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Topic: NSA encryption algorithms

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	Talk:Type 1 encryption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As I understand it, NSA does not use the term "Type 1 encryption" because they want to emphasize that classified info can only be handled by a complete system that has NSA approval.
		The encryption algorithm is only part of the story (and not a very big part these days).
		I very much like the new table, but I would proposed that it be labled "List of NSA encryption algorithms," or some such and "Type 1" product be restored with a pointer to the list.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Type_1_encryption (300 words)

	[No title]
		More to point, the role of the NSA in the area of domestic privacy needs to be assessed in the light of other recent federal initiatives which seem aimed at permanently denying privacy to the inhabitants of Cyberspace, whether foreign or American.
		Encryption algorithms, despite their purely defensive characteristics, have been regarded by the government of this country as weapons of war for many years.
		NSA levied against the inclusion of a DES chip in the AS/390 series IBM mainframes in late 1990 despite the fact that, by this time, DES was in widespread use around the world, including semi-official adoption by our official enemy, the USSR.
	www.hackcanada.com /blackcrawl/patriot/barlow_on_nsa.txt (4396 words)

	SKIPJACK Interim Review (July 1993) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		It is representative of a family of encryption algorithms developed in 1980 as part of the NSA suite of "Type I" algorithms, suitable for protecting all levels of classified data.
		If the algorithm could be pipelined so that one encryption step were performed per clock cycle, then the $1.2 billion machine could exhaust the key space in 1 year.
		The method involves analyzing the structure of the algorithm in order to determine the effect of particular differences in plaintext pairs on the differences of their corresponding ciphertext pairs, where the differences are represented by the exclusive-or of the pair.
	www.epic.org /crypto/clipper/skipjack_interim_review.html (2694 words)

	NSA Responses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Through NSA's use of a competitive, multi-vendor approach, STU-III secure telephone products have continued to evolve in response to user requirements and technological advances despite their use of a classified encryption algorithm and the consequent need for security restrictions on the manufacturers.
		NSA is not aware of any government agency approaching cable companies to urge the use of Capstone.
		Key escrow encryption products provide another option for foreign purchasers that they have not had in the past; to the extent that foreigners doe purchase key escrow encryption products, it will mean an increase in exports.
	www.epic.org /crypto/clipper/nsa_responses.html (2179 words)

	Common Encryption Algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Public-Key algorithms, in contrast, use a scheme where the key used for encryption is different from the key used for decryption.
		Recognizing that the DES Algorithm was no longer adequate due to advances in computing technology, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced the initiation of the AES development effort in January 1997, and sponsored a competition for new algorithms to become the new government standard.
		In addition, the algorithm was required to implement symmetric key cryptography as a block cipher and support minimum block sizes of 128 bits and key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits.(11) The overall goal was to develop a new encryption algorithm (or algorithms) capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the 21
	www.du.edu /~jtinucci/Papers/Expert_Topics/Common_Encryption_Algorithms/common_encryption_algorithms.html (1731 words)

	NSA to declassify two security algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		NSA last week declassified the Skipjack algorithm and the Key Exchange Algorithm, both of which are used in the Fortezza PC Card, which is a credit card-size security device that authenticates users and encrypts e-mail.
		The Skipjack algorithm was the core technology of the highly controversial Clipper chip initiative, which was introduced in 1993 to give law enforcement agents access to the keys needed to unscramble encrypted data.
		NSA officials who previously had insisted on Fortezza encryption to be used only in hardware began last year to brief the commercial sector on design requirements for software and smart card Fortezza applications.
	www.fcw.com /fcw/articles/1998/FCW_062998_676.asp (648 words)

	Type 1 encryption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a Type 1 product is a device or system certified by the National Security Agency (NSA) for use in cryptographically securing classified U.S. Government information.
		For a historically-oriented list of NSA encryption products (most of them Type 1), see NSA encryption systems.
		For algorithms that NSA has participated in the development of, see NSA encryption algorithms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_1_encryption (128 words)

	Decrypting the Puzzle Palace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		More to point, the role of the NSA in the area of domestic privacy needs to be assessed in the light of other recent federal initiatives which seem directly aimed at permanently denying privacy to the inhabitants of Cyberspace, whether foreign or American.
		Aside for marveling at the silliness of trying to embargo algorithms, a practice about as practicable as restricting the export of wind, I didn't pay much attention to the implications of NSA encryption policies until February of this year.
		Naively hoping that, with the collapse of the Evil Empire, the NSA might be out of work, I then learned that, given their own vigorous crypto systems and their long use of some embargoed products, the Russians could not have been the threat from whom this forbidden knowledge was to be kept.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/ElectronicFrontier/BarlowPuzzlePalace.html (3950 words)

