NIST-F1 - Factbites

NIST-F1 - Factbites
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Topic: NIST-F1

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	NIST-F1 - Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock
		NIST-F1, the nation's primary time and frequency standard, is a cesium fountain atomic clock developed at the NIST laboratories in Boulder, Colorado.
		NIST-F1 is referred to as a fountain clock because it uses a fountain-like movement of atoms to measure frequency and time interval.
		The graph below shows how NIST-F1 compares to previous atomic clocks built by NIST.
	tf.nist.gov /cesium/fountain.htm (683 words)

	More Accurate Time: NIST's New Year Gift to the World
		Termed NIST-F1, the new cesium atomic clock at NIST's Boulder, Colo., laboratories, began its role as the nation's primary frequency standard by contributing to an international pool of the world's atomic clocks that is used to define Coordinated Universal Time (known as UTC), the official world time.
		Because NIST-F1 shares the distinction of being the most accurate clock in the world (with a similar device in Paris), it is making UTC more accurate than ever before.
		NIST-F1 recently passed the evaluation tests that demonstrated it is approximately three times more accurate than the atomic clock it replaces, NIST-7, also located at the Boulder facility.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/n99-22.htm (683 words)

	More Accurate Time: NIST's New Year Gift to the World
		Termed NIST-F1, the new cesium atomic clock at NIST's Boulder, Colo., laboratories, began its role as the nation's primary frequency standard by contributing to an international pool of the world's atomic clocks that is used to define Coordinated Universal Time (known as UTC), the official world time.
		NIST-F1 is referred to as a fountain clock because it uses a fountain-like movement of atoms to obtain its improved reckoning of time.
		NIST-F1 recently passed the evaluation tests that demonstrated it is approximately three times more accurate than the atomic clock it replaces, NIST-7, also located at the Boulder facility.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/n99-22.htm (666 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		NIST researchers have demonstrated a minuscule atomic clock with inner workings about the size of a grain of rice and potential applications in atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation, and other applications.
		NIST researchers are also demonstrating the potential to fabricate and assemble the physics package using the low-cost, mass-production techniques used to make semiconductor devices, which should eventually lead to a complete atomic clock about 1 cubic centimeter in size (about the size of a pencil eraser) powered by a battery.
	tf.nist.gov (666 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		NIST researchers have demonstrated a minuscule atomic clock with inner workings about the size of a grain of rice and potential applications in atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation, and other applications.
		NIST researchers are also demonstrating the potential to fabricate and assemble the physics package using the low-cost, mass-production techniques used to make semiconductor devices, which should eventually lead to a complete atomic clock about 1 cubic centimeter in size (about the size of a pencil eraser) powered by a battery.
	www.boulder.nist.gov /timefreq/index.html (311 words)

	NIST-F1 - Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock
		NIST-F1, the nation's primary time and frequency standard, is a cesium fountain atomic clock developed at the NIST laboratories in Boulder, Colorado.
		NIST-F1 contributes to the international group of atomic clocks that define Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the official world time.
		This frequency is the natural resonance frequency of the cesium atom (9,192,631,770 Hz), or the frequency used to define the second.
	www.boulder.nist.gov /timefreq/cesium/fountain.htm (683 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		The Time and Frequency Division, part of NIST's Physics Laboratory, maintains the standard for frequency and time interval for the United States, provides official time to the United States, and carries out a broad program of research and service activities in time and frequency metrology.
		NIST researchers have demonstrated a minuscule atomic clock with inner workings about the size of a grain of rice and potential applications in atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation, and other applications.
	tf.nist.gov (322 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		The Time and Frequency Division, part of NIST's Physics Laboratory, maintains the standard for frequency and time interval for the United States, provides official time to the United States, and carries out a broad program of research and service activities in time and frequency metrology.
		NIST researchers are also demonstrating the potential to fabricate and assemble the physics package using the low-cost, mass-production techniques used to make semiconductor devices, which should eventually lead to a complete atomic clock about 1 cubic centimeter in size (about the size of a pencil eraser) powered by a battery.
	tf.nist.gov (322 words)

	Cell phones could keep atomic time Tech News on ZDNet
		The new clock is based on the same general idea as other atomic clocks, such as the NIST-F1 fountain clock, which measures time by the natural vibrations of cesium atoms, at 9.2 billion "ticks" per second.
		Atomic clocks long have provided the most accurate measurements of time and frequency but also have traditionally been large--up to two meters in height--as well as power-hungry and expensive to build, according to NIST.
		But compared to quartz crystal oscillators--the most precise time and frequency references of equivalent size and power--chip-scale atomic clocks potentially offer a thousand-fold improvement in long-term timing precision, NIST said.
	zdnet.com.com /2100-1103_2-5330743.html (322 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		NIST researchers have demonstrated a minuscule atomic clock with inner workings about the size of a grain of rice and potential applications in atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation, and other applications.
		NIST researchers are also demonstrating the potential to fabricate and assemble the physics package using the low-cost, mass-production techniques used to make semiconductor devices, which should eventually lead to a complete atomic clock about 1 cubic centimeter in size (about the size of a pencil eraser) powered by a battery.
	tf.nist.gov (311 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		The Time and Frequency Division, part of NIST's Physics Laboratory, maintains the standard for frequency and time interval for the United States, provides official time to the United States, and carries out a broad program of research and service activities in time and frequency metrology.
		NIST researchers have demonstrated a minuscule atomic clock with inner workings about the size of a grain of rice and potential applications in atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation, and other applications.
	tf.nist.gov (311 words)

