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Topic: NSA encryption systems

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Type 1 encryption

Type 2 encryption

Clipper chip

Rotor machine

National Security Agency

SIGABA

NSA

SIGSALY

Linear feedback shift register

Typex

ECHELON

Shift register

NSA (disambiguation)

Alan Shepherd

Tamatave

	National Security Agency - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The scale of the operations at the NSA is hard to determine from unclassified data, but one clue is the electricity usage of NSA's headquarters.
		The NSA was embroiled in controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a standard and public block cipher used by the US government.
		NSA was a major player in the debates of the mid to late 1990s regarding US munitions export regulations.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/NSA (1571 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - NSA
		NSA is a key component of the United States Intelligence Community headed by the Director of National Intelligence.
		NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography.
		Traditionally the NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI, who are responsible for domestic intelligence, to collect information on foreign intelligence activities that occur within the borders of the USA while confining its own activities within the USA to the embassies and missions of foreign nations.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=NSA (3011 words)

	NSA encryption systems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One NSA goal is benign fill (technology for distributing keys in a way that the humans never have access to plaintext key).
		First generation NSA systems were introduced in the 1950s and were built on the legacy of NSA's World War II predecessors and used rotor machines derived from the SIGABA design for most high level encryption; for example, the KL-7.
		Encryption support was provided for commercial standards such as Ethernet, IP (originally developed by DOD's ARPA), and optical fiber multiplexing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NSA_encryption_systems (2288 words)

	The National Security Agency Declassified
		This NSA memo indicates that the conditions for identification of U.S. officials by title in NSA reporting varies depending on whether or not the individual is a member of the executive branch.
		This NSA memo was prepared in response to the invitation to former President Carter to travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina to participate in efforts to end the war.
		NSA claims that SIGINT reporting related to these cases is limited to "Guatemalan government reaction to U.S. and international human rights concerns," and does not include specific information regarding the circumstances of death or the involvement of Colonel Alpírez.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/index.htm (6020 words)

	The Ultimate National Security Agency Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		NSA was created in June 1952 by Executive Order of President Truman [1].
		The NSA has, at times, attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography; for example, the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers.
		NSA, in combination with the equivalent agencies in the United Kingdom (Government Communications Headquarters), Canada (Communications Security Establishment), Australia (Defence Signals Directorate), and New Zealand (Government Communications Security Bureau), and otherwise known as the UKUSA group, is believed to be responsible for, among other things, the operation of the ECHELON system.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/NSA (1285 words)

	Encryption (open literature only)
		Encryption is used to protect the confidentiality of information when it must reside or be transmitted through otherwise unsafe environments.
		In addition to the characteristics of a particular encryption algorithm that are required to support a given use, the algorithm itself is generally integrated into a larger system that handles other aspects of the area to which encryption is being applied to ensure correct use and to minimize the visibility of the use of encryption.
		Escrowed Encryption Standard is a NIST Voluntary Standard for encryption of "voice, fax, and computer information over circuit-switched telephone systems." The goal of the initiative is to balance the needs of privacy with law enforcement and export with national security.
	www.objs.com /survey/encrypt.htm (2276 words)

	www.GovExec.com - The Secret's Out (8/1/98)
		NSA's annual budget and number of employees are classified, but the Federation of American Scientists, a Washington-based public interest group, estimates the agency gets roughly $4 billion a year and has close to 20,000 civilian and military employees.
		NSA is cautiously optimistic it will meet its fiscal 1998 agencywide hiring goal of 500 people; as of mid-March, 342 people had been hired against those targets.
		NSA, which hires only U.S. citizens, says the average age of a full-time civilian employee is 42 years and has been with the agency 14 to 18 years.
	www.govexec.com /features/0898s2.htm (2841 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The NSA's charter, executive order 12333, authorizes it to collect information that constitutes "foreign intelligence or counterintelligence" while prohibiting "acquiring information concerning the domestic activities of United States persons".
		However, the NSA's United States Signals Intelligence Directive 18 (USSID 18) strictly prohibits the interception or collection of information about "...US persons, entities, corporations or organizations..." without explicit written legal permission from the Attorney General of the United States.
		This is not the system of government we have and that we fought for." Feingold also stated that "we have a president, not a king" in an interview with CNN.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=NSA (3003 words)

	National Security Agency - The Black Vault Encyclopedia Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Established by a U.S. presidential executive order, the NSA works closely with the Department of Defense and has always been directed by a three-star flag or general officer.
		NSA has its own exit off the Baltimore-Washington Parkway labeled "NSA Employees Only" which is usually guarded by two Maryland State Police vehicles.
		NSA was a major player in the debates of the mid to late 1990s regarding the export of cryptography.
	www.blackvault.com /wiki/index.php/National_Security_Agency (2553 words)

	NSA Letter to Joe Abernathy (June 1992)
		Regarding the Data Encryption Standard (DES), we believe that the public record from the Senate Committee for Intelligence's investigation in 1978 into NSA's role in the development of the DES is responsive to your question.
		That committee report indicated that NSA did not tamper with the design of the algorithm in any way and that the security afforded by the DES was more than adequate for at least a 5-10 year time span for the unclassified data for which it was intended.
		Draw upon computer system technical security guidelines developed -by the NSA to the extent that the NIST determines that such guidelines are consistent with the requirements tor protecting sensitive information in Federal computer systems.
	www.epic.org /crypto/dss/nsa_abernathy_letter.html (3245 words)

