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Topic: Myths from Polish history

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	History of Poland
		The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty.
		Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania (except Podlasie and lands West from Niemen river), Volhynia and Ukraine.
		Polish nationalists were to remain among the staunchest allies of the French as the tide of war turned against them, inaugurating a relationship that continued into the twentieth century.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_poland.html (3208 words)

	Polish Studies UK
		Myth of the past is a simple version of old times, a version which tells that all the roles, moral behaviours and social divisions were clear, that heroic deeds were necessary and evil was unavoidable.
		Polish writers, who, like writers in other former Soviet-bloc countries, opposed the idea of forgetting the wrongdoings of the past and drawing a definite line between the past and present, understood their mission as safeguarding the nation's past and recalling all its history, both glorious and painful.
		The most noteworthy example of judging the myth of Polish national awareness of the eighties was provided in a novel by Jerzy Pilch entitled Spis cudzołożnic (A List of Adulteresses) in which the author showed the Polish tragi-grotesque situation of "post-martial law".
	www.polishstudiesuk.net /conferences.php?c_id=1&l_id=4 (3452 words)

	History of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty.
		Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania (except Podlasie and lands West from Niemen river), Volhynia and Ukraine.
		Polish nationalists were to remain among the staunchest allies of the French as the tide of war turned against them, inaugurating a relationship that continued into the twentieth century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Poland (2639 words)

	Polish September Campaign Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Polish forces abandoned regions of Pomerania, Greater Poland and Silesia in the first week of the campaign, after a series of battles known as the battle of the border.
		Polish cavalry (equipped with modern small arms and light artillery like the highly effective Bofors 37mm antitank gun) never charged German tanks or entrenched infantry or artillery directly but usually acted as mobile infantry and reconnaissance units and executed cavalry charges only in rare situations, against enemy infantry.
		The Polish air force was destroyed on the ground in the first days of the war: The Polish Air Force, though numerically inferior and lacking modern fighters, was not destroyed on the ground because combat units had been moved from air bases to small camouflaged airfields shortly before the war.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Polish_September_Campaign (6513 words)

	Program Files\Common Files\Creative\briehist
		The history of Polish music begins with the acceptance of Christianity by the Slavic nation in the 10th century.
		The text is a document in the history of the Polish language as well as the country's earliest "national anthem:" Bogurodzica was sung by the Polish army in defensive wars with the Knights of the Cross, most notably at Grunwald (1410).
		Polish composers of the 19th century included those who created music for the home and homeland and those who chose a life of traveling virtuosi, and wrote music of great technical difficulty and brilliance.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/essays/briehist.html (1667 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Poland Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Traditional histories of Poland begin with the Polanian tribe ruled by Duke Mieszko I, who became duke of the Polanian tribes around 962 and adopted Christianity in 966 following his marriage to the Czech princess Dubrawka.
		The new Polish state had had only 20 years of relative stability and uneasy peace before Poland's aggresive, totalitarian neighbours tried to wipe her from the map of Europe again.
		The post-war fate of the Polish state and its territorial shape was decided by the Soviets and the western Allies over the heads of the Polish government-in-exile based in London (famous Poland's betrayal by the Western Allies).
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_poland.html (2118 words)

	Polish Myths and Legends
		Poland is a country of rich history, legends and myths.
		At the beginning of the 15th century the castle and lands of Lagow were in hands of a fierce Polish knight named Marek, who became bitter and lonely after the death of his wife.
		Unfortunately for them Marek would hear nothing of the match and she was informed that she would instead be married to an elderly Polish knight from the neighbouring town.
	www.pospieszna.com /polish_myths.htm (803 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Traditional histories of Poland begin with the Polanian tribe ruled by Duke Mieszko I, who became duke of the Polanian tribes around 962 and adopted Christianity in 966 following his marriage to the Czech princess Dubrawka.
		Polish independence ended in a series of partitions (1772, 1793 and 1795) undertaken by Russia, Prussia and Austria, with Russia gaining most of the Commonwealth's territory including nearly all of the former Lithuania.
		The post-war fate of the Polish state and its territorial shape was decided by the Soviets and the western Allies over the heads of the Polish government-in-exile based in London.
	www.knowallabout.com /h/hi/history_of_poland.html (1964 words)

	Historical myths - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Historical myths may be myths that rely on the rhetorical devices of history, or history that functions as myth.
		The relationship between history and myth is complicated because they rely on different criteria: history purports to be an accurate account of events, while myth purports to provide moral education.
		Many myths take the form of historical accounts, and many historical accounts are propagated because of their mythic function.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Historical_myths (76 words)

	Myths from Polish history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		History -- Historical myths -- History of Poland Here you can find list of once popular beliefs, or beliefs which are today more or less widespread, which are proven false or at least very, very dubious.
		Polish Library in Washington, D.C. Lending library serving metropolitan Washington as well as Polish-Americans and all others interested in Polish literature, culture, history, and present day Poland.
		The River Styx - The Myths of Hades Myths of the underworld, its king and inhabitants.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Myths_from_Polish_history.html (453 words)