	The "Atomic Age" of Time Standards
		Called NIST-F1, it is the 8th of a series of cesium clocks built by NIST and NIST's first to operate on the "fountain" principle.
		Other kinds of atomic clocks have also been developed for various applications; those based on hydrogen offer exceptional stability, for example, and those based on microwave absorption in rubidium vapor are more compact, lower in cost, and require less power.
		The first practical cesium atomic frequency standard was built at the National Physical Laboratory in England in 1955, and in collaboration with the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO), the frequency of the cesium reference was established or measured relative to astronomical time.
	physics.nist.gov /GenInt/Time/atomic.html (560 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		The Time and Frequency Division, part of NIST's Physics Laboratory, maintains the standard for frequency and time interval for the United States, provides official time to the United States, and carries out a broad program of research and service activities in time and frequency metrology.
		NIST researchers are also demonstrating the potential to fabricate and assemble the physics package using the low-cost, mass-production techniques used to make semiconductor devices, which should eventually lead to a complete atomic clock about 1 cubic centimeter in size (about the size of a pencil eraser) powered by a battery.
	www.boulder.nist.gov /timefreq (322 words)

	NIST: Time and Frequency Division - Division 847
		Such miniature atomic clocks are not intended to compete for accuracy and stability with the world’s most accurate atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock, but could make dramatic improvements in the many consumer and military electronic devices that rely on stable and accurate timing for wireless communications, navigation, and other applications.
		The Time and Frequency Division, part of NIST's Physics Laboratory, maintains the standard for frequency and time interval for the United States, provides official time to the United States, and carries out a broad program of research and service activities in time and frequency metrology.
		The division's ongoing research programs are leading the way to the next generation of time and frequency standards and measurements.
	tf.nist.gov (322 words)

	PhysOrg: Chip-scale atomic clock
		The new clock is based on the same general idea as other atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 fountain clock--measuring time by the natural vibrations of cesium atoms, at 9.2 billion "ticks" per second--but uses a different design.
		The heart of a minuscule atomic clock---believed to be 100 times smaller than any other atomic clock ---has been demonstrated by scientists at the Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST), opening the door to atomically precise timekeeping in portable, battery-powered devices for secure wireless communications, more precise navigation and other applications.
		In addition, this "physics package" could be fabricated and assembled on semiconductor wafers using existing techniques for making micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), offering the potential for low-cost mass production of an atomic clock about the size of a computer chip and permitting easy integration with other electronics.
	www.physorg.com /news976.html (322 words)

	Embedded.com - Chip-scale atomic clock is targeted at mobiles
		The device is based on the same idea as other atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 fountain clock — measuring time by the natural vibrations of cesium atoms, at 9.2 billion 'ticks' per second — but uses a different design.
		The NIST researchers say they expect to be able to improve the clock's long-term stability and reduce its power consumption to the point where the device could substantially improve the performance of many commercial and military systems that require precision time keeping.
		This opens the possibility for low-cost, mass production of an atomic clock about the size of an IC that could be easyly integrated with other electronics.
	www.embedded.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=46200241 (322 words)

	Fountain, fountain pen repair, fountain bleu
		NIST-F1 is referred to as a fountain clock because it uses a fountain-like movementof atoms to measure frequency and time interval.
		History of the fountain pen - and you thought ink splots were invented by Freud - Lewis Edson Waterman patented the first practical fountain pen in 1884.
		Fountain Forestry Inc. is a full service forestland management company providingtimberland management, forest consulting, forestland appraisals,...
	www.theflowerinfo.com /fountain.html (964 words)

	NIST Time and Frequency Div. - 2002: Strategic Focus 1
		The accuracy of the NIST time scale is derived from the current primary frequency standard, NIST-F1, a cesium-fountain standard with a relative frequency uncertainty of 1 fHz/Hz.
		The strategy of the Time and Frequency Division is to advance measurement science and to provide time and frequency standards and measurement services to commerce and industry.
		Because the Doppler-cooling limit for calcium is 2 mK, the uncertainty in frequency measurements of the 657 nm transition are limited at about 10 Hz by the residual motions of the atoms.
	physics.nist.gov /TechAct/Div847/div847.html (1216 words)

	Standard Time Clock
		January 31st Fact-of-the-Day WWV Time Standard In 1999 National Institute of Standards station WWV in Fort Collins, Colorado, began using a new atomic clock known as NIST F1.
		Local hex time: Local standard time: The Hex Clock The clock is the perfect place to start changing the decimal paradigm, because it is something we all look at several times a day, and it is one of...
		While there are certainly a number of instances where a standard time clock is not only a wise decision, but in fact, the best decision, some workplaces demand something a little more sophisticated...
	www.timeclock-online.com /timeclock/StandardTimeClock (1125 words)