	National Security Agency
		NSA is authorized to produce SIGINT in accordance with obje ctives, requirements and priorities established by the Director of Central Intelligence with the advice of the National Foreign Intelligence Board.
		NSA was established as a separate agency responsible directly to the Secr etary of Defense.
		The NSA Drawdown Plan was approved by the Critical Issues Group (the current Board of Directors) in January 1992, briefed to and approved by DIRNSA in February 1992, and presented to and approved by several Congressional staffs in March 1992.
	www.fas.org /irp/nsa/oldind.html (11198 words)

	NSA Backdoor Into Windows
		The NSA access system is built into every version of the Windows operating system now in use, except early releases of Windows 95 (and its predecessors).
		Researchers are divided about whether the NSA key could be intended to let US government users of Windows run classified crypto systems on their machines or whether it is intended to open up anyone's and everyone's Windows computer to intelligence gathering techniques deployed by NSA's burgeoning corps of "information warriors".
		The NSA key inside CAPI can be replaced by your own key, and used to sign cryptographic security modules from overseas or unauthorized third parties, unapproved by Microsoft or the NSA.
	www.theforbiddenknowledge.com /hardtruth/nsa_backdoor_windows.htm (1003 words)

	Clinton's secret crypto policy served to line the pockets of politicians and greedy corporate executives with red money. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The NSA threat is not a hollow one because the agency is certainly equipped with incriminating and/or embarrassing personal information gathered from years of phone intercepts.
		The NSA is equipped with satellites, super computers, employs an estimated 25,000 and has a budget estimated to be one third of the $26 billion U.S. intelligence budget each year.
		The possibility that Chinese agents penetrated the NSA project would bring encryption to the forefront of public debate and shine intense light on an inept intelligence agency.
	www.wealth4freedom.com /truth/9/clipperchip.htm (823 words)

	ENCRYPTION SOFTWARE with forensic software countermeasures
		This is usually the real method by which "the suspect's encryption was cracked." It's also commercially available to industrial spies and criminals, who use it to defeat hard drive data encryption by side channel attacks.
		Consequently, many users of strong e-mail encryption software (such as PGP®) know that its strength is not limited by its 128-bit key-size, but by the trivially small fraction of such keys which can be computed from passphrases which they can remember.
		The penalty for their export from the United States without a BXA license, except to Canada is a fine, not to exceed $1,000,000 and/or a prison term, not to exceed 10 years for each offense.
	www.cerberussystems.com /INFOSEC (703 words)

	NSA Watch \| Highlights
		The NSA, acting at the orders of President Bush, has been uncovered engaging in the warrantless eavesdropping of American citizens and legal residents, an activity that is clearly illegal.
		Reports indicate the state of Florida (with Federal support) is developing a system (called the MATRIX) to gather personal data on a grand scale.
		Among other things, the report chides the NSA for its failure to explain its inner workings, noting that the organization is either unwilling or "unable to identify" its yearly expenditures "to any level of detail." Press coverage of this development is available from Time magazine and the Associated Press.
	www.nsawatch.org /highlights.html (1359 words)

	CNN - The long, strong arm of the NSA - July 27, 1998
		The NSA wants software vendors to make sure that any product with strong encryption have some way for the government to tap into the data.
		By his own account, Rubenstein acts as a "filter" between the NSA and Microsoft's design teams in Redmond, Wash. "Any time that you're developing a new product, you will be working closely with the NSA," he noted.
		When it comes to encryption, it's widely known that a 40-bit encryption key is easily breakable and hence rather useless.
	cnn.com /TECH/computing/9807/27/security.idg/index.html (1398 words)

	Blue2001 - High Confidence Software and Systems
		NSA fabricated a prototype 10 Gbps encryption chip that researchers are using to consult on UltraFastLane, an ATM 2.5-10 Gbps encryptor used by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and DOE.
		NSA research in high-speed cryptography developed hardware that can implement fast changes of key--a critical management capability in multicast key exchange, where large numbers of consumers need to communicate--and improved hardware and protocols in high-speed encryptors for satellite downlinks.
		NSA has circulated a draft specification of a protocol for logical key hierarchy in Internet multicast that provides a flexible approach to re-keying a group in the presence of compromised users, and has tested the protocol.
	www.nitrd.gov /pubs/bluebooks/2001/hcss.html (4826 words)

	Major Encryption Legislation \| 105th Congress \| McCain-Kerrey: S. 909
		The legislation, which was also co-sponsored by Sen. Ernest Hollings (D-SC), would force the U.S. domestic market for encryption to adopt untested and vulnerable "key-recovery" encryption systems.
		Though presented as a compromise between Administration policy and encryption reform bills now pending in Congress, the McCain-Kerrey bill in fact mirrors draft legislation proposed earlier by the Clinton Administration.
		The hearing, called to consider both the general question of key recovery encryption and the McCain-Kerrey "Secure Public Networks Act" (S. 909), highlighted the controversy surrounding efforts to reform US encryption policy.
	www.cdt.org /crypto/legis_105/mccain_kerrey (542 words)

	Nsa Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Degaussers and data declassification systems to completely erase, purge and declassify computer data on floppy disks, hard drives, other magnetic media and optical media
		data destruction magnetic laboratory magnetic media declassification degausser cd-rom erasers flux density disk erasers declassify nsa oersteds magnetic media data security dod purge data
		Embedded system Virtual Media COMNET e-gov Virus-proof Internet server Server Hack-proof Embedded server NSA SPOCK HYDRA Eric Uner VM SPHINX nautilus architecture Biomorphic Trusted Web server Eric Hauk Secure web server No operating system
	www.securitytraq.com /direct/nsa/index.shtml (335 words)

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