	MCRYPT(3) manual page
		In this version of the library all modes and algorithms are modular, which means that the algorithm and the mode is loaded at run-time.
		The name of the algorithm is specified in algorithm, eg "twofish", and the algorithm_directory is the directory where the algorithm is (it may be null if it is the default).
		Plaintext is the plaintext you wish to encrypt and len should be the length (in bytes) of the plaintext and it should be k*algorithms_block_size if used in a mode which operated in blocks (cbc, ecb, nofb), or whatever when used in cfb or ofb which operate in streams.
	mcrypt.hellug.gr /lib/mcrypt.3.html (2992 words)

	Overview of Common Encryption Algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Many believe this is because the NSA "leaned on" IBM to reduce it so it could keep the average Joe Schmoe out, but could be broken by the NSA.
		If there is any algorithm that pisses off the NSA or government of the US it is this one.
		It is the only algorithm I or anyone else would trust to, say, secure documents on building thermonuclear weapons.
	www.geocities.com /vaio751/Encrypt.htm (613 words)

	nsa type 1 encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In NSA terminology, a Type 4 algorithm is an encryption algorithm that...Find thousands of free online definitions and reference guides at TheFreeDictionary.com.
		Encryption Standard (DES) or the NSA type 2 devices (including the Fortezza...
		a family of encryption algorithms developed in 1980 as part of the NSA suite of "Type I" algorithms, which...
	www.wireless-encryption.software-1.org /wirelessencryption/10/nsa-type-1-encryption.html (445 words)

	[No title]
		Additional NSA and NIST staff were present at the meeting to answer our questions and provide assistance.
		We also experimentally tested the all "0" key (all 80 bits are "0") and the all "1" key to see if they were weak and found they were not.
		Some of the tests were run on both the encryption and decryption functions of SKIPJACK.
	www.packetstormsecurity.org /papers/pkcs/skipjack.txt (3534 words)

	Crypto standard set to expire - News - ZDNet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Commentary--The Data Encryption Standard, or DES, was a mid-'70s brainchild of the National Bureau of Standards: the first modern, public, freely available encryption algorithm.
		The strength of an algorithm is based on two things: how good the mathematics is, and how long the key is. A sure way of breaking an algorithm is to try every possible key.
		Modern algorithms have a key so long that this is impossible; even if you built a computer out of all the silicon atoms on the planet and ran it for millions of years, you couldn't do it.
	zdnet.com.com /Crypto+standard+set+to+expire/2100-1105_2-5384208.html?part=rss&tag=feed&subj=zdnn (1142 words)

	resist : security : encryption technology
		While many different algorithm and implementations exist, the ones presented here are considered standards because they have been extensively reviewed by the internet community worldwide.
		While many different algorithms exist the ones presented below are considered standards because they have been extensively rev iewed by the internet community worldwide and their strengths/weaknesses are well documented.
		A well engineered algorithm (such as those presented here) should be relatively immune to the currently known forms cryptoanalysis.
	security.resist.ca /crypt.shtml (1106 words)

	Crypto-Gram: December 15, 1999
		Semantic Forests, patented by the NSA (the patent does not use the name), were developed to retrieve information "on the output of automatic speech-to-text (speech recognition) systems" and topic labeling.
		All this occurred in the window between when the NSA applied for the patent, more than two years ago, and when the patent was granted this year.
		This algorithm is cryptographically weak, and it is not difficult to break the algorithm and clone GSM digital phones.
	www.schneier.com /crypto-gram-9912.html (5167 words)

	Schneier on Security: The Legacy of DES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Data Encryption Standard, or DES, was a mid-'70s brainchild of the National Bureau of Standards: the first modern, public, freely available encryption algorithm.
		The NSA made two changes to DES: It tweaked the algorithm, and it cut the key size by more than half.
		The NSA's changes caused outcry among the few who paid attention, both regarding the "invisible hand" of the NSA--the tweaks were not made public, and no rationale was given for the final design--and the short key length.
	www.schneier.com /blog/archives/2004/10/the_legacy_of_d.html (1005 words)

	The Risks Digest Volume 2: Issue 20
		The NSA (National >Security Agency) was lobbying very strongly within ANSI (the United States' >representative within ISO) to have DES disapproved...
		A few years back several business organizations (mostly major banks and other financials) got together and came up with an algorithm involving encrytion keys that were HUGE prime numbers (like 50-100 digits) to use in protecting sensitive financial data transmissions.
		NSA stepped in and put tremendous pressure on them not to use this algorithm -- seems it would take all their Crays about 3-4 days to break any given transmission.
	catless.ncl.ac.uk /Risks/2.20.html (1520 words)

