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	NAACP - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Starting on December 5, 1955, the NAACP organized a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregation in the city's bus system when 66 percent of the riders were fl.
		Some critics of the NAACP, particularly conservatives, complain that the organization takes liberal positions on issues which either have no obvious relationship to the civil rights struggle or minorities, or which they believe to be at odds with the cause of freedom (the NAACP strongly supports stringent gun control laws, for example).
		NAACP supporters cite the disproportionate effect of gun violence on minority communities, and believe that the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution is intended to protect the right of a state to maintain a militia, not unrestricted individual rights to bear arms.
	open-encyclopedia.com /NAACP (1931 words)

	NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF or simply LDF) is a leading United States civil rights organization.
		Hunt said that it is legal to create, for partisan political reasons, a district with a high concentration of minority voters; hence the North Carolina district from which Mel Watt was elected to the House of Representatives was ruled not to be an illegal gerrymander.
		Bollinger In a defeat for the LDF, the Supreme Court overturned a lower court's rejection of a white student's challenge to undergraduate admissions procedures at the University of Michigan, which took race into account in order to admit a diverse entering class of students.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/LDF (2009 words)

	NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
		The LDF was most visible during the 1940s, when its first director, future Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall, led it in the fight against legal segregation in the South.
		Although the LDF was independent of the NAACP, the boards of directors for each organization were interlocked, and the LDF was largely guided by the same principles as the NAACP.
		The LDF, which had set the agenda in the fight against legal segregation, now yielded to civil rights activists and organizations, representing their members when they were arrested for participating in sit-ins, protest marches, and rallies.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_946.asp (1167 words)

	The Donor Files
		LDF supported the University's case that the existing Affirmative Action practices were not only a means of achieving racial diversity but also a way to diminish the effects of historical discrimination.
		LDF filed multiple briefs, throughout the case's 6-year history, to highlight the importance and benefits of a race-conscious admissions policy to remedy past and present discrimination.
		In spring 2003, LDF acted as lead counsel for a legal team representing minority students in the undergraduate case, and was a "friend-of-the-court" in the law school case.
	www.amergent.com /newsletter/specialedition/issue3/article1.htm (574 words)

	Phillips Philes: NAACP Legal Group's Integrity Called Into Question
		Board of Education ruling, the integrity of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund is being challenged because of an alleged plot by its president to delay the confirmation of one of President Bush's judicial nominees.
		The LDF defended the affirmative action policy in one of the cases, and thus had a stake in the outcome.
		The LDF is also facing a barrage of criticism from conservatives like commentator Armstrong Williams, Congress of Racial Equality national spokesman Niger Innis and Project 21 Director David Almasi.
	phillipsphiles.blogspot.com /2004/10/naacp-legal-groups-integrity-called.html (1397 words)

	McKinney & Associates case study: NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund
		The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. was founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, the late civil rights legal legend and first African-American U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
		LDF is dedicated to making reforms in the American legal system to secure and protect the rights of African Americans, other people of color, women, and the poor.
		The case of Kemba Smith, a young woman whose harsh mandatory sentence was commuted by President Clinton in 2000 due in large part to LDF's legal advocacy and public education on her behalf.
	www.mckpr.com /clients/ldf.htm (388 words)

	The Griot.com: Connecting Black America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Along the way, the LDF has become a model of public-interest lawyering _ though some wonder if its tactics are the best way to work for equality in the 21st century.
		The LDF was officially created by the NAACP in 1940 as its tax-exempt arm, and separated from that organization entirely in 1957.
		The LDF successfully argued a 1971 case in which the Supreme Court upheld busing as a way to desegregate public schools.
	thegriot.com /feature/printable.asp?id=118 (950 words)

	::: Lagrant Communications
		LDF won a settlement of this case in the fall of 1996 though a court-approved Consent Decree.
		After collecting and analyzing noncompliance data through April 1998, LDF litigated the meaning of the overcrowding standards, won favorable rulings, and MTA's admission in September 1998 that it was vastly in noncompliance.
		LDF was founded by the NAACP in 1940 and shares its commitment to equal rights.
	www.lagrantcommunications.com /pr_2003/press_release2.htm (393 words)

