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	Myostatin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Myostatin (formerly known as Growth and Differentiation Factor 8) is a growth factor that limits muscle tissue growth, i.e.
		The myostatin protein is produced in skeletal muscle cells, circulates in the blood and acts on muscle tissue, apparently by slowing down the development of muscle stem cells.
		Myostatin and the associated gene were discovered in 1997 by geneticists McPherron and Se-Jin Lee, who also produced a strain of mutant mice that lack the gene and are about twice as strong as normal mice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Myostatin (564 words)

	The Myostatin Gene
		A deletion in the myostatin gene of the Belgian Blue eliminates the entire active region of the molecule and is non-functional; and this mutation causes hypertrophy and increased muscle mass.
		Further complicating the issue of myostatin’s role in regulation of muscle growth is the report by a team of scientists that mutations in the human myostatin gene had little impact on responses in muscle mass to strength training (15, unpublished data).
		Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Bllue and Piedmontese cattle.
	www.thinkmuscle.com /articles/volk/myostatin.htm (4003 words)

	Myostatin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Myostatin: A growth factor that regulates the size of muscles beginning in early embryonic development and continuing throughout life.
		The gene encoding myostatin is termed MSTN (or GDF8) and is on chromosome 2 in band 2q32.1.
		Myostatin was first found to regulate muscle mass in mice from which the gene encoding myostatin had been knocked out (deleted).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33546 (314 words)

	Applied Biosystems iScience
		Both the mice and cows derive their beefy stature from a mutation in the gene for myostatin, a hormone that, when functional, puts the brakes on expression of genes related to the formation of muscle mass.
		Myostatin is a growth factor that binds to activin receptors located on the surface of muscle cells.
		When myostatin is not present, muscle mass increases, suggesting that agents that block the binding of myostatin to its receptor at the surface of muscle cells will increase muscle mass in patients afflicted with muscle-wasting conditions.
	marketing.appliedbiosystems.com /iscience_v3/v1i3_focus_myostatin.asp (1876 words)

	Myostatin research
		Myostatin was first described by McPherron et al in 1997.
		During early embryogenesis myostatin is particularly important in the myotome compartment of developing somites.
		Myostatin controls not only fibre size but also fibre number.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~fmrg/myostatin.html (548 words)

	Recombinant Human Myostatin, His-Tagged Fusion Protein - CYT-445 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factors that is essential for proper regulation of skeletal muscle mass.
		Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct.
		Effect of swimming on myostatin expression in white and red gastrocnemius musc le and in cardiac muscle of the rats.
	www.prospec.co.il /~prospec/cart/catalog/rHuMyostatinFc.html (566 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Association of Myostatin on Early Calf Mortality, Growth, and Carcass Composition Traits in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Technical Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate a potential association of an inactive myostatin allele with early calf mortality, and evaluate its impact on growth and carcass traits in a crossbred population.
		Myostatin genotypes were determined for all animals including those that died prior to weaning.
		An overall 1:2:1 ratio (homozygous active myostatin allele: heterozygous: homozygous inactive myostatin allele) was observed in the population.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=160116 (408 words)

	Illini PorkNet: Paper Display: Myostatin (GDF-8) as a Potential...
		Myostatin is a purported negative regulator of muscle development (McPherron et al., 1997).
		Myostatin knock-out mice (mice which have the myostatin gene specifically inactivated) have individual muscles which can weigh 2 to 3 times more than the same muscles in wild-type control mice.
		The data from this study indicate that, at this point, myostatin does not make a useful quantitative trait locus in swine and that the role of porcine myostatin as a negative regulator of muscle development is not as straight forward as it seems to be in the bovine system.
	www.traill.uiuc.edu /porknet/paperDisplay.cfm?ContentID=98 (1251 words)

	MetaMorphix Inc. [Research > Myostatin]
		Lee deleted the myostatin gene in mice using a technique referred to as gene “knockout,” which generated mice lacking the capability to produce the myostatin protein.
		Myostatin gene is identical in mice, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and humans.
		By sequencing the Myostatin™ gene in the Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, it was discovered that both “double muscle” breeds had natural mutations in the Myostatin coding sequence.
	www.metamorphixinc.com /researchmyostatin.html (603 words)

	Myostatin expression in porcine tissues: tissue specificity and developmental and postnatal regulation -- Ji et al. 275 ...
		Myostatin expression was not influenced by either growth hormone or duration (P > 0.504), and the interaction was not significant (P > 0.72).
		Myostatin expression (ribonuclease protection assay) in skeletal muscles of growing pigs injected twice daily for 9 days with vehicle or porcine growth hormone and fed a control diet or the control diet with 10% safflower oil (n = 12).
		Myostatin is clearly a determinant of prenatal muscle growth.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/4/R1265 (4851 words)

	Human Cytokine Data Sheets (Myostatin) available from Research Diagnostics Inc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Early studies have shown Myostatin to be limited to skeletal muscle; however, it is now known that it is found in different muscles throughout the body including the heart.
		Since both muscle and adipose tissue develops from the same mesenchymal stem cells, new research has suggested that Myostatin may be involved in reducing and or preventing adiposity and type-2 diabetes.
		Human Myostatin is a homodimeric protein with each subunit containing 110 amino acid residues with a total molecular weight of 25.0 kDa.
	www.researchd.com /cytokines/rdi1200.htm (400 words)

	Myostatin
		Shortly after the discovery of the myostatin gene in cattle the gene was discovered in mice.
		Myostatin belongs to a family of molecules called transforming growth factors beta (TGF-b).
		In conclusion, myostatin presents great possibilities, but at this time we do not have sufficient evidence to determine myostatin's role in humans.
	www.qfac.com /articles/hale/myostatin.html (1238 words)

