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Topic: NP easy

	NP-hard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If it is also the case that L is in NP, then L is called NP-complete.
		For example the boolean satisfiability problem can be reduced to the halting problem by transforming it to the description of a Turing machine that tries all truth value assignments and when it finds one that satisfies the formula it halts and otherwise it goes into an infinite loop.
		It is also easy to see that the halting problem is not in NP since all problems in NP are decidable and the halting problem is not.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NP-hard (480 words)

	NP-easy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In complexity theory, the complexity class NP-easy is the set of function problems that are solvable in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine with an oracle for some decision problem in NP.
		In other words, a problem X is NP-easy if and only if there exists some problem Y in NP such that X is polynomial-time Turing reducible to Y. This means that given an oracle for Y, there exists an algorithm that solves X in polynomial time (possibly by repeatedly using that oracle).
		There are algorithms such as Quicksort that can sort the list using only a polynomial number of calls to the comparison routine, plus a polynomial amount of additional work.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NP-easy (256 words)

	NP-easy
		In complexity theory, NP-easy is a set of problems similar to NP, except that NP-easy problems do not have to be decision problems.
		A problem X is in NP-easy if and only if there exists some problem Y in NP such that X is Turing reducible[?] to Y.
		This means that given a fl box that solves instances of Y in unit time, there exists an algorithm that solves X in polynomial time by repeatedly using that fl box.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/np/NP-easy.html (230 words)

	The GDA Tag Set
		However, we hope to design the tag set so that it is easy for you to write such a manual once you have understood the idea behind the tag set.
		If the relative clause lacks a WH complementizer, then the relation between the noun governing the relative clause and the pronoun (a gap or a resumptive pronoun) coreferring the governing noun can be encoded by a relational attribute, as below.
		If the noun governing the relative clause is the closest noun govern+ning the gap or the resumptive pronoun, then the value of the relation attribute may be mgn (minimal govern+ing noun), as follows.
	xml.coverpages.org /GDA-tagset200109.html (7861 words)

	An Introduction to Computational Complexity - Part C
		Classes P and NP We are now in a position to define formally two important classes of recognition problems, classes P and NP.
		NP stands for "Non-deterministic Polynomial", because of an alternative (and equivalent) definition based on the notion of non-deterministic algorithms.
		Another example of a recognition problem which, like TSP-rec, belongs to NP but we do not know if it also belongs to P, is the recognition version of the Maximum Clique problem.
	users.forthnet.gr /ath/kimon/CC/CCC3b.htm (1347 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		NP = problems where it is "easy" to check purported solutions.
		NP-complete = A class of hundreds of problems in NP that appear to be much harder to solve than the problems in P. Yet, it has never been proven that any are in fact harder than problems in P. Problems in NP-complete are equivalently hard to solve in the following liberal, but definite, sense.
		If any one problem in NP-complete has an "easy" solution (that is, it is in P), then all of the NP-complete problems have "easy" solutions.
	www.eecis.udel.edu /~wood/449/notesDec4.txt (132 words)

	NP-Completeness
		A problem is in NP if you can quickly (in polynomial time) test whether a solution is correct (without worrying about how hard it might be to find the solution).
		Problems in NP are still relatively easy: if only we could guess the right solution, we could then quickly test it.
		So if we believe that P and NP are unequal, and we prove that some problem is NP-complete, we should believe that it doesn't have a fast algorithm.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~eppstein/161/960312.html (3273 words)

	Clay Mathematics Institute
		NP is not the same as non-P. A problem is NP if you can check whether a proposed solution actually is a solution in polynomial time.
		Specifically, an NP problem is said to be NP-complete if the existence of a polynomial time solution for that problem implies that all NP problems have a polynomial time solution.
		If this sounds easy, don't forget that a circuit may contain huge numbers of gates and have huge numbers of inputs.
	www.claymath.org /Popular_Lectures/Minesweeper (2097 words)

	[No title]
		Recap: NP is the class of decision problems whose YES instances have polynomial-time checkable proofs.
		First, CSAT is clearly in NP; given an instance C, and a "satisfying" setting of booleans x1, x2,..., xn, we just simulate the circuit, and check if xout = 1.
		Again, membership in NP is straightforward; just check if all edges have at least one endpoint in the cover.
	www.cs.ucsb.edu /~suri/cs130b/NPC-2.txt (584 words)

