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	RFC 1631 (rfc1631) - The IP Network Address Translator (NAT)
		Stub A's NAT is assigned the class C address 198.76.29.0, and Stub B's NAT is assigned the class C address 198.76.28.0.
		When a NAT box x in stub partition X wishes to deliver a packet to stub partition Y, it will encapsulate the packet in an IP header with destination address set to the global address of NAT box y that has been reserved for encapsulation.
		NAT has several negative characteristics that make it inappropriate as a long term solution, and may make it inappropriate even as a short term solution.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1631.html (2712 words)

	PF: Network Address Translation (NAT)
		NAT is necessary when the number of IP addresses assigned to you by your Internet Service Provider is less than the total number of computers that you wish to provide Internet access for.
		NAT allows you to take advantage of the reserved address blocks described in RFC 1918, "Address Allocation for Private Internets." Typically, your internal network will be setup to use one or more of these network blocks.
		The NAT gateway will record the changes it makes in its state table so that it can a) reverse the changes on return packets and b) ensure that return packets are passed through the firewall and are not blocked.
	www.openbsd.org /faq/pf/nat.html (1777 words)

	[No title]
		Because NAT devices have connections to multiple address realms, they must be careful to not improperly propagate information (e.g., via routing protocols) about networks from one address realm into another, where such an advertisement would be deemed unacceptable.
		A Twice NAT router in figure 2 would allow Host-A to initiate sessions to Host-X, and Host-X to initiate sessions to Host-A. However, N-Ext (or a subset of N-Ext) is not routable from within N- Pri, and N-Pri is not routable from N-Ext.
		For this reason, it is often suggested that NAT routers be operated on a border router unique to a stub domain, where all IP packets are either originated from the domain or destined to the domain.
	www.rfc-editor.org /rfc/rfc2663.txt (8070 words)

	NAT (network address translation)
		NAT works by using the several million private addresses that have been put aside by the Internet Engineering Task Force, turning a public IP address such as 192.
		But NAT is limited by applications such as streaming media that transmit IP addresses or port numbers in the payloads of packets.
		Worse, because NAT typically resides in a boundary router between private and public networks, it can't function with IP Security (IPSec), the popular encryption technology for virtual private networks.
	www.networkworld.com /details/645.html (615 words)

	[No title]
		Basic NAT and NAPT are two variations of traditional NAT, in that translation in Basic NAT is limited to IP addresses alone, whereas translation in NAPT is extended to include IP address and Transport identifier (such as TCP/UDP port or ICMP query ID).
		As with Basic NAT, this binding is determined when the first outgoing session is initiated by the tuple of (private address, private TU port) on the private host.
		In order for NAT to be transparent to end-host, the IP address of the IP header embedded within the payload of ICMP-Error message must be modified, the checksum field of the embedded IP header must be modified, and lastly, the ICMP header checksum must also be modified to reflect changes to payload.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc3022.txt (4447 words)

	What is Network Address Translation? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: NAT, Nework Address Translator
		NAT also conserves on the number of global IP addresses that a company needs and it lets the company use a single IP address in its communication with the world.
		NAT is included as part of a router and is often part of a corporate firewall.
		NAT reduces the need for a large amount of publicly known IP addresses by creating a separation between publicly known and privately known IP addresses.
	searchwebservices.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214107,00.html (569 words)

	White Paper:Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		NAT is fully supported on the xpedition 2000, 2100, 8000 and 8600 hardware platforms as of firmware release 3.0.
		NAT is very often used with a special group of IP addresses, shown in Table 1, although it works with any IP address scheme.
		NAT of Inside Local Addresses In this scenario a private network was set up with its own private IP address scheme, and NAT is configured on a router connecting the inside (local, 10.1.1.0) network to an outside (global, 192.50.20.2) network, using the public Internet addressing scheme.
	www.enterasys.com /products/whitepapers/ssr/network-trans (2031 words)

	VICOMSOFT: Knowledgeshare - Network Address Translation
		With an NAT gateway running on this single computer, it is possible to share that single address between multiple local computers and connect them all at the same time.
		The NAT gateway looks in its port mapping table to determine which "real" client address and port number a packet is destined for, and replaces these numbers before passing the packet on to the local client.
		NAT has to monitor these packets and modify them on the fly to replace the client's IP address (which is on the internal network) with the NAT address.
	www.vicomsoft.com /knowledge/reference/nat.html (3225 words)