	[ISN] NSA begins crypto upgrade
		But existing encryption algorithms are no longer cutting-edge, and hardware for many systems is becoming obsolete.
		NSA will fund early development of new technologies under the Crypto Moderni.zation Program, and the various departments and agencies will acquire the systems once they have been developed.
		"It's a problem for everyone who depends on secure communications, and that's almost everyone in government." NSA's budget is classified, but Jacobs said the agency has budgeted "multiple millions" of dollars just to update its cryptographic systems in 2002 and is seeking to increase funding in its 2003 to 2008 budget plan.
	lists.virus.org /isn-0109/msg00039.html (390 words)

	CNN - The long, strong arm of the NSA - July 27, 1998
		The NSA wants software vendors to make sure that any product with strong encryption have some way for the government to tap into the data.
		By his own account, Rubenstein acts as a "filter" between the NSA and Microsoft's design teams in Redmond, Wash. "Any time that you're developing a new product, you will be working closely with the NSA," he noted.
		When it comes to encryption, it's widely known that a 40-bit encryption key is easily breakable and hence rather useless.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/computing/9807/27/security.idg (1398 words)

	SKIPJACK Review
		The objective of the SKIPJACK review was to provide a mechanism whereby persons outside the government could evaluate the strength of the classified encryption algorithm used in the escrowed encryption devices and publicly report their findings.
		The head of the NSA evaluation team confidently concluded "I believe that SKIPJACK can only be broken by brute force there is no better way."
		In summary, SKIPJACK is based on some of NSA's best technology.
	www.austinlinks.com /Crypto/skipjack-review.html (2718 words)

	The Village Voice: Features: A Most Unusual Collection Agency
		According to a former high-ranking intelligence official, SCS was formed in the late 1970s after competition between the NSA's embassy-based eavesdroppers and the CIA's globe-trotting bugging specialists from its Division D had become counterproductive.
		Mike Frost, formerly of the Communications Security Establishment— Canada's NSA equivalent— served as deputy director of CSE's SCS counterpart and was trained by the SCS.
		Speaking on condition of anonymity, a veteran intelligence official confirmed that the NSA has "arrangements" with other communications firms that allow NSA to access supposedly secure communications, but cooperation from Ericsson would be "a breakthrough— despite our best efforts, they always kept their distance.
	www.fas.org /irp/news/1999/02/vest_madsen.htm (1857 words)

	NSA encryption algorithms
		The vast majority of the National Security Agency's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms.
		Asymmetric-key algorithm R21-Tech-23-94, "Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA)" Key exchange and digital signature algorithm for Fortezza, etc.
		Block cipher R21-Tech-044-91, "SKIPJACK" Confidentiality algorithm for Fortezza, etc.
	en.mcfly.org /NSA_encryption_algorithms (250 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age (1991)
		It should be noted that the establishment of the Computer Security Center as a separate function at NSA was opposed both within and outside the agency at the time.
		The internal opposition stemmed from the perception that computer security was merely a subset of communications security and should be handled in the same way by the same organization.
		These two opposing forces both within and outside NSA continue today to influence the evolution of both computer security and communications security.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309043883/html/194.html (580 words)

	distributed.net: Project RC5
		Detailed papers (PS and tex) describing the RC5 algorithm
		RFC 2040: The RC5, RC5-CBC, RC5-CBC-Pad, and RC5-CTS Algorithms
		Visit our Press Room for more information and to read the announcements.
	www1.distributed.net /rc5 (408 words)

	NSA to declassify two security algorithms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The National Security Agency plans to declassify two computer security algorithms—- one of which is the Skipjack encryption algorithm used in Fortezza PC cards—- clearing the way for commercial firms to work with the Defense Department on security products such as smart cards.
		In addition to the Skipjack algorithm, which was the technology the White House tapped in 1994 as being core to its Clipper Chip initiative, NSA will declassify its Key Exchange Algorithm, which is used for public-key technology.
		The declassification is part of DOD's efforts to work with commercial industry in developing reasonably priced computer security products, according to the DOD announcement of the declassification.
	www.fcw.com /fcw/articles/1998/fcw_6231998_skipjack.asp (212 words)

	GovernmentSecurity.org -> [vb]encryption Algorithms
		Note: One of the best algorithms in the industry.
		Note: Rijndael is the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
		Note: Very slow implementation of the 256-bit version of Serpent.
	www.governmentsecurity.org /forum/index.php?showtopic=5820 (256 words)

	Amic Games - Employment Opportunities
		For legal reasons, we do not want you to send us any game demo or program that you or your employer considers proprietary or confidential.
		So things like a game demo you want to have published eventually, the source code to NT 5.0, or the NSA’s encryption algorithms would be bad things to send to us.
		It is okay to send us any shareware, freeware, programs for personal use, or currently available commercial applications you have worked on.
	www.amicgames.com /show.php?v=jobs (770 words)

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