	NIST F1 Debut
		NIST-F1 cesium fountain atomic clock: the primary time and frequency standard for the United States, Time and Frequency Division, NIST Physics Laboratory.
		Before this date, the NIST 7 had been the primary atomic time standard for the United States since 1993.
		Sullivan, et al., Primary atomic frequency standards at NIST, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technololgy, 106, 47–63, 2001.
	museum.nist.gov /exhibits/timeline/printerFriendly.cfm?itemId=57 (399 words)

	Research Laboratory- A look inside
		In the NIST-F1 clock, each wave peak of the microwaves at the correct frequency —the resonance frequency of cesium—equals one tick.
		As each cup was filled with water, it became heavy enough to trip a lever that allowed the next cup to move into place.
		Just as the water clock cups can hold only a certain amount of water, the atoms can absorb only a certain amount of energy.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/licweb/lookinside.htm (326 words)

	NIST Helps Verify Accuracy of the World's Best Rulers for Measuring Time and Frequency
		A frequency comb, functioning like the electronics in a conventional clock, would be used to divide the very fast oscillations of future optical clocks into lower frequencies that can be linked to microwave standards such as NIST-F1 and compared to distribution systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and broadcasts from NIST’s radio stations.
		NIST physicist Scott Diddams adjusts a laser system that may used to calibrate next-generation atomic clocks based on optical rather than microwave frequencies.
		“These lasers are the gears of our next-generation clocks,” says NIST physicist Scott Diddams, a co-author of the Science paper.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/bestrulers_hold.htm (326 words)

	clock: Electric and Other Clocks
		, which is based upon the frequency of an atomic or molecular process, is even more precise; a state of the art atomic clock, such as the NIST-F1 (which is the U.S. time frequency standard clock), neither gains nor loses a second in 20 million years.
		In an analog clock the hands of an electric clock are driven by a synchronous electric motor supplied with alternating current of a stable frequency.
		Electric clocks were made in the second half of the 19th cent.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0857397.html (387 words)

	Chip-scale atomic clock
		The new clock is based on the same general idea as other atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 fountain clock--measuring time by the natural vibrations of cesium atoms, at 9.2 billion "ticks" per second--but uses a different design.
		Atomic clocks long have provided the most accurate realizations of both of these quantities but also have traditionally been large--up to two meters in height--as well as power-hungry and expensive to build.
		In addition, as atomic clocks get smaller and cheaper and use less power, they could replace quartz crystal oscillators in many common products such as computers, offering several orders of magnitude better time keeping.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1203389/posts (387 words)

	NIST Unveils Chip-Scale Atomic Clock
		The new clock is based on the same general idea as other atomic clocks such as the NIST-F1 fountain clock—measuring time by the natural vibrations of cesium atoms, at 9.2 billion “ticks” per second—but uses a different design.
		The "physics package" of the chip-scale atomic clock includes (from the bottom) a laser, a lens, an optical attenuator to reduce the laser power, a waveplate that changes the polarization of the light, a cell containing a vapor of cesium atoms, and (on top) a photodiode to detect the laser light transmitted through the cell.
		Atomic clocks long have provided the most accurate realizations of both of these quantities but also have traditionally been large—up to two meters in height—as well as power-hungry and expensive to build.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/releases/miniclock.htm (800 words)

	Movement of atoms viewed at 100 times higher than previous resolution
		The world's best clock, NIST-F1, has been improved over the past few years and now measures time and frequency more than twice as accurately as it did in 1999 when first used as a national standard, physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology report.
		Prof Mike Gibbs, of the Department of Engineering Materials at the University of Sheffield explains, “We have known for some time that when certain magnetic materials are exposed to a magnetic field they lengthen or contract slightly.
		The survey takes less than two minutes, there's nothing to identify you personally, and you won't receive any email or other sales pitches by participating.
	www.physorg.com /news4010.html (800 words)

	NIST helps verify accuracy of the world's best rulers
		A frequency comb, functioning like the electronics in a conventional clock, would be used to divide the very fast oscillations of future optical clocks into lower frequencies that can be linked to microwave standards such as NIST-F1 and compared to distribution systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and broadcasts from NIST's radio stations.
		Three of the world's premier measurement laboratories---including the Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)---have lined up the "hash marks" from four of the world's best optical frequency rulers and declared that they match.
		The experiments, reported in the March 19, 2004, issue of the journal Science, are a significant step toward next-generation "atomic clocks" based on optical rather than microwave frequencies.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/nios-nhv031704.php (889 words)

	NIST Time and Frequency Division 2000 - Technical Highlights
		Measurements of the frequency of NIST-F1 as a function of signal amplitude.
		Calcium continues to be an attractive optical frequency standard at many laboratories in the world, since the 657 nm transition is relatively insensitive to external electric and magnetic fields, and because the entire system (trapping, laser cooling, and state probing) is operated with diode lasers.
		Frequency measurements of 1/2 the frequency of the 282 nm (1.06
	physics.nist.gov /TechAct.2000/Div847/div847h.html (5015 words)

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