	NPR's Jazz Profiles: Nat Adderley
		Nat grew up in Florida during the 1930s in a household defined by family and education.
		"Nat was just as musical and musically inclined as Cannon, but I said, 'One musician in the family is enough'...and I thought that law would be a good field, cause he liked to argue," she once remarked.
		Nat took over the financial responsibilities for the band, managing all of the band's tours beginning in 1960 and earning himself the reputation of "straw boss." Cannon fronted the band while Nat made sure they turned a profit.
	www.npr.org /programs/jazzprofiles/archive/adderley_n.html (1024 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Network Address Translation Works"
		The NAT router translates traffic coming into and leaving the private network.
		This is where NAT (RFC 1631) comes to the rescue.
		But the shortage of IP addresses is only one reason to use NAT.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /nat.htm (458 words)

	NAT Check
		RFC 3022 explicitly allows and suggests that NATs behave in the former, "desirable" fashion, by maintaining a single (public IP, public port) mapping for a given (internal IP, internal port) combination independent of the number of active sessions involving this mapping.
		If the NAT naively allocates a new public port for each new session, then the source port as reported by the two servers will be different, and it's time to upgrade your NAT.
		Most NATs probably do not support this feature yet, but it may become increasingly important in the future where P2P clients may be located behind a common ISP-deployed NAT as well as individual home NATs.
	midcom-p2p.sourceforge.net (1417 words)

	NAT and Networks
		In static NAT a certain fixed original IP is always translated to the same NAT IP at all times, and no other IP gets translated to the same NAT-IP, while in dynamic NAT the NAT IP depends on various runtime conditions and may be a completely different one for each single connection.
		While classic NAT technologies serving the purpose of saving valuable address space have been known for a long time (when measured in Internet-time) other uses for this technology have been found, that are independent of the problems NAT was proposed to help to solve.
		That means, NAT will not be obsoleted by the long term solutions (like IPv6) developed to solve all of the problems discussed at the beginning of this paper, since completely new fields of application have been found.
	www.hasenstein.com /linux-ip-nat/diplom/node4.html (4874 words)

	Xbox.com \| Connect to Xbox Live - Xbox 360 Connection Tests: NAT
		Open NAT means that either the port-assignment policy is minimal or the device has a fully compliant version of UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) enabled by default.
		Moderate NAT means that the port-assignment policy is minimal, but the device is filtering addresses or ports.
		Anyone else who's behind a router that uses a moderate or strict NAT may not be able to connect to your session.
	www.xbox.com /en-US/support/connecttolive/xbox360/connectionmethods/troubleshootliveconnection-testnat.htm (488 words)

	Windows XP: Network Address Translation (NAT) Overview
		The NAT then "translates" the packet by swapping the source fields of the packet from the private, internal IP address and port of the client to the public, external IP address and port of the NAT.
		NAT traversal should be thought of as a coping mechanism that should be used when needed, but will not work in all situations.
		NAT Traversal provides a way for applications to discover the presence of the NAT, discover the shared, globally routable IP address and configure static port mappings to solve some of the connectivity problems.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/deploy/nattrnsv.mspx (4024 words)

	GRC \| NAT - The Security of Network Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of the key benefits of NAT routers (and the main reason for their purchase by residential and small office users) is that the router appears to the Internet as a single machine with a single IP address.
		Although NAT routers are not generally purchased for their security benefits, all NAT routers inherently function as very effective hardware firewalls (with a few caveats examined below).
		Since there is nothing to prevent TWO NAT routers from being "chained" and connected in series, the security-challenged machine can be completely isolated from the internal network by sandwiching it in between the two chained routers.
	www.grc.com /nat/nat.htm (2203 words)

	How NAT Works [IP Addressing Services] - Cisco Systems
		It is important to note that the NAT router must translate the "internal" addresses to registered unique addresses and also it must translate the "external" registered addresses to addresses that are unique to the private network.
		NAT only translates traffic which travel between the inside and outside network and is specified to be translated.
		NAT overloading utilizes a feature of the TCP/IP protocol stack, multiplexing, that allows a computer to maintain several concurrent connections with a remote computer(s) using different TCP or UDP ports.
	www.cisco.com /en/US/tech/tk648/tk361/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094831.shtml (3637 words)

