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	National Missile Defense
		NMD would use whichever system is in place when a deployment decision is made and can use a combination of the two if the transition is still in progress.
		As of early 2000 the NMD program goes beyond the original Capability 1, or "C1," architecture by developing an "Expanded C1" architecture to be capable of defending all 50 states against threats larger than the initial C1 architecture was designed to handle.
		The NMD system is composed of several elements which are required to perform the key functions involved in a ballistic missile defense engagement.
	www.fas.org /spp/starwars/program/nmd (3619 words)

	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		NMD is a proposed military system that would, in theory, enable the United States to detect and shoot down long-range ballistic missiles that could be armed with nuclear warheads aimed at its territory.
		NMD not only casts doubt on US willingness to abide by international treaties, it undermines the goal of the NPT by provoking build-ups of nuclear arsenals by other countries such as Russia and China as they seek the ability to overcome defenses deployed by the US.
		Thus, NMD raises fundamental questions about whether the future will be one in which space becomes the new nuclear battleground, or one in which nations seek to reduce the threat of nuclear war by moving towards the elimination of nuclear weapons on Earth and in space.
	www.ippnw.org /NMDFAQ.html (2431 words)

	erichines.org \| National Missile Defense: The Cold War returns?
		NMD would make their current deterrent less reliable then it already is, while leaving them unable to compete.
		NMD means an end to disarmament but Russia, and similarly by China, India, Pakistan, Israel, France and Britain since the same issues apply to them.
		NMD does nothing to alleviate this threat, and in fact may exacerbate it by forcing current underground nuclear programs away from missiles to suitcases as the preferred method of delivery.
	homepage.mac.com /hedgehog/articles/nmd.html (800 words)

	National Missile Defense - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 1990s and early 21st century, the stated mission of NMD has changed to the more modest goal of preventing the United States from being subject to nuclear flmail or nuclear terrorism by a so-called rogue state.
		A Pentagon study concluded that the NMD system could be upgraded by integrating the hundreds of interceptors to be deployed as part of the ship-based Navy Theater Wide missile defense system.
		In 2002, NMD was changed to Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD), to differentiate it from other missile defense programs, such as space-based, sea-based, and defense targeting the boost phase and the reentry phase (see flight phases).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NMD (3012 words)

	Nautilus Institute Policy Forum Online: South Korea and NMD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		NMD would fail at the former and ignore the latter.
		NMD would only alienate America's allies and encourage China and Russia to devote more resources to defense and push them to become enemies of the United States.
		NMD represents a huge mistake for the United States and the Korean Peninsula.
	www.nautilus.org /fora/security/0103A_Beck.html (992 words)

	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It now becomes moot whether NMD can actually work with the nearly 100% certainty needed to prevent the use of nuclear weapons on the US population, since that is not the top priority or concern.
		NMD becomes a means to establish unilateral military domination of space.
		Together, NMD and the unilateral militarization of space are seen by the Bush administration to ensure American dominance of the globe for the foreseeable future and beyond.
	www.ippnw.org /NMDFarrell.html (1342 words)

	National Missile Defense - Technological Issues (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The purpose of the NMD system is to eliminate the MIRVs near the end of the mid-course phase but before re-entry into the atmosphere.
		Although the stated mission of NMD is not to defend against major nations like Russia or China, the existence of this technology means emerging military threats (North Korea, Iraq) may be able to easily produce them.
		Instead of having a large number of space-based and land-based defensive systems focused at shielding the United States from massive nuclear attack, the purpose of the NMD is to defend against fairly small numbers of ballistic missiles using a network of space and land based sensors and land-based interceptors.
	www.sccs.swarthmore.edu /users/02/shakin/nmd/tech.html (1717 words)

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		NMD have strong ties with sport, leisure and retail clothing sectors.
	www.nmdesign.co.uk (96 words)

	For "Just Results": Questioning NMD Research in Alaska
		In the case of NMD the issue is complex, because this category of classified research is all too likely to be undertaken by a science and engineering faculty who do not maintain the requisite critical distance.
		Consider that the wider context of the current public policy debate on NMD that is engaged by scholars in international ethics and international law can be - and often is - readily dismissed as irrelevant to the narrower cost-benefit approach taken by geophysical research scientists and their administrators.
		In present case the claim is that whereas NMD is a political issue outside the concern of the university as such, AMSP is a scientific research project engagement in which is protected in the academy by the principle of academic freedom.
	www.nonukesnorth.net /JustResults.htm (4020 words)