	Reason & Liberty: NAACP LDF head: critics of gay marriage ruling are hypocritical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		NAACP LDF head: critics of gay marriage ruling are hypocritical
		Ted Shaw, head of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and a successor to the mantle of Thurgood Marshall, gave a refreshing talk today at the law school, where he once taught and where he always returns to a warm reception.
		In the current political climate, it was salutary to hear someone remind us of the noble and historic role that courts have played in the struggle for civil rights, and of how many people like him went to law school (and still do) because they revere the law as a way of creating social change.
	reasonandliberty.blogspot.com /2004/11/naacp-ldf-head-critics-of-gay-marriage.html (801 words)

	Welcome to Podium Prose : Speakers & Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Recently retired from her position as President and Director-Counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, Inc. (LDF), Elaine R. Jones is one of America's foremost civil rights lawyers, and well-known as a fearless crusader in numerous social justice causes.
		Georgia before the Supreme Court, which struck down the death penalty in 37 states, and she has lent her enormous energy and talents to issues ranging from education to employment discrimination, health care to environmental justice.
		NAACP LDF is the nation's oldest law firm fighting for equal rights and justice for people of color, women, and the poor.
	www.podiumprose.com /topics/jones.html (498 words)

	Witness for Justice: Lifting up the Sheroes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LDF, sometimes affectionately called the Inc. Fund, was founded by Thurgood Marshall, the legendary civil rights lawyer who argued the Brown vs. Board of Education decision and later became the first African American Supreme Court judge.
		As an offshoot of the NAACP, LDF became the legal arm which challenged many of the segregation laws and forced many of the changes which we now all take for granted.
		During her tenure as head of LDF she has guided many of the affirmative action cases of the 1990's through the legal system.
	www.ucc.org /justice/witness/wfj052404.htm (760 words)

	Welcome to Americans For a Fair Chance
		NAACP Legal Defense Fund Compares Michigan cases to Brown v.
		Douglas Gould & Co Reacting to the Supreme Court decision in favor of affirmative action, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) said at an audio news conference on Wednesday that affirmative action is not in danger.
		LDF hailed the Supreme Court's ruling in the Michigan affirmative action cases as a victory.
	fairchance.civilrights.org /press_room/details.cfm?id=14557 (455 words)

	SacObserver.com [NEWS] New LDF Head: Class-Based Programs Inadequate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ted Shaw, the new president and director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, says the anniversary of Brown v.
		Shaw, who this week succeeds Elaine Jones as LDF head, was speaking as part of the National Press Club's Newsmaker Luncheon series.
		In a question-and-answer segment, Shaw said LDF, the lead litigator in the Brown case, will continue fighting mandatory minimum sentences, racial profiling, racial disparities in drug sentencing, racial disparities in health care and oppose doctrinaire federal judges.
	www.sacobserver.com /news/050404/naacp_ldf_ted_shaw.shtml (733 words)

	NAACP - Pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Bolstered by court wins, starting in the 1950s, the NAACP pushed beyond voting rights for full integration of the races.
		By the mid-1960s, the NAACP was spearheading the American civil rights movement, continuing on through the '60s and '70s.
		NAACP supporters cite the disproportionate affect of gun violence on minority communities, and believe that the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution is intended to protect the right of a state to maintain a militia, not unrestricted individual rights to bear arms.
	www.greatestinfo.org /NAACP (1745 words)

	Shearman & Sterling Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Their hope is the honors graduate from New York University School of Law will be the first of a continuing stream of high-quality fl lawyers that will help to fill a perennial void in both the private and public-interest sectors.
		The genesis of the scholarship fund was a $400,000 fee award in the Southern District that followed a consent decree in a complex and protracted class action to improve treatment and housing for involuntary patients at the Manhattan Psychiatric Center on Ward's Island.
		In publicizing the program through the LDF and other public interest agencies, as well as in brochures to colleges and law schools, Shearman hopes to expand the pool of scholarship candidates.
	www.shearman.com /diversity/nylj_article.htm (877 words)

	HLS Brown v. Board Anniversary: Saturday, April 17, 2004 9:00 AM
		Judge Motley joined the legal staff of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. when she was a senior at Columbia University School of Law and subsequently, as associate counsel, became its principal trial attorney.
		Among the cases in which she played a prominent role, in addition to the University of Mississippi case, where she was chief counsel, are: the two University of Alabama cases, the Universities of Florida, Oklahoma, Georgia, and Clemson College in South Carolina.
		She is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, of Amherst College, and formerly of the National Cathedral School.
	www.law.harvard.edu /news/2004/04/brown_v_board/04-17-a.php (3402 words)

