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Topic: NMDA receptor

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	The Ibogaine Dossier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Although NMDA receptor antagonists of the phencyclidine (PCP) type are precluded from clinical use because of their psychotomimetic properties, amantadine and memantine have been administered to human patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and spasticity for many years without serious adverse effects.
		Thus, neuroprotection targeting glutamate receptors does apparently not have to be associated with prominent psychotogenicity, and the development and evaluation of new neuroprotective drugs will have to performed in consideration both of the relative safety and of the good clinical effect of the already known and established aminoadamantanes.
		Data from binding studies is consistent with differences between three NMDA receptors in the striatum, thalamus and cerebellum with respect to their preferences for agonist or antagonist binding and the modulation of binding by dizocilpine, cations and polyamines.
	www.ibogaine.org /lit-nmda.html (7184 words)

	NMDA receptor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel which is nonselective to cations.
		Activation of NMDA receptors requires binding of both glutamate and the co-agonist glycine for the efficient opening of the ion channel which is a part of this receptor.
		This property is fundamental to the role of the NMDA receptor in memory and learning, and it has been suggested that this channel is a biochemical substrate of Hebbian learning, where it can act as a coincidence detector for membrane depolarization and synaptic transmission.
	www.tocatch.info /en/NR2D.htm (789 words)

	UB Reporter: NMDA receptors function as "frequency discriminator" for neurons, UB biophysicists have found
		NMDA receptors, which respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate, have been the focus of intense neuroscience research for good reason, Popescu said.
		NMDA receptors also are involved with pernicious illnesses such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's, and a better understanding of how these proteins work holds great hope for addressing these diseases.
		Of particular importance to the function of these receptors, and often to their malfunction, is the pathway by which these molecules change shape after binding the neurotransmitter glutamate to allow ions to rush into the postsynaptic neuron and send the signal onward.
	www.buffalo.edu /reporter/vol35/vol35n49/articles/NMDAreceptors.html (635 words)

	Ketamine ( Ketalar, Vetalar, Ketacet, Ketajet, etc ) : "Special K"
		Ketamine and its active metabolite norketamine are non-competitive antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.
		NMDA receptor channels open in response to binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.
		NMDA antagonists can suppress the symptoms of opioid withdrawal in chronic opioid users who decide to quit.
	www.ketamine.com /dissociative-anaesthetic.html (743 words)

	NMDA receptors in the electrosensory system
		The feedback pathways have a prominent NMDA receptor component and that EPSPs evoked by stimulation of this pathway are voltage-dependent.
		NMDA receptors are permeable to calcium ions, blocked by magnesium ions in voltage-dependent manner, and can stay open for a relatively long period of time.
		NMDA receptors are particularly important because they allow calcium to enter the post-synaptic region where it can activate pathways which modulate synaptic strength.
	www.mcgill.ca /crn/investigators/dunn/research/nmdareceptors (820 words)

	NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets - Nature Neuroscience
		NMDA receptors are abundant, ubiquitously distributed throughout the brain, fundamental to excitatory neurotransmission and critical for normal CNS function.
		NMDA antagonists have a number of adverse CNS effects, including hallucinations, a centrally mediated increase in blood pressure and, at high doses, catatonia and anesthesia (for which the NMDA ion-channel blockers phencyclidine and ketamine were initially developed).
		Davis, M. The rde of NMDA receptors and MAP kinase in the amygdala in extinction of fear: clinical implications for exposure therapy.
	www.nature.com /uidfinder/10.1038/nn936 (3155 words)

	Glia: NMDA receptors on oligodendrocytes - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		The researchers showed that whereas blocking AMPA and kainate receptors could prevent the Ca rise at the cell body, NMDA receptors were responsible for ischaemic Ca influx in the myelin sheath: NMDA receptor antagonists blocked the rise in cytosolic Ca and subsequent damage to myelin.
		These studies highlight NMDA receptors of unusual subunit composition as a potential therapeutic target for preventing white matter damage in a range of conditions, and suggest a new mechanism of signalling from axon to myelin under physiological conditions.
		NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200602/nrn1857.html (507 words)

	NMDA receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The NMDA receptor is interesting in that is both ligand-gated but also voltage-dependent.
		A related gene family of NR3 A through B subunits have an inhibitory effect on receptor activity.
		The activity of NMDA receptors is also strikingly sensitive to the changes in H
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NMDA_receptor (812 words)