	NMD: Overview of the Political Debate in the United Kingdom
		The confusion surrounding Labour’s stance on NMD is a result of the variety of forces in play which make a clear decision very difficult.
		NMD poses a huge threat to conventional thinking both within the FCO and the MoD, but rather than confront the issue head on and risk the anger of the Americans, officials are instead hoping that due to issues of cost and technology, the problem will simply disappear.
		This deep unease at the highest levels of the UK government is matched by increasingly vocal opposition from the rank and file of the Labour Party; its backbench MPs, the Trade Unions and its constituency members.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Notes/2001NMD_UKdebate.htm (1651 words)

	PITTSBURGH POST-GAZETTE
		A premature decision to build NMD before it is proven feasible would lock in at least $60 billion in future U.S. missile defense spending (according to figures released this week by the Congressional Budget Office).
		Increasingly, NMD advocates point to the possibility of "rogue state flmail" as an emerging threat justifying rapid pursuit of missile defense.
		NMD, it is argued, would preserve U.S. "freedom of movement" in such a flmail scenario, by giving the president room to call the "rogue state's" nuclear bluff.
	www.pitt.edu /~gordonm/JPubs/NMDfallacy.html (985 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Senate Panel Approves NMD Bill Seeking To Move Up Deployment
		The commitment in the bill to deploy an NMD system contrasts with the administration's "3+3" program, under which the United States is developing the elements of an NMD system by the year 2000 that can then be deployed three years later if warranted by the ballistic missile threat.
		As a key justification for NMD deployment, the senators maintained that a long-range ballistic missile threat to the United States currently exists and is growing.
		The NMD system, which is currently in the development phase, is scheduled to conduct its first intercept of a ballistic missile target later this year.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/1998_04/nmdap98.asp (772 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - China & US Comment on NMD
		And the NMD programme is, in essence, an US programme of unilateral nuclear expansion, which harbours the inherent danger of triggering an arms race at a higher level.
		The international debate around the NMD issue is, in essence, about what kind of international order should be established, and a choice between unipolar and multipolar world.
		Once NMD is deployed, no matter whether it is really effective or not, it would further strengthen the US tendency towards unilateralism, and the tendency to use or threaten to use force.
	www.acronym.org.uk /dd/dd55/55nmd.htm (4264 words)

	National Missile Defense: Just Say No!, by David Krieger, December 16, 2000
		Even though the NMD would have only 100 to 200 interceptor missiles and the Russians would have more missiles than this aimed at the US, the Russians are concerned on two grounds.
		Implementation of an NMD system would require the US to abrogate or violate the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty that was entered into between the US and Russia in 1972.
		The answer is that the Russian and Chinese planners must plan for the system to work as the US plans it to work; to do less would be viewed by their security establishments as being irresponsible.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/2000/12/16_krieger_nmd-no.htm (1351 words)

	Yorkshire CND - BMDO Plans Next NMD Integrated Ground Test In Early 2001 - 20/9/99
		The event will be the first major NMD ground test in over a year and the first such evaluation of the system since President Clinton's recent decision not to deploy the initial NMD architecture in 2005.
		They allow officials to assess the state of NMD integration efforts by representing each system element with computers called "nodes" that use the most advanced software and processors available for each component at the time of the test.
		NMD officials say they continue to move ahead with the program with business as usual, except they are no longer aiming at a 2005 fielding date.
	www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/nmd22.htm (1224 words)

	NMD Links
		They have produced a number of in-depth reports and briefings on NMD, all of which are available on their website.
		Their website is home to a wide range of NMD resources, including briefings and articles on the proposed system, along with intelligence reports on 'states of concern'.
		The Global Network is an international grassroots movement which has campaigned against NMD, TMD and the use of nuclear power in space exploration.
	www.basicint.org /nuclear/NMD/links-NMD.htm (1130 words)

	President Delays NMD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There are also questions to be resolved about the ability of the system to deal with countermeasures; in other words, measures by those firing the missiles to confuse the missile defense into thinking it is hitting a target when it is not.
		NMD, if deployed, would require us either to adjust the treaty or to withdraw from it, not because NMD poses a challenge to the strategic stability I just discussed, but because by its very words, NMD prohibits any national missile defense.
		If we decide to proceed with NMD deployment, we must have their support because key components of NMD would be based on their territories.
	www.ceip.org /files/projects/npp/resources/Presidentdelaysnmd.htm (2848 words)