	Shearman & Sterling Diversity - NAACP Scholarship Fund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. is the nation's premier civil rights law firm.
		The LDF was founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall, who led the legal team that won Brown v.
		Additional information regarding the LDF and the Shearman and Sterling LLP/NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Scholarship is available at www.naacpldf.org.
	www.shearman.com /diversity/ldf.htm (730 words)

	Julie Gantz \| Fifty Years After Brown: Tarnished Gold, Broken Promises \| The History Teacher, 38.1 \| The History ...
		The NAACP LDF attack would center on intangible factors, such as the psychological scars suffered by fls because of segregation as documented in studies involving fl and white dolls by psychologist, Dr. Kenneth Clark.
		Now Thurgood Marshall, lead counsel of the NAACP LDF, and his fellow attorneys would argue that segregation itself was inherently unequal.
		The NAACP LDF was determined to hold the United States to these ideals and promises.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/38.1/gantz.html (11498 words)

	Photo - NAACP honor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cornell President Jeffrey Lehman, third from right, was honored Nov. 6 by the NAACP for his role in defending affirmative action in higher education.
		Lehman, former dean of the Michigan Law School, is shown holding his LDF award, after the ceremonies at the NAACP-LDF 2003 National Equal Justice Award dinner at the Hilton New York in Manhattan.
		The night's other LDF award winners included University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman; former Michigan President Lee C. Bollinger (now president of Columbia University); and General Motors.
	www.news.cornell.edu /http://www.new/Chronicle/03/11.13.03/photo-Lehman_NAACP.html (85 words)

	NEJDC-Job Listings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LDF seeks an attorney for a one year position to assist with and participate in the coordination of this effort.
		LDF has long recognized that in the United States, criminal laws are often used to enforce the subordination of racial and ethnic minority citizens.
		For example, LDF secured the Supreme Court victories that yielded the temporary cessation of the death penalty (Furman v.
	www.nejdc.org /jobs.asp (938 words)

	Charity Navigator Rating - NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
		The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) was founded in 1940 under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall.
		Although LDF's primary purpose was to provide legal assistance to poor African Americans, its work over the years has brought greater justice to all Americans.
		LDF has been involved in more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court than any organization except the U.S. Department of Justice.
	www.charitynavigator.org /index.cfm/bay/search.summary/orgid/4146.htm (210 words)

	Cornell News: Jeffrey Lehman NAACP award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In a news release announcing the honorees, LDF President and Director-Counsel Elaine R. Jones called the Michigan cases a part of the continuing quest to realize the promise of Brown v.
		LDF founder Thurgood Marshall led the legal team that secured the landmark ruling.
		"They held open the door of opportunity that LDF pried open 50 years ago, ensuring fl and brown students continued access to the nation's institutions of higher education." At Cornell, Lehman is a tenured professor of law in the Cornell Law School.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Nov03/Lehman.naacp.award.jsl.html (605 words)

	Zarzadzanie.info - /naacp - search the web. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		NAACP National Voter Fund advances the cause of civil rights, including lobbying, voter registration and issue advocacy to educate voters on candidates for federal office.
		Despite attempts to outlaw the NAACP throughout the South, the Association pressed ahead with voter registration, sit-in demonstrations (the NAACP Youth Council in Oklahoma City pioneered the...
		NAACP Chairman Julian Bond called on members of the nation's largest and oldest civil rights organization to boost voter turnout to help oust President Bush.
	zarzadzanie.info /naacp.html (611 words)

	The Michigan Daily Online
		Theodore Shaw, associate director-counsel of the NAACP LDF, said funding for the national organizations, all of which are non-profit, comes mostly from outside sources.
		LDF was founded in 1940 by former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, the high court's first fl justice.
		Just like the NAACP LDF, the ACLU has been a pioneer of civil rights advocacy, Hansen said.
	www.pub.umich.edu /daily/1998/feb/02-11-98/news/news2.html (713 words)

	NAACP Legal Defense Fund
		LDF Supports New York Attorney General's Efforts to Enforce Fair Lending Laws
		Statement by Theodore M. Shaw, Director-Counsel and President of the NAACP LDF on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
		NAACP Legal Defense Fund Seeks Injunction to Postpone Jefferson Parish's Judicial Election
	www.naacpldf.org (258 words)

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