	The Myostatin Gene Is a Downstream Target Gene of Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor MyoD -- Spiller et al. 22 ...
		Myostatin is a negative regulator of myogenesis, and inactivation
		Approximately 1.6 kb of the myostatin gene upstream regions from cattle, human, pig, and mouse were compared for E-box motifs, which are indicated by boxes.
		The 198-bp myostatin promoter fragment containing the E6 E box was amplified from input chromatin, immunoprecipitated chromatin with MyoD antibody, or control antibody.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/22/20/7066 (8139 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Myostatin Blocker Information and Product Listing! Myostatin Blocker FAQ!
		Myostatin is a protein that regulates how much muscle mass is produced.
		Studies done on mice show that when their gene was "knocked out" they developed two to three times more muscle than mice that had the gene still intact.
		In recent studies conducted, new protein interactions inhibiting myostatin that lead to double muscling, and the induction of hypermuscularity with myostatin antibodies, have been reported.
	www.bodybuilding.com /store/myostat.html (178 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Dean Goudie - Myostatin, The Future Not Yet Here...
		Myostatin is described as a protein found in the blood that appears (research is still in the early stages) to set a limit on the muscle your body can build.
		There is much to be said about myostatin, where to begin is the difficult point.
		They claim they created their own myostatin product due to pressure they received from Biotest when they (Biotest) got a hold of the myostatin information and quickly released an inhibitor.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/dean8.htm (568 words)

	Molecular analysis of fiber type-specific expression of murine myostatin promoter -- Salerno et al. 287 (4): C1031 -- ...
		Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and absence
		Constructs containing either the 1.7-kb fragment of the murine myostatin promoter (1.7P) or the 1.6-kb fragment of the bovine myostatin promoter (1.6b) were injected into the quadriceps femoris of mice (6 mice/construct).
		Myostatin gene expression is reduced in humans with heavy-resistance strength training: a brief communication.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/4/C1031 (6130 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Beyond Myostatin, the Search for Interacting Alleles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		However, the molecular mechanisms whereby inactivation of myostatin results in increased skeletal muscle mass have not yet been identified.
		Many of these genes appear to be involved in cell proliferation, transcription and protein synthesis, all of which are biological systems know to be influenced by myostatin.
		A number of strategies are now being pursued to identify additional candidate genes and to test whether previously identified genes interact with myostatin.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=137600&pf=1 (235 words)

	The myostatin propeptide and FLRG are inhibitory binding proteins of myostatin in normal serum -- Hill et al., ...
		Recent experiments have shown that myostatin activity is detected in serum by a reporter gene assay only after activation by acid, suggesting that native myostatin circulates as a latent complex.
		We have used a monoclonal myostatin antibody, JA16, to isolate the native myostatin complex from normal mouse and human serum.
		The myostatin propeptide is known to bind and inhibit myostatin in vitro.
	intl.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/M206379200v1 (942 words)

	Differential Response to Exogenous and Endogenous Myostatin in Myoblasts Suggests that Myostatin Acts as an Autocrine ...
		encoding sequence of myostatin to the genome of the baculovirus
		B, Binding of recombinant myostatin to the lectin concanavaline A. The conditioned medium from Sf21 cells was precipitated with concanavaline A-Sepharose, fractionated as indicated above, and probed with the antimyostatin antibody.
		Almost all the myostatin immunoreactivity present in the conditioned medium was precipitated with this procedure, indicating that myostatin is glycosylated in Sf1 cells.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/6/2795 (5923 words)

	MDA Research \| New Myostatin Blocker Makes Mouse Muscles 60 Percent Larger
		A new compound that blocks myostatin, a natural inhibitor of muscle growth, has increased muscle mass in mice by up to 60 percent in two weeks, a team of scientists announced in the Dec. 13 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
		The new compound, ACVR2B, is not an antibody.
		Instead, it blocks myostatin by providing it with a portion of a molecule that it normally sticks to but not the entire molecule.
	www.mdausa.org /research/060106myostatin_blocker.html (418 words)

	Myostatin - Page 2 - Bodybuilding.com Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Also it has been noted that humans dont have as much myostatin has orginally thought, women have more than men.
		The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men.
		Myostatin has become their bastard child product because they spent so much to produce and hype it, and no one wants to use this crap.
	forum.bodybuilding.com /showthread.php?pagenumber=2&threadid=261810 (1414 words)

	AST Sports Science - Paul Cribb's Articles
		Myostatin is a gene (Now understand that a gene is a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions
		A study published in 1998, revealed that myostatin is expressed in human skeletal muscle and levels are increased in muscle wasting diseases such as HIV.5 This research demonstrated that myostatin levels within the human body correlate inversely with fat-free mass.
		Myostatin is licensed to MetaMorphix, a company founded by one of the main researchers Se-Jin Lee, M.D., Ph.D., in 1995.
	www.ast-ss.com /articles/article.asp?AID=85 (1057 words)

	University of Pennsylvania : Research at Penn : Health :: Myostatin-Blockers May Temper Effects of Muscular Dystrophy
		According to researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the Ja16 mouse antibody blocks myostatin protein, which increases body weight and muscle mass along with a significant decrease in muscle degeneration in mouse models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
		Naturally occurring mutations in the myostatin gene were first noted about 200 years ago in the Schwarzenegger-like musculature of the Belgian Blue breed of cattle.
		Many species, including humans, also have myostatin, and the researchers believe that blocking myostatin is one way to get Duchenne muscular dystrophy sufferers to grow more muscle.
	www.upenn.edu /researchatpenn/article.php?528&hlt (634 words)

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