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Topic: Myristicin

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	Myristicin Information
		Myristicin, 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-methylenedioxybenzene, is a natural organic compound present in the essential oil of nutmeg and to a lesser extent in other spices such as parsley and dill.
		Myristicin is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide with possible neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons.
		Myristicin is a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.
	www.bookrags.com /Myristicin (429 words)

	Myristicin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Myristicin, 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-methylenedioxybenzene, is a natural organic compound present in the essential oil of nutmeg and to a lesser extent in other spices such as parsley and dill.
		Myristicin is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide with possible neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons.
		Myristicin is a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Myristicin (456 words)

	wie chem 377 myristicin toxin
		Myristicin has been the chemical that has been prominently researched to understand the toxicity as well as the benefits of nutmeg due to its greater concentration in relation to the other compounds.
		Myristicin is a naturally occurring methylendioxyphenyl compound, structurally classified as a benzodioxole (9).
		Furthermore, the hallucinogenic property of myristicin has been postulated to be due to the amination of the allyl functional group.
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/bailey/377/PapersF02/KathyW (1193 words)

	Synthesis of Myristicin - [www.rhodium.ws]
		Myristicin is the major constituent of the higher-boiling fractions of nutmeg and mace oils and it was shown by Thorns
		This structure was confirmed by the synthesis of myristicinaldehyde
		Synthetic myristicin (0.2 g) was heated for 48 hours on the boiling water-bath with potassium hydroxide (powdered; 0.8 g) and alcohol (3 ml).
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/myristicin.trikojus.html (2150 words)

	Myristica fragrans extr.10gr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Contains a number of methylenedioxy-substituted compounds, including myristicin (3-methoxy,4,5-methylendioxy-allylbenzene, and a non-amine precursor of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine), elemicin, and safrole (specifically 3,4-methylene-dioxyallylbenzene, and a non-amine precursor of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine).
		Myristicin constitutes about two thirds of the aromatic ether fraction, but it cannot account entirely for the psychoactivity of nutmeg.
		A 400-mg dose of myristicin, almost twice the amount present in 20 gm of nutmeg (20 gm being assumed to be the quantity required to produce psychotropic effects) produces only mild effects\footnote {Schultes and Hofmann.
	www.naturensdroger.nu /sv/p_1476.html (372 words)

	JoHealth.com
		Germany’s Commission E suggests the use of parsley leaf or root to relieve irritation of the urinary tract and to aid in passing kidney stones.
		Although there is no evidence that parsley is helpful for these conditions, two of its constituents, apiol and myristicin, are believed to be diuretics; because diuretics would increase the flow of urine, this might help the body to wash out bacteria as well as stones.
		Myristicin may also cross the placenta and increase the heart rate of the fetus.
	www.johealth.com /DocumentEngine/document.asp?Code=149 (432 words)

	Myristicin: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Myristicin is a naturally occurring insecticide insecticide quick summary:
		An insecticide is a pesticide whose purpose is to kill or to prevent the multiplication of insects....
		Myristicin is a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link].
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/my/myristicin.htm (799 words)

	NTP: Executive Summary Myristicin
		Myristicin is presented to the CSWG for review because of its potential for widespread human exposure through foods and beverages and the possibility of adverse effects in diverse populations.
		Myristicin is presented, rather than one of 20 spices, oleoresins, and oils containing myristicin, to permit exploration of its potential to be both a carcinogen and an anticarcinogen.
		Myristicin is closely related to safrole, a liver carcinogen in mice and rats.
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03E0E683-BD76-F750-C2CC6EA4C08C8B0C (358 words)

	NTP: Executive Summary Myristicin
		Myristicin is presented to the CSWG for review because of its potential for widespread human exposure through foods and beverages and the possibility of adverse effects in diverse populations.
		Myristicin is the hallucinogenic agent in nutmeg and mace.
		Myristicin is presented, rather than one of 20 spices, oleoresins, and oils containing myristicin, to permit exploration of its potential to be both a carcinogen and an anticarcinogen.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03E0E683-BD76-F750-C2CC6EA4C08C8B0C (358 words)

	[No title]
		Myristicin constitutes about two thirds of the aromatic ether fraction, but it cannot account entirely for the psychoactivity of nutmeg.
		A 400-mg dose of myristicin, almost twice the amount present in 20 gm of nutmeg (20 gm being assumed to be the quantity required to produce psychotropic effects) produces only mild effects\footnote {Schultes and Hofmann.
		If this same degenerative process will act on myristicin, or elemicin, then a possible intermediate (a vinyl alcohol) could undergo transamination producing 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine, which is known to have similar effects.
	www.textfiles.com /drugs/ALT.DRUGS/nutmeg.txt (964 words)

	Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes alpha- and beta-asarone, myristicin and elimicin as determined by the UDS assay in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes alpha- and beta-asarone, myristicin and elimicin as determined by the UDS assay in cultured rat hepatocytes.
		Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes alpha- and beta-asarone, myristicin and elimicin as determined by the UDS assay in cultured rat hepatocytes.The present study investigated the mechanism of genotoxicity of the asarones to elucidate the role of cytochrome P-450 and obtain further information about the relationships between the structure, metabolism and genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes.
		Elimicin and alpha- and beta-asarone are genotoxic in the UDS assay but myristicin is not.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/8090613.html (246 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1966 Issue 4 - 002
		To test this hypothesis, synthetic myristicin and nutmeg oil concentrate were given to rats, and MAO inhibition was established by measuring potentiation of tryptamine convulsions.
		By these methods, myristicin was shown to produce effects less potent than but parallel to those of the reference drugs.
		Myristicin was also found to antagonize reserpine ptosis and to increase brain 5-hydroxytryptamine- both of which are changes induced by other MAO inhibitors.
	www.unodc.org /bulletin/bulletin_1966-01-01_4_page003.html (5295 words)

	Shaman Australis Botanicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Commercial nutmeg oil is often totally devoid of myristicin, which is either due to a very low content in the plant material, or more frequently due to the removal of myristicin by fractional distillation for separate sale.
		Commercially myristicin is extracted from Parsley seed oil by fractionally distilling it from the apiols.
		Others believe that most oils of similar structure (safrole, elemicin, myristicin, apiol, etc) have a psychoactive effect when ingested.All nutmeg oils tested in Australia from 1997 to 2003 were found to be devoid of any positive effect by this researcher.
	www.shaman-australis.com.au /Website/Constituents/Myristicin.html (239 words)

	Quantitation of Flavor-Related Alkenylbenzenes in Tobacco Smoke Particulate by Selected Ion Monitoring Gas ...
		Myristicin and elemicin, constituents of nutmeg, are thought to elicit the genotoxic (Hasheminejad and Caldwell, 1994) and hallucinogenic effects of the spice observed in humans (Weil, 1965; Braun and Kalbhen, 1973).
		Myristicin, methylisoeugenol, and piperonal had the best correlation coefficients, and isoeugenol, safrole, and elemicin had somewhat lower values; however, all of the calibration curves exhibited linearity over the concentration ranges investigated.
		When the vents were unblocked, 0.79% of the myristicin in brand C was transferred to the smoke particulate; however, when the holes were completely blocked, 3.6% of the myristicin was found in the particulate.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?jafcau/48/4/html/jf990772i.html (5743 words)

	M9411 4 Methoxy 6 2 propenyl 1 3 benzodioxole ≥85% (HPLC), oil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Myristicin induces the expression of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 (Cyp1a-1) in liver cells.
		Lee, H.S., et al., In vitro and in vivo metabolism of myristicin in the rat.
		Jeong, H.G., and Yun, C.H., Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by myristicin.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /catalog/search/ProductDetail?ProdNo=M9411&Brand=SIGMA (149 words)

	NTP: Executive Summary Myristicin
		Myristicin was given orally, 10 mg per dose,three times a week on days other than the B[a]P treatment andfor one week before the first administration of B[a]P. Eighteenweeks after the first dose of B[a]P, the mice were killed forexamination of lung and forestomach tumors.
		Myristicin significantlyinhibited lung tumor multiplicity; the mean number of tumors intumor-bearing animals was reduced by 65%.
		Myristicin was administeredip to groups of four male Sprague-Dawley rats at doses of 10 to5000 µmol/kg.
	ntp.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=03E0D59B-BA4C-59A5-1F77150321D4024D (2589 words)

	Myristica fragrans Houtt. (PIM 355)
		Myristicin and elemicin, but intoxication is not thought to be due to these alone.
		Shulgin (1966) suggests that myristicin and elemicin may not be the active ingredients but they may be metabolized in the body to 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy amphetamine (MMDA) and elemicine, an ether analogous to myristicin, 3,4,5-trimethoxy amphetamine (TMA).
		Myristicin accounts for about 2.12 to 2.88% of the total weight of the nutmeg where as safrole accounts for 0.27 to 0.39%.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/plant/pim355.htm (3197 words)

	Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge
		The essential oil myristicin is thought to be mostly, but not wholly responsible for the putative hallucinogenic effects of nutmeg.
		Since a large part of this theory that Maori Kava is a Maori entheogen is based on a similarity to the chemistry and effects of nutmeg, it is worth noting a survey by VAN GILS and COX (1994) on the usage of nutmeg by the indigenous Spice Islanders.
		Myristicin is a chemically similar allyl benzene and is the precursor to MMDA, while elemicin is the precursor to the essential amphetamine TMA (SHULGIN and SHULGIN 1991).
	www.entheology.org /edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=67&z=5 (1542 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It has been suggested that myristicin may be responsible, in whole or in part, for the toxicity of nutmeg.
		There is myristicin in parsley, in mace and in nutmeg.
		The inability to imitate nutmeg intoxication with synthetic myristicin has given rise to speculation that other substances of the volatile oil obtained from the nutmeg seed, Myristica fragrans, may also be factors.
	www.lycaeum.org /drugs.old/hyperreal/natural/FAQ-Nutmeg (3348 words)

	ImmunoCAP InVitroSight - Nutmeg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The component myristicin (methoxy-safrole) is responsible for the hallucinogenic effect of Nutmeg.
		Based on available data, it seems unlikely that the intake of myristicin from essential oils and spices in food, estimated at a few mg per person and day in this report, would cause adverse effects in humans (9).
		In 1 of these cases, a myristicin blood level of 2 microg/ml was measured 8 hours after ingestion of 2 to 3 tablespoonsful of Nutmeg powder (approx.
	www.immunocapinvitrosight.com /templates/Allergens.asp?id=2452 (1665 words)

	Nutmeg and derivatives - 6. Derivatives of nutmeg and mace - Market overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Both nutmeg and mace contain the active ingredient myristicin which is a narcotic; it is the major constituent in mace.
		Myristicin, whether or not derived from nutmeg, is also found in crop-control insecticides and in flavourings used in tobacco products.
		Myristicin has received negative publicity recently with findings that the consumption of cola drinks caused genetic material to be damaged in the liver of mice.
	www.fao.org /docrep/V4084E/v4084e0d.htm (2038 words)

	Gray Areas: Marking Time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Once it had circulated to his blood/brain barrier, the myristicin would immediately enter the chemical environment of his brain.
		In the brain, the myristicin would cause mild hallucinations as a way to measure the duration of the tea.
		Of course, the distortions altered his perceptions so that the boundaries of the event became slightly less tangible, but Marc felt that this was an acceptable distortion.
	www.stanford.edu /~gailw/work/grayareas/mark.html (584 words)

	Parsley
		One is volatile oils including myristicin, limonene, eugenol and alpha thujene.
		Volatile oils, particularily myristicin, have been shown to inhibit tumor formation in lab animals, especially in the lungs.
		Myristicin also activates the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase that helps detoxify oxidized molecules that can be cancer forming.
	www.skyislandnaturals.com /parsley.html (112 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		You want a 10x molar xcess of NH3 to myristicin, so to be on the safe side slowly drip 40g aq.
		Completion of the rxn can be determined by weighing the supposedly iodinated myristicin to see if the weight has increased by the expected weight.
		Also, there appears to be a large variation in the constituents of parsley leaf oil, myristicin content varying from 2% to 90%, so knowing the constituents could be helpful.
	www.intellicandy.com /oldschool/chemcandy/mmda.txt (344 words)

	DILL
		The quality of dill oil can fluctuate greatly, depending on the percentage of seed oil, the physiological maturity of the seeds used for oil.
		Myristicin, apiol, and dillapiol present in dill oil are effective naturally occurring insecticides (1.8-90).
		Myristicin is also known to be responsible for psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties in some other plants, and the apiol content may be responsible for diuretic properties (7.2-62, 7.8-12).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/med-aro/factsheets/DILL.html (679 words)

	Parsley
		The main components (10–30%) are myristicin, limonene and menthatriene; minor components are mono- and sesquiterpenes.
		Parsley contains the volatile oils myristicin, apiole, beta-bisabolene, flavonoids such as apiin, apigenin, and luteolin, and the furanocoumarins such as psoralen; several vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, B vitamins, C, K, iron, potassium, and calcium.
		The diuretic effect of parsley is probably due to the actions of its volatile oils myristicin and apiole.
	www.kingtutshop.com /Egyptian-Herb/parseley.htm (1773 words)

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