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	HubbleSite - NICMOS
		NICMOS allows astronomers to use Hubble's exquisite detail to open an important window of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		NICMOS was rechilled during Servicing Mission 3B with a "cryocooler," a machine that operates much like a household refrigerator.
		NICMOS, which was built by Ball Aerospace, was installed in the Hubble Space Telescope during the 1997 Second Servicing Mission.
	hubblesite.org /the_telescope/nuts_.and._bolts/instruments/nicmos (343 words)

	Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) is a scientific instrument for infrared astronomy, installed on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), operating from 1997 to 1999, and from 2002 to the present.
		NICMOS is a spectrometer built by Ball Aerospace that allows the HST to observe infrared light, with wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.5 micrometres, providing imaging and spectroscopy capabilities.
		NICMOS was installed on Hubble during its second servicing mission in 1997, when two previous spectrograph instruments were replaced by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NICMOS (264 words)

	UofA NICMOS Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		NICMOS is an instrument which has been installed in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in orbit, and allows it to observe using infrared light, with wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.5 microns.
		NICMOS provides the capability of both imaging and spectroscopy in the infrared.
		NICMOS achives diffraction limited performance in the high resolution camera (number 1) to 1.0 microns, and in camera 2 to 1.75 microns.
	nicmos.as.arizona.edu (272 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Hubble gets infrared vision back
		After Nicmos was first installed on board Hubble in 1997, it made observations of newly forming stars, and regions containing the farthest and faintest galaxies ever imagined.
		Nicmos achieved nearly all its scientific objectives before 1999, when the coolant necessary to chill its infrared detectors was depleted.
		Nicmos has also peered into the dusty disc of the edge-on galaxy called NGC 4013 and seen all the way to its galactic core.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2027342.stm (607 words)

	NICMOS STScI Analysis Newsletter 23 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		NICMOS data that are affected by a TPG reset are flagged in OPUS.
		NICMOS was commanded to observe on June 19, 2000 and on June 30, 2000.
		The NICMOS detectors have not been operated and the Pupil Alignment Mechanism (PAM) exercised since the exhaustion of the dewar cryogen in January 1999.
	www.stsci.edu:8083 /hst/nicmos/documents/stan/stan_023 (621 words)

	The European Homepage For The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope - NICMOS
		NICMOS detects light with wavelengths between 8000 to 25000 Ångstroms.
		NICMOS was revived by an electrical cooler installed during Servicing Mission 3B and is now again producing world class science results.
		NICMOS is the only Hubble instrument which - due to its infrared capabilities - is able to look through the heavy clouds of dust and gas in these central regions.
	www.spacetelescope.org /about/general/instruments/nicmos.html (137 words)

	Origins: News - 2002
		NICMOS has taken us to the very fringes of the Universe and to a time when the first galaxies were formed.
		The NICMOS cooling system is virtually vibration-free, an important aspect for Hubble since vibrations can affect image quality in much the same way that a shaky camera produces blurred pictures.
		The deep interior of the NICMOS reached the target temperature of 70 degrees Kelvin (minus 333 degrees Fahrenheit) on April 11.
	origins.jpl.nasa.gov /news/2002/060502-a.html (706 words)

	The European Homepage For The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope - Nicmos returns!
		In the case of Nicmos, cooling is produced by solid nitrogen at -196° C, encased in an advanced thermos flask system.
		Once the problem was recognised the Space Telescope scheduling was adjusted in such a way that Nicmos observations were assigned to as much as 40-50% of the total observing time during the first period of observations after the instrument was installed.
		By fitting Nicmos with this refrigerator-like cooling system, it is again possible to re-cool the detectors to -196º C (77° K), thereby reawakening their infrared vision and extending the instrument's life by several years.
	www.spacetelescope.org /about/history/sm3b_nicmos_returns.html (366 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		NICMOS contained a heat sink of solid nitrogen to reduce the thermal noise from the instrument, but shortly after it was installed, an unexpected thermal expansion resulted in part of the heat sink coming into contact with an optical baffle.
		The new computer was based on a radiation hardened Intel 486 and permits some computing tasks that were previously performed by computers on the ground to be handled on board the spacecraft.
		The two instruments primarily affected by the mission, ACS and NICMOS, together imaged the Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 2003 to 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope (7491 words)