	Ethnogenetical Myths - History Forum
		In one slavic translation of universal history by Zonaras (1350), dacians and Decebalus were serbians, and the emperor Licinius was serbian too (because of his birthplace).
		The history of the Netherlands Indies (the centuries old colonial state that emerged as Indonesia in 1945) was dismissed as only colonialism, its contribution to the creation of Indonesia is relegated in a physical lense only: the Netherlands Indies created only the infrastructure of Indonesia, it did not create into being the "Indonesian Nation".
		Any history used as part of a political tool is basically mythology, and the fact that they are used today is an indication of the historian's duty to remind the people of this.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2209&view=getlastpost (1879 words)

	Polish Constitution - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Peasants were recognized as a part of the nation for the first time in the Polish history, which was clearly stated in the article on peasants and on the army.
		England, the peaceful character of the Polish revolution was favorably compared to the events in France.
		After the downfall of the Insurrection and the Third Partition of Poland liquidating the Polish state, traditions, legends and myths of the Constitution of May 3 proliferated.
	www.pna-znp.org /constitution1.htm (1049 words)

	History's Impact on Polish Art
		After the 1873 establishment of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cracow became a center for scholarly research, particularly in the humanities; in political history, the history of literature, and in archeology, these activities embracing all three sections of the partitioned country and even extending beyond its frontiers.
		The positivist concept of Polish history was somewhat counterbalanced by Matejko, a romantic remnant, a romantic relic in a positivist present.
		History is less visible in Wyspianski's paintings and pastels than in his dramas and poems, but his representations of the "Polish Acropolis," as Wyspianski called the Wawel Hill, a the most impressive ever produced.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/Szyszko.html (4114 words)

	Battle of Krojanty - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Polish units were engaged in battle from around 5 o'clock in the morning against elements of German 76th Infantry Regiment of 20th Motorised Division under Lt.Gen. Mauritz von Wiktorin, which operated on the left (northern) flank of XIX Panzer Corps under Gen. Heinz Guderian).
		According to Heinz Guderian's memoirs, the Polish cavalry charge impressed the Germans and caused a widespread panic among the soldiers and the staff of German 20th Motorised Infantry Division, which delayed their offensive and forced them to consider a tactical retreat.
		After the end of World War II it was still used by Soviet propaganda as an example of stupidity of Polish commanders, who allegedly did not prepare their country for the war and instead wasted the blood of their soldiers.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Polish_war_myths (743 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		History of Poland is filled with the struggle to get, keep, and regain freedom—the main value and priode of Poles.
		Traditional histories of Poland begin with the Polanian tribe ruled by Duke Mieszko I, who became duke of the Polanian tribes around 963 and adopted Christianity in 966 following his marriage to the Czech princess Dubrawka.
		The post-war fate of the Polish state and its territorial shape was decided by the Soviets and the western Allies over the heads of the Polish government-in-exile based in London (see Western betrayal).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/History-of-Poland.htm (2223 words)

	History - WWII - Battle of Britain
		All told, the Polish pilots were responsible for 201 of the Luftwaffe's 1100 planes lost.
		Information regarding the Polish Air Force's participation in the Battle of Britain is the focus of a number of websites which also devote pages to other matters related to the Polish Air Force, its battles, fliers, planes, etc. For fuller access, these links are exploded to reveal their structure and content.
		The Myths and Misconceptions about the PAF in WW2 - There are quite a few, even the Encyclopaedia Britannica erronoeusly stated, that the PAF was detroyed on the ground in the opening hours of WW2.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/WWII/britain/link.shtml (747 words)

	History Page \| Myths \| Polish Cavalry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During the German invasion of Poland in 1939, a Polish cavalry unit charged a German armoured unit using nothing but sabres in a desperate but futile attempt to stop the attack.
		In the evening of September 1, 1939, elements of the Polish 18th Lancer Regiment had been fighting the German 20th Motorized Division all day, suffering heavy casualties of around 40 percent of their original strength.
		Polish cavalry was perhaps the only unit in their military with a decent chance against a determined armoured unit, as they were relatively well-equipped with both anti-tank rifles and guns for a Polish unit.
	home.1asphost.com /fredrikrask/history/myths_sabres.htm (542 words)

	Jouvert 6.3: Rini Battacharya Mehta, "National Mythology," review of Geoffrey Hosking and George Schöpflin, eds., ...
		"The Myth of European Unity" by Sonja Puntscher Riekmann, the first of the specific case studies, is another strong article, as it locates the post-cold-war question of a European Union in the context of its surprisingly long political, intellectual and literary history.
		The myth of the Union, seemingly inclusive of a diverse and checkered past, hides behind its constructed cultural front -- in spite of protests from dissenting critics -- that totalitarian systems like Fascism and Communism are as interlinked with European 'culture' as are Enlightenment and Romanticism.
		"Myths of National History in Belarus and Ukraine" by Andrew Wilson is a study of a similar phenomenon of counter-mythology, though in a different context and manner.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /Jouvert/v613/hoskin.htm (1457 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Scandinavian connections to Mieszko I
		Since Vikings were responsible for founding the state of the Rus, some people have wondered if a they could have also been the founders of a Polish state.
		And even if some Polish noblemen were of Viking descent, this could also be attributed to the Viking mercenaries of Polish kings.
		4 Jomsborg, as historians (at least Polish) have agreed many years ago, is a myth.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Scandinavian_connections_to_Mieszko_I (578 words)