	BestCrypt NP for Windows 95/98
		Your data is BestCrypt NP's only concern and enhances your basic right to keep documents, commercial proprietary knowledge and private information in a confidential fashion.
		The BestCrypt NP software is designed for Windows 95/98 operating system and satisfied all requirements for 32-bit software.
		In other words, if the data on the virtual drive become closed for access, the drive letter becomes free and it may be used by operating system, for example, to map networking drive.
	www.jetico.com /np_new.htm (947 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		(Easy) (2) we can modify the formula phi from the proof of Cook's theorem to get a 3cnf psi such that phi is satisfiable iff psi is satisfiable.
		The trick is to replace each clause in phi of size > 3 by a conjunction of clauses of size 3 each, in a way that preserves satisfiability (see Sipser's text for details).
		Since Clique is in NP (which is easy to verify), this means that Thm: Clique is NP-complete.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /~kabanets/cmpt308/lectures/15.txt (96 words)

	Complexity Theory - NP and NP-completeness
		NP = { f : CHECK(f) is in P }
		NP is the class of problems with efficient `verifying' algorithms.
		With the exception of the last 2, it is generally believed that no efficient algorithm exists for any of these decision problems.
	www.csc.liv.ac.uk /~ped/teachadmin/algor/npcomp.html (1801 words)

	Brian's Digest: NP Problems
		It is quite possible that the appropriate mapping from a particular NP complete problem to the general solution procedure would map some of the practical cases onto the intractable 'special cases'.
		Whether your problem is in NP is a different question: you have to verify whether a nondeterministic "guess" could be verified in polynomial time.
		Whether your problem is in NP is a ->different question: you have to verify whether a nondeterministic ->"guess" could be verified in polynomial time.
	www.worms.ms.unimelb.edu.au /digest/np_problems96.html (4667 words)

	비결정 난해 : NP-hard : Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		그때 이러한 문제로부터 H 까지 환원시켜 수행하고 알고리즘 A 를 수행함으로써 NP 에서 모든 문제를 위한 polynomial time algorithm 을 만들수 있다 (Informally this class can be described as containing the decision problems that are at least as hard as any problem in NP.
		NP-hard 라는 용어속의 NP 가 non-polynomial 인 것으로 생각하기 쉬우나 그것은 큰 오류다.
		"NP-하드"와 "NP-컴플리트(complete)", "P", "NP" 등의 문제는 컴퓨터 공학의 기본인 컴퓨터 이론과 알고리즘에서 가장 중요하게 생각되는 개념으로, "NP-하드"한 문제는 간단히 생각하면 풀기 어려운 문제라고 간주될 수 있다.
	www.aistudy.com /computer/np_hard.htm (986 words)

	NP-equivalent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To show that FIND-SUBSET-SUM is NP-equivalent, we must show that it is both NP-hard and NP-easy.
		If we had a fl box that solved FIND-SUBSET-SUM in unit time, then it would be easy to solve SUBSET-SUM.
		Simply ask the fl box to find the subset that sums to zero, then check whether it returned a nonempty set.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/NP-equivalent (242 words)

	RN to NP or PA school? - allnurses.com Nursing for Nurses
		NPs may practice independently with a written plan for consultation with and referral to other health care providers as well as having prescriptive authority.
		I believe in supporting the nursing profession and that is why I chose the NP route, knowing in advance that it was probably not the best political choice in the current medical community here.
		A big reason I chose NP over PA was that I could continue working part time, whereas if I went to PA school, I'd have to give up working full time, which I can't really afford to do since I'm single.
	allnurses.com /forums/showthread.php?t=4783 (1227 words)

	Free Item Guild For All - Official Guide To Make Neopoints
		Wins of up to 10,000 NP have been recorded just from spinning this wheel, but it does cost 100 NP per spin.
		This game of luck can earn you the entire jackpot which can be worth over 3 Million NP, but it will cost you 200 NP to play once every three hours.
		An easy 600 NP for you if you can solve the daily puzzle once per day.
	www.freewebs.com /figfa_neopets/np_guide.html (592 words)

	NP-hard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When a decision version of a combinatorial optimization problem is proved to belong to the class of NP-complete problems, then the optimization version is NP-hard.
		Note: For example, "is there a Hamiltonian cycle with length less than k" is NP-complete: it is easy to determine if a proposed certificate has length less than k.
		The optimization problem, "what is the shortest tour?", is NP-hard, since there is no easy way to determine if a certificate is the shortest.
	www.nist.gov /dads/HTML/nphard.html (255 words)

	decision.ca - NP easy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sony NP F330 battery and over 7 million other parts are available at PartStore.
		Easy to use, interactive, Gps ready, with trail, trailhead, and campsite information.
		Once you make it to the playoffs, there are no more easy games, but No. 1-rated North Platte St. Patrick didn?t exactly struggle Thursday night.
	www.decision.ca /NP-easy/reference/fullview/wikipedia/54834 (278 words)

