial muscles.
		Hiccups are a type of myoclonus that involves only the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec06/ch091/ch091b.html (200 words)

	HEREDITARY ESSENTIAL MYOCLONUS
		Hereditary essential myoclonus is an autosomal dominant, benign condition characterized by myoclonias with the absence of any other neurological deficits and normal EEG findings.
		Myoclonus is a sudden, brief involuntary muscle contraction resulting in a generalized or segmental jerk like movement.
		Hereditary essential myoclonus is an autosomal dominant, benign form of myoclonias in which the affected patients lack any other neurological or laboratory findings.
	www.med.ege.edu.tr /~norolbil/2001/NBD16101.html (1531 words)

	Myoclonus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a (One of the contractile organs of the body) muscle or a group of muscles.
		It describes a ((medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease) symptom and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease.
		Myoclonic jerks commonly occur in individuals with (A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions) epilepsy.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/my/myoclonus.htm (248 words)

	Welcome to Surgery Center of Rome's Web Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Myoclonus is a brief and rapid twitching of a muscle or muscle groups.
		Myoclonus is often a symptom of a nervous system or metabolic condition.
		A family history of myoclonus is the only common risk factor that has been identified.
	healthinfo.healthgate.com /getcontent.aspx?siteid=70a93e67-ab8a-4412-99b5-2d894fe38c69&docid=/dci/myoclonus& (573 words)

	Myoclonus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Myoclonic twitches or jerks usually are caused by sudden muscle contractions, called positive myoclonus, or by muscle relaxation, called negative myoclonus.
		Investigators at NINDS laboratories are evaluating the role of neurotransmitters and receptors in myoclonus.
		If abnormalities in neurotransmitters or receptors are found to play a causative role in myoclonus, future research can focus on determining the extent to which genetic alterations are responsible for these abnormalities and on identifying the nature of those alterations.
	www.clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/1300/1310.asp?index=6061&src=news (2015 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Myoclonus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Myoclonus is generally due to damage to the brain or spinal cord.
		It is seen in epilepsy (a brain disorder caused by excessive and uncontrollable nerve impulses) and metabolic and toxic brain damage due to lack of oxygen reaching the brain.
		Myoclonus originates from the Greek word "mys" meaning "muscle," and the word "klonus" meaning "contraction." Put the two words together and you have a "contraction of the muscles".
	www.medfriendly.com /myoclonus.html (206 words)

	Palatal Myoclonus
		Movie of Palatal Myoclonus (5 meg) (Examiner is holding a camera pointing towards back of throat of patient with PM).
		Palatal myoclonus (PM) is characterized by rhythmic involuntary jerky movements of the soft palate of the throat, and also sometimes other muscles related to the throat.
		Ordinary PM is caused by a lesion in the triangle of Guillain Mollaret (1933).
	www.dizziness-and-balance.com /disorders/central/opm.html (1552 words)

	Myoclonus, General
		Intention Myoclonus is characterized by episodes of sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are triggered by voluntary movements, such as a purposeful action.
		Unlike Arrhythmic Myoclonus, Rhythmical Myoclonus is not relieved by sleep and is not triggered by sudden stimuli or voluntary movements.
		Some types of Intention Myoclonus, Essential Myoclonus, and Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy may be associated with decreased activity of serotonin, a chemical (neurotransmitter) in the brain.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord62.htm (2381 words)

	Myoclonus Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Myoclonus refers to a sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.
		Myoclonus may require the use of multiple drugs for effective treatment.
		Although clonazepam and sodium valproate are effective in the majority of people with myoclonus, some people have adverse reactions to these drugs.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/myoclonus/myoclonus.htm (573 words)

	Opsoclonus Myoclonus Neuroblastoma Gabrielle's Garden
		I was also diagnosed with an extremely rare disease called opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome that was caused by the cancer.
		The reason for this is children that have Neuroblastoma with Opsoclonus Myoclonus have a very small chance of the tumor being aggressive or reoccurring.
		The theory is the body's immune system is trying to destroy the tumor however the tumor and the brain must have similar properties, as the immune system cannot tell them apart and the brain is an innocent bystander caught in the "cross-fire" between the immune system and the tumor, which it is trying to destroy.
	www.gabriellemoss.com (2296 words)

	Myoclonus
		There is also a physiological myoclonus that occurs in NORMAL people when falling asleep, during sleep, when waking up, and during times of anxiety.
		Nocturnal myoclonus is a rhythmic jerking of the LEGS during sleep that is common in children.
		Epileptic myoclonus is associated with epileptiform activity on the EEG whereas symptomatic myoclonus is caused by drugs or follows a cerebral injury or is part of a generalized and usually progressive encephalopathy.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/neuro/archive/10986.html (586 words)

	Muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Exercise has several effects upon muscles, connective tissue and bone, and the nerves that stimulate the muscles.
		Symptoms of muscle disease may include weakness or spasticity/rigidity, myoclonus (twitching) and myalgia (muscle pain).
		Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in the blood and electromyography (measuring electrical activity in muscles).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscle (1868 words)

	Lesson of the week: Benign sleep myoclonus in infancy mistaken for epilepsy -- Egger et al. 326 (7396): 975 -- BMJ
		The prevalence of benign sleep myoclonus is unknown but our experience in two centres suggests the condition is being under-recognised.
		Although most patients with sleep myoclonus seem free of "seizures" by the age of 3 months, some may be having prolonged episodes
		Benign sleep myoclonus may be mistaken for neonatal epilepsy due to a serious underlying disorder, or for benign neonatal
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/326/7396/975 (1026 words)

	Pathophysiology of Posthypoxic Myoclonus (AAN 2000)
		Myoclonus was then induced by auditory stimulus on 10 consecutive days.
		Estrogen treated rats had a higher mean peak myoclonus score (210 vs. 180 for placebo, p=0.031), higher mean score on day 10 (90.7 vs. 27.0, p=0.016), and longer number of days above baseline (9.2 vs. 5.7, p=0.004), with all treated rats still above baseline at day 10, vs. no placebo rats.
		Role of the inferior olive in the pathophysiology of posthypoxic myoclonus
	www.mdvu.org /emove/article.asp?ID=208 (233 words)

	Benign sleep myoclonus definition - Sleep Disorders including, Sleep Apnea, Narcolepsy, Insomnia, Snoring and Nightmares
		Benign sleep myoclonus: A distinctive disorder of sleep in infancy characterized by rhythmic myoclonic jerks (sudden muscle contractions) which occur when the child is asleep and which stop when the child is awakened.
		Sleep myoclonus usually disappears after a few weeks, in most cases by 3 months of age, as the sleep patterns mature.
		Benign sleep myoclonus may be mistaken for epilepsy.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24815 (187 words)

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