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Topic: Myxobacteria

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	Myxobacteria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The myxobacteria are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil.
		Myxobacteria are included among the proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms.
		Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside of the cell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Myxobacteria (262 words)

	Myxobacteria -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The myxobacteria are a group of ((microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered plants) bacteria that predominantly live in the soil.
		The myxobacteria have very large (The ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism) genomes, relative to other bacteria, e.g.
		Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as (A chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections) antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside of the cell.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/my/myxobacteria.htm (447 words)

	Myxobacteria -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Myxobacteria are included among the (Click link for more info and facts about proteobacteria) proteobacteria, a large group of (Click link for more info and facts about Gram-negative) Gram-negative forms.
		When nutrients are scarce, myxobacteria cells aggregate by (Movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus) chemotaxis into fruiting bodies.
		The fruiting process is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that (Click link for more info and facts about cell growth) cell growth is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/My/Myxobacteria.htm (447 words)

	Myxobacteria Model
		Myxobacteria are one of the prime model systems for studying cell-cell interaction and cell organization preceding differentiation.
		Myxobacteria are social bacteria which swarm, feed and develop cooperatively.
		During fruiting body formation myxobacteria cells are elongated, with a 10:1 length to width ratio, and move along surfaces by gliding.
	math.lanl.gov /~yi/myxo.html (768 words)

	A-signal production in Myxococcus xanthus
		Myxobacteria are a group of organisms, unique amoung bacteria in that they have both multicellular feeding and resting states.
		The life cycle of myxobacteria in general is shown in the schematic diagram and pictures taken from the Kaiser web site.
		Myxobacteria have one of the largest genomes known among the delta subgroup of bacteria to which it belongs, with Myxococcus xanthus having 9,454 kbp (Shimkets 90).
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~barretta/homepage.html (3481 words)

	The Myxobacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Myxobacteria are often referred to as either prdators or scavengers.
		Myxobacteria live in groups called swarms, and each individual cell contribubutes a variety of hydrolytic enzymes which breakdown proteins, cell wall components, and nucleic acids.
		Myxobacteria are in constant commuication with each other through a variety of means including fimbriae, long appendages made of protein with which the cells touch each other.
	www.clt.astate.edu /dgilmore/Research%20students/myxobacteria2.htm (581 words)

	Molecular and Cell Biology 112 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vegetative cells of Myxobacteria are common in the soil.
		Myxobacteria do not, however, depend on living organisms as food sources.
		Myxobacteria exhibit a primitive form of multicellularity, they are used as a model
	mcb.berkeley.edu /labs/kustu/mcb112/nov20.htm (637 words)

	Dr. Zhaomin Yang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In addition, myxobacteria are predatory organisms producing a variety of novel secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities.
		Myxobacteria are sometimes referred to as "wolf packs" because their cells coordinate their gliding motility to move as large cell groups so they can produce enough antimicrobial and hydrolytic activity to effectively kill their prey such as Escherichia coli cells.
		Furthermore, studies of myxobacteria can provide insights into the development of bacterial biofilm, which is widespread in nature and is the underlying reason for many chronic bacterial infections such as periodontitis and the ever life-threatening pneumonia of cystic fibrosis patients.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/science_math/biology/faculty/yang.htm (516 words)

	MICROBIOLOGY: ON BREAKING SYMMETRY IN MYXOBACTERIA
		The view that bacteria are asocial cells with no need for intercellular communication was demolished by the discovery of homoserine lactones which carry extracellular signals and by the phenomenon of "quorum sensing".
		Myxobacteria prey on other bacteria: feeding cooperatively, they secrete enzymes that digest their prey.
		Unable to swim, they glide in the direction of their long axis on a surface using two different motors: a pulling motor at the leading pole of the cell, and a pushing motor at the trailing pole.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa040910-2.htm (1656 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Myxobacteria most commonly inhabit topsoil, mainly in the pH range from 5 to 8, although they can also be found at extreme pHs.
		Myxobacteria, due to their gliding method of motility, form colonies on agar that spread fil-like over the entire plate, after about three days, and often exhibit concentric rings.
		It has been observed that Myxobacteria migrate, in the early stages of starvation-induced fruiting body development, in a "highly organized periodic pattern of equispacedaccumulations that move as traveling waves" (Welch and Kaiser).
	biology.kenyon.edu /Microbial_Biorealm/bacteria/proteobacteria/myxococcus/myxococcus.htm (639 words)