	Polish theatre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Written in Polish in order to be read, typical Lesedramae, were in their onset condemned to be forgotten and are to be recovered again.There is no exaggeration in the statement that Polish Romantic drama is the best thing that Polish theatre has to offer.
		That in the communist period Polish theatre flourished in many different ways happened partly as a result of the strategy of hitting a head against the wall of censorship and partly due to the spirit of contrariness and panache.
		A multitude of ideas, myths, schools, styles, trends, ensembles and realisations was born in that period earning the label of brilliance.
	www.poland-embassy.si /eng/culture/todaytheatre.htm (3904 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Mythologization of history Mythologization of history is an effort to attribute to a current nation or state the attributes of some more glorious time, particularly when stronger leaders than the supposedly weak ones of the present held dominion over a greater expanse of territory or possessed more..
		The affected person believes their lies to be truth, and may have to create elaborate myths to reconcile th..
		Myth is a series of real-time strategy computer games, specifically, Myth: The Fallen Lords, Myth II: Soulblighter, and Myth III: The Wolf Age.
	pardus.info /browse.php?title=M/MY/MYT (1597 words)

	Historical myths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		'Historical myths may be myths that rely on the rhetorical devices of history, or history that functions asmyth.
		The relationship between history and myth is complicated because they rely on different criteria: history purports to be an accurate account of events, while myth purportsto provide moral education.
		Many myths take the form of historical accounts, and many historical accounts are propagated becauseof their mythic function.
	www.therfcc.org /historical-myths-14780.html (82 words)

	Myths and Legends - frames (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Aside from the General and Creatures of Myth and Legend sections, these links are organized by region and language group, with those groups which produced written accounts of their myths and legends earlier, generally appearing closer to the beginning.
		Myths and Legends of Ancient Korea translated by Richard Rutt and Peter Lee.
		Myth and Legend which includes stories of the King of the Fairies, the Brownies, Prince Ian, and the Black bull of Norroway.
	home.comcast.net /~chris.s/myth.html (11969 words)

	History Section - Polish Aviation History Page
		Overall, more than 140 Polish pilots took part in the Battle, claiming over 200 enemy "kills".
		Year 1941 was probably the most difficult year in the entire for the Royal Air Force and PAF alike, and Aleksander Herbst explains why.
		Take a group of top-notch pilots, give them the best planes and a chance to fight for their country against the enemy they fiercely hate...
	ww2-aviation.net /polavhist (218 words)

	History News Network
		History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.
		As for the attacks on George Bush, the candidate in 1884, Grover Cleveland had not even served in the National Guard during the Civil War.
		Critics mocked Cleveland for paying $500 for a Polish immigrant to serve as his surrogate – although his opponent had done the same.
	hnn.us /blogs/entries/8305.html (711 words)

	Axis History Forum :: View topic - How did that Polish-German atrocity discussion turn out?
		This was the latest in a series of such protests calling for economic sanctions against Poland unless the Polish Government removes the memorial crosses honoring the Christian victims of totalitarianism recently placed in the Auschwitz town gravel yard, the scene of mass executions of Polish Christians during WWII.
		The demonstrators claimed that the Poles seeking to commemorate the suffering and deaths of Christians were just as bad as Haman and the Nazis, because the presence of crosses so close to the symbol of their "Shoah" was murdering the memory of the Jews who died there.
		In a way it is fortunate that most of the Polish people counter demonstrating did not have as sophisticated knowledge of English as necessary to understand the subtle nuances of insults that were being hurled at them by the Jews from across the street non stop.
	forum.axishistory.com /viewtopic.php?t=6412 (2733 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Racial Myths and Realities by James Lubinskas
		In other words, fls have the clear view on American racism and whites must be disabused of their bigoted, wrong-headed opinions and made aware of their true history of oppression.
		Perhaps some of these myths are put forth by those who only want racial advantage for their own group.
		If these myths were merely propagated by far-left academics and fl race activists perhaps they would not be so threatening.
	frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3570 (3364 words)

	Kevin Mulroy : Western Amerykanski: Polish Poster Art & the Western : An article by spike magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		To Polish audiences, that meant more than it would to Americans, who understood Shane’s mysterious provenance as a landscape still in formation, the ether of opportunity.
		The myth of the American Western revolves around the individual, and by the time Walesa made the scene, American Cold Warriors were primed to see him as the second coming of the Lone Ranger.
		And if Polish movie-goers, accustomed to thinking of their country as the martyr of Europe, reacted to Indian characters with empathy, the posters perhaps spurred them to consider Poland’s participation in their own hometown massacre of the Jews as well.
	www.spikemagazine.com /0600polishwesterns.htm (1506 words)

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