	Bushwalks in September and October 2002
		Passes 8 and 9 (unknown to leader) are steep rocky ridges overlooking the campsite.
		Easy to medium day walk, 300m asc, 15km on tracks, some steep sections.
		An easy canyon suitable or beginners, with no abseils or swims, in the Newnes Forest area and a chance to visit the majestic Bungleboori Creek.
	dazed.org /npa/field/walks_2002_sep-oct.htm (2676 words)

	On Universally Easy Classes for NP-complete Problems (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: We explore the natural question of whether all NP- complete problems have a common restriction under which they are polynomially solvable.
		More precisely, we study what languages are universally easy in that their intersection with any NP-complete problem is in P.
		In particular, we give a polynomial-time algorithm to determine whether a regular language is universally easy.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /389761.html (304 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For this problem we are given a function f in the class C and must find a hypothesis equivalent to f, whose size is at most \alpha times the size of f.
		We say that a class C is easy for the equivalence oracle if the equivalence oracle can be computed in polynomial time.
		Since Zantema and Bodlaender showed that finding the smallest equivalent decision tree is NP-hard, and since the equivalence oracle for decision trees is easy to simulate, we have shown that decision trees are not 1-properly learnable unless P=NP.
	pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /~lynnb/papers/AxisParallel3.ppt (1032 words)

	Virtual Pets at GameTalk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There are many other ways to earn np, such as the wheels, or games int he haunted fairground.
		Only if you are playing a multi-person game against another NP player do you have a good chance of getting more NP on them than you spent.
		You probably always want to have some out in case you spot something you want to buy really quickly before everyone else gets it, but as long as the money is safe in your account before you go to bed each night, the next morning you can maximize the interest you collect.
	www.gametalk.com /talk/vpets/72280881.htm (1028 words)

	NP Might Not Be As Easy As Detecting Unique Solutions - Beigel, Buhrman, Fortnow (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		NP Might Not Be As Easy As Detecting Unique Solutions (1997)
		NP might not be as easy as detecting unique solutions.
		105 Matching is as easy as matrix inversion (context) - Mulmuley, Vazirani et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /beigel97np.html (750 words)

	website EASY - EU 5th Framework Project - effectiveness of agri-environment schemes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The primary objective of this project is to evaluate a selection of agri-environment schemes (one widespread scheme in each country) with respect to their effects on biodiversity conservation in five European countries.
		Furthermore, EASY aims to determine the primary processes and environmental factors that influence the effectiveness of schemes.
		Studies that evaluate effectiveness of schemes that have already been implemented (such as EASY) suffer from lack of base-line data and the preferential allocation of schemes on fields with high biodiversity (thus introducing bias in the study).
	www.dow.wau.nl /natcons/NP/EASY (1796 words)

	W3261 Schedule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Define when a language is polynomial time verifiable: informally, when every input in the language has a certificate (also called a proof or a witness) that can convince a polynomial time (deterministic) verifier that the input is in the language.
		We proved that the set of polynomial time verifiable languages is the same as NP (thus, this is an alternative definition of NP).
		Thus, P is the class of languages that are easy to decide, while NP is the class of languages that are easy to verify ("easy" here means poly time).
	www.cs.columbia.edu /~tal/3261/schedule.html (1872 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This new model generates instances which interpolate between easy NP-complete and hard NP-complete subsets of problems.
		At the lower end there is a small region where the instances are easy on average.
		At the higher end there is a large region where instances are exponentially hard for any known solver.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~theory/algsem/w03/13032003.txt (123 words)

	Bushwalks in May and June 2002
		Paddle around Port Kembla Harbour and se this industrial harbour from the water and in the afternoon paddle Mullet Creek, the main tributary of Lake Illawarra.
		Easy day walk 360m asc 10km all on tracks, lots of steps up and down.
		Easy day walk, sausage sizzle BYO 12km level.
	dazed.org /npa/field/walks_2002_may-jun.htm (3481 words)

	NP-hard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In computational complexity theory, NP-hard (Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard) refers to the class of decision problems that contains all problems H such that for every decision problem L in NP there exists a polynomial-time many-one reduction to H, written L ≤ H.
		This intuition is supported by the fact that if we can find an algorithm A that solves one of these problems H in polynomial time then we can construct a polynomial time algorithm for any problem L in NP by first performing the reduction from L to H and then running the algorithm A.
		Although it is widely suspected that there are no polynomial-time algorithms for these problems, this has never been proven.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/N/NP-hard.htm (535 words)

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