	Myxobacterial diversity of Indian soils – How many species do we have? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Myxobacteria of tropical soils is an under-explored bacterial group.
		Myxobacteria are also known to be a source of a wide variety of antibiotics, bacteriocins, cell wall lytic enzymes, lipases, nucleases, polysaccharides and proteases
		Myxobacteria were collected by screening for fruiting bodies on the surfaces of bark, leaf litter, twigs and dung.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/oct25/articles27.htm (2102 words)

	Group Hodgson - Myxobacteria
		The myxobacteria were first described as a group of organisms by Roland Thaxter in 1892.
		There are several physiological features of the myxobacteria that have prompted the interest of researchers.
		Under starvation conditions Myxobacteria undergo a form of multicellular development, assembling fruiting bodies within which resistant cell types (myxospores) are produced.
	template.bio.warwick.ac.uk /staff/dhodgson/myxo/intro.html (434 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Interactions Between Myxobacteria and Plant Associated Microorganisms
		Myxobacteria exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on both pathogenic and beneficial fungal growth in vitro although the degree of inhibition varied with the species tested.
		In general, antibiotic producing strains were not lysed or inhibited by the myxobacteria while isogenic antibiotic minus mutants were lysed.
		We are currently studying the interaction between myxobacteria and plant associated bacteria in situ.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=137868&pf=1 (276 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Interactions Between Myxobacteria, Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Biological Control Agents
		Interpretive Summary: Myxobacteria are soil dwelling gram-negative gliding bacteria, which form fruiting bodies containing resistant myxospores.
		In contrast bacteria used to control fungal diseases were not inhibited by the myxobacteria.
		Technical Abstract: Myxobacteria are soil dwelling gram-negative gliding bacteria, which form fruiting bodies containing resistant myxospores.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=125907 (543 words)

	Plant Disease 2002 \| Interactions Between Myxobacteria, Plant Pathogenic Fungi, and Biocontrol Agents
		Myxobacteria are soil dwelling gram-negative gliding bacteria that form fruiting bodies containing myxospores.
		Although myxobacteria produce a wide range of antibiotics and lytic enzymes that assist in their ability to prey on other microorganisms, their role in agriculture has received little attention.
		The ability of bacterial biological control agents to produce antibiotics and other secondary metabolites determined whether or not they were lysed by myxobacteria.
	www.apsnet.org /pd/search/2002/0617-01r.asp (329 words)

	IngentaConnect Myxobacteria isolated in Israel as potential source of new anti-i... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A total of 100 myxobacteria belonging to five of the 12 described genera, were isolated from 48 soil and 45 tree bark samples collected in different areas inside the State of Israel.
		Four isolation methods based on the peculiar metabolic and cell cycle aspects of myxobacteria, were combined with purification procedures and optimization of cultivation conditions.
		The results confirm that myxobacteria are prolific producers of a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites including antibacterial and antifungal compounds, being their high frequency of anti-Gram-negative activities particularly appealing for the current anti-infective research.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/jam/2005/00000098/00000002/art00020 (372 words)

	A Stochastic Cellular Automaton Modeling Gliding and Aggregation of Myxobacteria
		The myxobacteria are ubiquitous soil bacteria which aggregate under starvation conditions and build fruiting bodies to survive.
		In the automaton myxobacteria move on a square grid with periodic boundary conditions.
		They respond to the four nearest neighbors of their frontal cell poles, mainly through two factors: slime and a diffusing chemoattractant; both are produced by the bacteria themselves.
	epubs.siam.org /sam-bin/dbq/article/34205 (232 words)

	Learn more about Bacterium in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli, behaviors called taxes - for instance, chemotaxis, phototaxis, and mechanotaxis.
		In one peculiar group, the myxobacteria, individual bacteria attract to form swarms and may differentiate to form fruiting bodies.
		The classification of bacteria has changed radically to reflect thoughts about phylogeny, and many groups and even species undergo frequent alteration or renaming.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /b/ba/bacterium.html (1648 words)