	National Missile Defence (NMD)
		In a February statement on television, President Bush linked NMD to nuclear disarmament, implying willingness to scrap or drastically reduce the U.S. nuclear arsenal in favour of a limited defence against "rogue" states, now "states of concern" in the jargon.
		Instead of opposing NMD without a fair hearing, people should be looking at how missile defences might further the nuclear abolition objectives of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.
		If NMD deployment becomes inevitable, then efforts should made to turn it to advantage in the cause of nuclear weapons abolition.
	www.pugwash.org /reports/pim/pim42.htm (505 words)

	Steve Pav on National Missile Defense
		Advocates of the NMD argue that the technological challenges of missile defense are within reasonable grasp.
		NMD proponents benefit most from continued funding, and by their argument, sub-par performance in missile trials is the strongest evidence that more research is required.
		The CMU Progressive Student Alliance will be sponsoring a petition against the NMD, as well as tracking the progress of a lawsuit filed against Boeing and TRW for fraud in development of the NMD.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /user/psa/resources/nmd.html (547 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Missile Defence Divergence:Britain Debates NMD
		In an Adjournment Debate on NMD, Mike Gapes also argued that amending article I of the ABM Treaty, which forbids the deployment of missile defence to defend the territory of a country, "would break the very principle on which the treaty is based".
		In Washington, although Fylingdales is regarded as essential to the NMD programme and despite Secretary of Defense William Cohen’s assertion that the US will "weigh allied views, and impact on alliance relationships" in its decisions, very little thought appears to have been given by either the Administration or the Congress to the position of Britain.
		NMD might also trigger an arms race, particularly in regions such as East Asia, the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent which are already volatile.
	www.acronym.org.uk /48ukparl.htm (5521 words)

	The Hindu : India's response to the NMD
		Whether the NMD is ever able to achieve this technical capacity is an open question but the intention is clear.
		The wider purposes of the NMD include giving the U.S. what is called in the jargon, ``full spectrum dominance'', i.e., that the new technologies that would hopefully emerge would give the U.S. dominance and control over the newest and most crucial battleground (even for conventional warfare) of space itself.
		The shift to an NMD is not a shift from an offensive to a defensive system but is a shift to an extremely destabilising mix of offensive and defensive systems that greatly enhances the offensive capabilities of the side having the mix.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/05/25/stories/05252524.htm (934 words)

	NMD Update: The Real World Intrudes
		At that time the success rate of NMD was 50%, although even the October 2, 1999 success was qualified because the “kill vehicle” first homed on the single decoy until, at the last moment, it finally detected its true target nearby.
		Its 1998 report described the NMD deployment schedule (then set for 2003) as a “rush to failure.” The Pentagon subsequently decided to delay deployment until 2005, which is still the target year.
		If this is the reality, then the American public is entitled to a full and free exploration of the need both for NMD in general and the need for the proposed system in the anticipated time frame and at the projected cost (now nearly $60 billion according to the Congressional Budget Office).
	www.cdi.org /dm/2000/issue6/nmd-update.html (1302 words)

	National Missile Defense : NMD
		National Missile Defense (NMD) is a military strategy that has been discussed in the United States since the 1960s.
		The basic idea is to shield the U.S. against incoming missiles by shooting them down as they approach the country, and its role in nuclear strategy has been a heated topic for several decades.
		In the 1990s and early 21st century, the mission of NMD has changed to the more modest goal of preventing the United States from being subject to nuclear flmail or nuclear terrorism by a so-called rogue state.
	www.fastload.org /nm/NMD.html (359 words)

	Boeing:National Missile Defense Program
		A test vehicle with the exact tactical configuration of the Boeing National Missile Defense air vehicle was used to simulate the missile and was launched from the canister.
		This was the first intercept attempt of the current NMD program.
		A launch vehicle, equipped with an exoatmospheric kill vehicle (EKV), was launched from Meck Island in the Kwajalein Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean shortly after a target missile, equipped with a mock reentry vehicle and decoy, lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., 7:02 p.m.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/nmd/photos.html (344 words)

	CNS - A Grand NMD Game: The Challenge Of New Russian Initiatives
		An unspoken assumption of many NMD proponents in the United States is that and NMD system is technologically feasible and will be deployed very soon.
		He gains if the NMD proves to be technologically or politically unfeasible: in this case, he will be able to say that he had been right all along.
		He even gains if his initiative is rejected and a US NMD is deployed, since then Russia will hold the political and moral high ground and will be freer to react as it chooses.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/reports/soknmd.htm (1815 words)

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