	SPACE.com -- First Pictures from Hubble Telescope's Revived Infrared Camera
		To the surprise of astronomers, NICMOS found a brilliant band-like structure, that may be a ring of newly formed stars [yellow band in middle photo] seen edge-on.
		NICMOS sees past the outer layers of the nebula's dust to reveal more dense concentrations of dust deeper down, painting a more three-dimensional picture of the pillar-like structure.
		NICMOS was installed in 1997 and quit working in 1999 when the nitrogen ice used to cool the instrument ran out.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/nicmos_first_020605.html (931 words)

	\|\|\|\|\| The NICMOS Cooling System \|\|\|\|\|
		On the right, NICMOS is able to see through obscuring dust to the heart of the nebula.
		NICMOS is about the size of a telephone booth.
		NICMOS has three channels giving it the capability for both infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of astronomical targets.
	hubble.nasa.gov /ncs-story/event-01.php (211 words)

	Creare Engineering Services – NICMOS Cryocooler
		In March 2002, a cryocooler and cryogenic circulator loop that was developed by Creare was installed on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST).
		Within six weeks of its installation on the HST, Creare’s cryocooler had returned the NICMOS detectors to operational temperatures (~75 K), and the first images generated by the renewed device were obtained shortly thereafter.
		The instrument had been cooled by a block of solid nitrogen that had depleted, and a replacement cooling system had to be developed and space qualified in time for the scheduled servicing mission to the HST.
	www.creare.com /services/cryo/nicmos.html (241 words)

	[SM3B] Servicing Mission 3B - Mission Updates
		For a period of nearly two years extending into early-1999, NICMOS obtained extremely valuable data on the birth and death of stars, the formation of dusty disks around stars from which planets eventually form, and the properties of extremely distant galaxies near the edge of the observable universe.
		NICMOS was originally cooled passively by means of a tank of solid nitrogen ice which was expected to last for approximately five years.
		Comparison of the new "cryocooler" to the original solid ice cooling method for NICMOS is essentially the same as the comparison of a refrigerator to the icebox of one hundred years ago.
	sm3b.gsfc.nasa.gov /mission-updates/mission/mar8.html (657 words)

	Near Infrared Camera Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		NICMOS was designed to observe in the near-infrared spectral region with three cameras viewing three adjacent fields of view of different image scales.
		Since 1997, when it was installed during HST's second servicing mission, NICMOS has made observations of newly forming stars and regions containing the farthest and faintest galaxies ever imaged.
		NICMOS achieved nearly all of its scientific objectives before depleting its cryogen.
	www.ball.com /aerospace/nicmos.html (131 words)

	The STScI NICMOS Calibration Pipeline
		The NICMOS data reduction and calibration pipeline employs file formats and software architecture techniques that are new and different from what has been used for previous HST instruments.
		NICMOS operation modes that produce multiple readouts of the detector during a single exposure have multiple imsets in a single FITS file; one imset per readout.
		Multiple NICMOS observations of a single target field are often obtained for one of several reasons.
	www.adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass97/bushouseh.html (1564 words)

	hst-nicmos
		NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer), when installed in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the Second Servicing Mission (SM-2) in 1997, provides a new tool to focus HST's powerful optics on observations crucial to answering key questions within these research areas.
		NICMOS is an HST instrument that will provide the capability for infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of astronomical targets.
		Rodger I. Thompson of UA's Steward Observatory is the principal investigator.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/spacesci/hst-nicmos.htm (673 words)

	FastFactsOrionNebula.html
		NICMOS image - Rodger Thompson, Marcia Rieke, Glenn Schneider, Susan Stolovy (University of Arizona); Edwin Erickson (SETI Institute/Ames Research Center); David Axon (STScI); and NASA.
		Prior to the enhanced "vision" of the Hubble Space Telescope provided by the new NICMOS instrument the murky interior of the Orion Nebula and OMC-1 were areas of speculation at best, and mysteries yet to be discovered.
		Prior to the NICMOS exposure of the OMC-1 region of the Orion Nebula the region to the right of center appeared as a dim and featureless region in visible light.
	www.howard.k12.md.us /white/FastFactsOrionNebula.html (500 words)

	NICMOS Software
		Software has been developed at the University of Arizona for the use of the NICMOS Instrument Development Team.
		This newsletter has been written to allow members of the NICMOS IDT keep track of developments in software.
		We have developed a quick reference card which lists information which is useful for those who might be processing NICMOS data.
	nicmos.as.arizona.edu /software/software-index.html (153 words)

	NICMOS Related Software Development at the ST-ECF
		NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) will be installed in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during the Second Servicing Mission in February 1997.
		Among the operating modes of NICMOS is a grism spectrum mode.
		This is clearly not appropriate for an infrared system and, after discussion with the NICMOS PI, it is planned to incorporate three ways of specifying SEDs: a flbody of a given temperature, a powerlaw of a given slope, and a user-specified spectrum.
	www.cv.nrao.edu /adass/adassVI/albrechtr.html (1602 words)