	NMDA Receptor Pharmacology
		Since the NMDA receptor was first identified by the selective activation by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, see below), it has become clear that many different subtypes of this receptor could be expressed due to the multiple combinations of individual subunits.
		NMDA itself is an analogue of aspartate (can also act as a weak agonist at most glutamate receptors).
		Glycine is a co-agonist of glutamate at the NMDA receptor, increasing the affinity of the receptor for the endogenous agonist glutamate.
	www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/Synaptic/info/pharmacology/NMDA.html (707 words)

	NMDA Receptor Transgenic Models
		In addition NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity in CA1 hippocampal neurones appears to be important in the aquisition and representation of spatial information, whereas plasticity in CA3 neurones may be involved in associative memory.
		Re-activation of NMDA receptors have also been shown to be necessary for the consolidation of recently acquired memories.
		Messersmith E.K., Feller M.B., Zhang H. and Shatz C.J. (1997) Migration of neocortical neurons in the absence of functional NMDA receptors.
	www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/Synaptic/info/transgenic/NMDAtransgenic.html (3987 words)

	Novel Phencyclidine Analogs as NMDA Receptor Antagonists
		Associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a channel governing the flow of Ca2+, K+, and other ions in neuronal cell.
		NMDA receptor antagonists have potential as neuroprotective agents by blocking this channel.
		The designed agents, PCP analogs, are expected to bind inside of and block cation channel associated with NMDA receptors, preventing further firing of the neurons even in the presence of excitants.
	www.usip.edu /research/scholarlyday/abstractDetail.asp?id=201 (241 words)

	NMDA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor.
		NMDA is a water-soluble synthetic substance that is not normally found in biological tissue.
		Examples of antagonists of the NMDA receptor are APV, dextromethorphan, ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), riluzole, and memantine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NMDA (243 words)

	Society for Neuroscience \| NMDA Receptor Blockers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		But the action of NMDA receptors appears particularly important because they have the special ability to let large amounts of calcium, an important mediator of glutamate destruction, into neurons.
		Because of this "gatekeeper" role, NMDA receptors are important targets for developing therapies to reduce glutamate action.
		The first highly effective NMDA receptor blockers, initially tested in animals, were developed during the 1980s.
	www.sfn.org /index.cfm?pagename=brainBriefings_nMDAReceptorBlockers (688 words)

	Emerging Schizophrenia Treatments Aim to Enhance NMDA Receptor Function
		Further evidence of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia was the discovery of a translocation in the human genome at the location of the GCP II gene.
		The NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons in the frontal and temporal cortexes and in the hippocampus may be that discrete subpopulation, he speculated, because studies have shown a heightened sensitivity of those receptors to endogenous and exogenous NMDA receptor antagonists.
		Coyle and colleagues proposed that the NMDA receptors on the GABAergic interneurons of brain areas affected by schizophrenia are hypofunctional.
	www.neuropsychiatryreviews.com /aug04/npr_aug04_schizo.html (1040 words)

	NMDA Receptors
		The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels cross a neuron's membrane and allow calcium ions to enter the cell when the channels are open (Bliss).
		NMDA 2B subunits are of interest because they are located in the hippocampus and because 2B subunits are replaced by 2A subunits in adult brains (Bliss).
		This subunit of the NMDA receptor is the focus of Tang et.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/genomics/2002/Henry/nmda_receptors.htm (299 words)

	Expression and developmental regulation of the NMDA receptor subunits in the kidney and cardiovascular system -- Leung ...
		The NR1 subunit is the main subunit of the NMDA receptor.
		The NR1 is the main and essential subunit of the NMDA (6, 13).
		Western blot analysis of the NR1 (130 kDa) (A) and the NR2C subunit (149 kDa) (B) of the NMDA receptor in kidneys obtained from 4-day-old (4 d.o.), 12-day-old (12 d.o.), and adult rats.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/4/R964 (3586 words)

	Smart drugs or smart genes ?
		The NR2B gene is the blueprint for a protein that spans the surface of neurons and serves as a docking point, or receptor, for certain chemical signals.
		Studies have shown that in young animals the NMDA receptor responds even when the two signals are relatively far apart, so it's easy to make connections between events and to learn.
		"Measuring the receptor cell's response at an individual synapse is extremely difficult, but without this assurance there would be no way to know whether the altered gene led to increased NMDA receptor activity," said Liu.
	nootropics.com /smartmice (1523 words)