	Linux Network Address Translation
		With NAT, the headers of IP packets that come into one machine are re-written, and forwarded to the least-busy database server in the cluster.
		Some limitations of this traditional approach are discussed in the The Linux IP NAT theory of operation, including masquerading, load-balancing, fragmentation and keeping kernel state information.
		It includes a discussion of traditional NAT, NAT as used for masquerading and for load-balancing, and a discussion of implementation issues.
	www.linas.org /linux/load.html (3390 words)

	Linux Network Address Translation
		With NAT, the headers of IP packets that come into one machine are re-written, and forwarded to the least-busy database server in the cluster.
		Some limitations of this traditional approach are discussed in the The Linux IP NAT theory of operation, including masquerading, load-balancing, fragmentation and keeping kernel state information.
		It includes a discussion of traditional NAT, NAT as used for masquerading and for load-balancing, and a discussion of implementation issues.
	linas.org /linux/load.html (3390 words)

	NAT problem - AzureusWiki
		To fix a NAT issue, you have have to consider multiple factors that can cause it, here's a quick outline of what you have to do, for more detailed explanations and instructions have a look at the next chapter.
		If you are connected to a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and getting a NAT error when trying to run Azureus, it is most likely due to all of your internet traffic being routed through the remote network you are connected to.
		If this fixes your NAT problem, and the Routing and Remote Access Service's startup type is set to Automatic, change it to Manual or disabled to prevent it from running upon next reboot.
	www.azureuswiki.com /index.php/NAT_problem (3637 words)

	NAT Network Address Translation explained at HomeNetHelp.com
		NAT is built in to the most common Internet Connection Sharing technologies around.
		With a NAT device and a good anti-virus program, you should be safe from the most common kinds of internet attacks.
		Most NAT devices allow you to create maps between the internet and your computer network - this is called port forwarding.
	www.homenethelp.com /web/explain/about-NAT.asp (946 words)

	What is NAT? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Basic Network Address Translation or Basic NAT is a method by which IP addresses are mapped from one group to another, transparent to end users.
		NAT is like the receptionist in a large office.
		NAT and NAPT are techniques used to share and hide private IP addresses on edge devices like routers and firewalls.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/N/NAT.html (652 words)

	Network Address Translation (NAT): Firebox System \| WatchGuard
		Static NAT (sometimes referred to as Port Address Translation or PAT) works by redirecting packets from public hosts on the Internet to private hosts behind the Firebox appliance based on the original destination port number.
		The NAT base plus the range defines the NAT region, while the real base plus the range defines the hidden or forwarded region.
		IPSec NAT Traversal (NAT-T) In Internet communications, the number of NAT domains between end points which break IPSec is growing.
	www.watchguard.com /products/addtran.asp (616 words)

	Peer-to-Peer Communication Across Network Address Translators
		NAT Check's primary purpose is to test NATs for the two behavioral properties most crucial to reliable UDP and TCP hole punching: namely, consistent identity-preserving endpoint translation (Section 5.1), and silently dropping unsolicited incoming TCP SYNs instead of rejecting them with RSTs or ICMP errors (Section 5.2).
		NAT Check consists of a client program to be run on a machine behind the NAT to be tested, and three well-known servers at different global IP addresses.
		NAT Check currently assumes that a NAT supporting hairpin translation does not filter ``incoming'' hairpin connections arriving from the private network in the way it would filter incoming connections arriving at the public side of the NAT, because such filtering is unnecessary for security.
	www.brynosaurus.com /pub/net/p2pnat (7940 words)

	NAT and Peer-to-peer networking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As IP addresses become scarce, a technique known as Network Address Translation, or NAT, was developed to allow the use of a single IP address for a whole network of computers.
		A NAT sits inbetween the public Internet and the network it serves, and works by rewriting IP addresses and port numbers in IP headers on the fly so the packets all appear to be coming from (or going to) the single public IP address of the NAT device instead of the actual source or destination.
		NAT is now commonly employed in small home-office routers and in software used by consumers to connect several personal computers to a single cable modem.
	alumnus.caltech.edu /~dank/peer-nat.html (1218 words)

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