	[No title]
		Myxobacteria are a model system for studying cell-cell interaction and organization preceeding differentiation.
		When starved, tens of thousands of Myxobacteria cells change their motility, align, stream and form aggregates, which then develop into fruiting bodies.
		We will demonstrate that the same 3D discrete stochastic model simulates for different values of parameters, all stages of myxobacteria aggregation: the formation of a traffic jam, which then triggers formation of an aggregation center culminating in a fruiting body formation.
	www.math.rutgers.edu /events/smm/smm93abs.html (4086 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By looking at the primitive characters of the Saprospirae and the Myxobacteria, we were able to determine that the common ancestor was multicellular, had glider cells, had a sheath, performed nitrogen fixation, was yellow in color, had a resting stage, needed salt, and had less than 50 mole % G-C content.
		All of the Myxobacteria reproduce by binary fission (McCurdy, 1989).
		multicellularity in the Saprospirae and nitrogen fixation in the Myxobacteria] or derived [e.g.
	www.susqu.edu /students/l/laitem/Growl2-pub.doc (2050 words)

	template
		The myxobacteria are an interesting family of gliding bacteria that produce fruiting bodies in starvation conditions.
		Vegetative myxobacteria cells are elongated rods that glide across solid surfaces, secreting polysaccharide slime tracks in which cells migrate away from the colony edges (watch movie, also see panel A).
		A number of extracellular signals are necessary for fruiting body development, and mutants that have lost the ability to produce these extracellular signals have been isolated.
	biology.kenyon.edu /courses/biol114/Chap12/Chapter_12.html (1961 words)

	► » Mars - Slime, Mold, Myxobacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		"When nutrients are scarce, myxobacteria cells aggregate by chemotaxis
		myxobacteria by ensuring that cell growth is resumed with a group
		(swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells.
	www.science-one.org /detail-1842317.html (58 words)

	Plesiocystis pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine myxobacterium that contains dihydrogenated menaquinone, isolated ...
		Reichenbach, H. Biology of the myxobacteria: ecology and taxonomy.
		Shimkets, L. and Woese, C. A phylogenetic analysis of the myxobacteria: basis for their classification.
		Spröer, C., Reichenbach, H. and Stackebrandt, E. The correlation between morphological and phylogenetic classification of myxobacteria.
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/1/189 (2733 words)

	Waves and aggregation patterns in myxobacteria -- Igoshin et al. 101 (12): 4256 -- Proceedings of the National Academy ...
		Waves and aggregation patterns in myxobacteria -- Igoshin et al.
		Because myxobacteria are cylindrical, steric alignment of cells
		The density waves in the ripple phase of myxobacteria
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/12/4256 (3282 words)

	Characterization and Description of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans gen. nov., sp. nov., an Aryl-Halorespiring ...
		all 2CP isolates and are common among the myxobacteria (27).
		Reichenbach, H. Biology of the myxobacteria: ecology and taxonomy, p.
		The correlation between morphological and phylogenetic classification of myxobacteria.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/2/893 (4600 words)

	Myxobacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The vegetative cells of all myxobacteria are aerobic, Gram-negative, elongated rods with either rounded or tapered ends (Figure D below).
		The elongated vegetative cells (bottom, left) were near the base of the fruiting body, the fully differentiated myxospores dark spherical bodies) were near the apex of the fruiting body, and cells in the centre of the fruiting body (top right) were in different stages of transition into myxospores.
		The gliding mechanism of myxobacteria is poorly understood, but at least in Myxococcus species it seems to be related to the unusual structure of the cell wall.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/myxococc.htm (616 words)

	[No title]
		Ripples wax and wane over a 5 hour period during the developmental process, but are not a requirement for fruiting body development.
		Further study of rippling should shed light on how swarms of myxobacteria coordinate their movement.
		Pictured at right is a field of immature fruiting bodies with ripples formed by cells outside of the aggregates (Shimkets and Kaiser, 1982, J Bacteriol 152:451-61).
	cmgm.stanford.edu /~kaiserla/about_myxo/about_myxococcus.html (479 words)

	New Lessons for Combinatorial Biosynthesis from Myxobacteria. THE MYXOTHIAZOL BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTER OF Stigmatella ...
		Myxobacteria are Gram-negative soil bacteria that are assigned to the two suborders Cystobacterineae and Sorangineae.
		A PKS gene (23) and a NRPS gene (24) from myxobacteria were
		Myxobacteria have been shown to be a valuable source of secondary metabolites with biological activity (4, 5).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/52/37391 (5400 words)

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