	NICMOS Focus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In order to estimate NICMOS performance during the NCS era, a monitoring program was executed to follow the detector characteristics during the End ofCryogen warmup of the instrument.
		The NICMOS Instrument Handbook is the primary guide regarding the characteristics and use of the instrument.
		This ISR documents the process of measuring NICMOS focus and is written as a tutorial that can be used by anyone wishing to learn focus data reduction and analysis using the phase retrieval technique.
	www.stsci.edu:8083 /hst/nicmos/performance/focus (1372 words)

	\|\|\|\|\| The NICMOS Cooling System \|\|\|\|\|
		Images taken by NICMOS are compared to an image taken by an instrument that works in the visible spectrum.
		After more than three years of inactivity, the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) reopened its "near-infrared eyes" on the universe, snapping several breathtaking views, from the craggy interior of a star-forming cloud to a revealing look at the heart of an edge-on galaxy.
		The NICMOS Cooling System and the novel technologies it contained was a resounding success.
	hubble.nasa.gov /ncs-story/event-15.php (242 words)

	[SM3B] Servicing Mission 3B - Mission Critical
		NICMOS Cooling System (NCS): Astronauts will retrofit an existing but dormant instrument called the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) with a new, experimental cooling system to return it to active duty.
		NICMOS was placed on Hubble in 1997, but 2 years later, after depleting the coolant needed to maintain low temperatures for its infrared detectors, it became dormant.
		By fitting NICMOS with the experimental cryogenic system, NASA hopes to re-cool the detectors to below -315 ° F (-193 ° C or 80 K), which will revive its infrared vision, and extend its life by several years.
	sm3b.gsfc.nasa.gov /mission-critical/objectives-part3.html (553 words)

	NICMOS Is Back, With Breathtaking Views Of Galaxies
		To keep the detectors cold, NICMOS was encased in a thermos-like container filled with solid nitrogen ice.
		Since the speed of the turbines can be adjusted at will, the NICMOS light sensors can be operated at a more optimal temperature than was possible before, about 77 Kelvin (minus 321 degrees Fahrenheit).
		The deep interior of the NICMOS reached the target temperature of 70 Kelvin (minus 333 degrees Fahrenheit) on April 11.
	unisci.com /stories/20022/0606023.htm (714 words)

	STIS and NICMOS Calibration Pipelines
		NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrograph) is a instrument capable of observing between 0.8 and 2.5 microns.
		The latter is typically only of concern for NICMOS when observing at wavelengths longer than ~2.0 microns where the warm telescope and instrument optics begin to contribute a significant amount of signal.
		NICMOS associated observations are a logical grouping only; the data from individual exposures within an association are stored and treated separately until they are combined by
	iraf.noao.edu /irafnews/apr98/irafnews.8.html (1760 words)

	CNN - With upgrade, Hubble offers new glimpse of space - May 12, 1997
		For example, with the Orion nebula, NICMOS reveals features that couldn't be seen before in a region where new stars are coming into existence.
		NICMOS offers similar detail of the Egg nebula, a dust-and-gas cloud about 3,000 light-years (18 quadrillion miles) from Earth, where a star is blasting twin jets of gas and dust into space as it dies.
		But NICMOS isn't running at full power, as one of its three cameras is out of commission.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/9705/12/hubble/index.html (705 words)

	alum_pg_tmplt
		To the surprise of astronomers, NICMOS found a brilliant band-like structure that may be a ring of newly formed stars seen edge-on.
		NICMOS enables the Hubble telescope to see in near-infared wavelengths of light, so that it can penetrate the dust that obscures the inner hub of the galaxy.
		After NICMOS was installed onboard the Hubble during the second servicing mission in February 1997, it made observations of newly forming stars and regions containing the farthest and faintest galaxies ever imagined.
	www.uagrad.org /Alumnus/Fall02/nicmos.html (653 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Hubble's infrared camera is back in business - new images released [heic0207]
		Although such star-rings are not uncommon in barred-spiral galaxies, only NICMOS has the resolution to see the ring buried deep inside an edge-on galaxy.
		The NICMOS cooling system is virtually vibration-free - an important aspect for Hubble since vibrations can affect image quality in much the same way that a shaky camera produces blurred pictures.
		The deep interior of the NICMOS reached the target temperature of -203:C (70 K) on 11 April.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=30090 (848 words)

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