	NMDA-AMPA
		This program models the AMPA and NMDA receptors found in the Hippocampus, which appear to be involved in LTP.
		In order for the NMDA receptor to be activated two conditions must be met: presynaptic binding of glutamate to its receptor site and presynaptic depolarization.
		Eliminating glutamate that can bind to the NMDA receptor will not allow the Mg to become expelled because, although the cell is able to become depolarized, it is unable to become activated by the glutamate bound to its receptor site.
	www.macalester.edu /psychology/whathap/UBNRP/ltp04/receptor.htm (372 words)

	Ifenprodil and Ethanol Enhance NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Depression -- Hendricson et al. 301 (3): 938 -- ...
		inhibition of NMDA receptor subtypes by ethanol, and the preferential
		Kemp N and Bashir ZI (1997) NMDA receptor-dependent and -independent long-term depression in the CA1 region of the adult rat hippocampus in vitro.
		Kemp N and Bashir ZI (1999) Induction of LTD in the adult hippocampus by the synaptic activation of AMPA/kainate and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/301/3/938 (4633 words)

	Excitotoxicity and the NMDA receptor
		seventies, implies the activation in the CNS of the so-called glutamate receptors.
		receptor classes that are named by their selective agonists: AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, kainate receptors and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptors.
		However, overactivation at NMDA receptors triggers an excessive entry of Ca initiating a series of cytoplasmic and nuclear processes that promote neuronal cell death.
	www.eurosiva.org /Archive/Vienna/abstracts/Speakers/SUREDA.htm (634 words)

	Hypoxia modulates nitric oxide-induced regulation of NMDA receptor currents and neuronal cell death -- Gbadegesin et ...
		NMDA whole cell responses were elicited in HEK-293 cells transiently transfected with the NMDA receptor subunits NR1a and NR2A.
		-aspartate receptors by redox and alkylating reagents in rat cortical neurones in vitro.
		Transient global ischemia alters NMDA receptor expression in rat hippocampus: correlation with decreased immunoreactive protein levels of the NR2A/2B subunits, and an altered NMDA receptor functionality.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/4/C673 (6069 words)

	Desensitization of NMDA Receptor Channels Is Modulated by Glutamate Agonists -- Nahum-Levy et al. 80 (5): 2152 -- ...
		The mechanistic connection between glutamate and glycine binding and NMDA receptor channel opening is poorly understood.
		Huettner, J. Indole-2-carboxylic acid: a competitive antagonist of potentiation by glycine at the NMDA receptor.
		Regulation of NMDA receptor desensitization in mouse hippocampal neurons by glycine.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/5/2152 (7064 words)

	Chemical receptor key to fetal development, MIT researchers and colleagues find - MIT News Office
		CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--A well-known chemical receptor in the brain associated with learning and memory probably also plays a key role in fetal development of the respiratory system, MIT researchers and colleagues report in the May 1 Journal of Neuroscience.
		Mutant mice lacking the receptor "couldn't breathe or suckle well," said Dr. Poon, who noted that these symptoms are common in premature babies and are risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
		The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is key to the communication of a chemical signal between two nerve cells.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2000/brainreceptor.html (698 words)

	ScienceDaily: Study Reports Genetic Susceptibility To Alcoholism In NMDA Receptor
		Receptors in the brain that are highly sensitive to alcohol may function differently in a person with a family history of alcoholism, according to a Yale study published this month.
		The NMDA glutamate receptors, which were the focus in this study, are the highest affinity ethanol targets in the brain.
		The purpose of the study was to examine whether healthy individuals with a strong family history of alcoholism exhibit alterations in NMDA receptor function.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/10/041021084120.htm (1479 words)

	NTI » Glossary
		Neurons release glutamate in order to excite neighboring cells; they receive a "wake up" signal when glutamate binds with NMDA receptors imbedded in their cell membrane (see NMDA receptor and neuron).
		NTI believes that Memantine is a modulator of the NMDA receptor calcium channel because it regulates the flow of calcium ions through the channel (see "calcium channel").
		Drug candidates that prevent excessive activation of the NMDA receptor by reducing the potentially damaging and lethal influx of calcium into neurons.
	www.ntii.com /wt/page/glossary (644 words)

	NR2A and NR2B Receptor Gene Variations Modify Age at Onset in HD
		Two genes involving the NMDA receptors were found to explain some of the variation in the age of onset.
		N -Methyl- D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington disease (HD), an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder associated with defined expansions in a stretch of perfect CAG repeats in the 5' part of the IT15 gene.
		Therefore, we investigated whether the genes for the different subunits composing the multimeric complexes of NMDA receptors (GRIN glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N -methyl- D: -aspartate) represent candidates for modulating the AO of HD.
	hdlighthouse.org /diagnosis/cag/updates/1141excitotoxicity.php (647 words)

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