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	NSFNet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The NSFNet went online in 1986, using a TCP/IP-based protocol that was compatible with the military's ARPANET, as a backbone to which regional and academic networks would connect.
		From 1987 to 1995 the NSFNET was operated on behalf of the NSF by Merit Network, Inc., a non-profit corporation governed by public Universities.
		On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET Backbone Service was successfully transitioned to a new architecture, where traffic is exchanged at interconnection points called Network access points.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NSFNet (264 words)

	[No title]
		NSFNET Phase 2 Routing Architecture The routing architecture for the second phase of the NSFNET Backbone, implemented on T1 (1.5Mbps) lines, focused on the lessons learned in the first NSFNET phase.
		T3 Phase of the NSFNET Backbone The T3 (45Mbps) phase of the NSFNET Backbone is implemented by means of a new architectural model, in which the principal communication nodes (core nodes) are co-located with major phone company switching facilities.
		The NSFNET Backbone organization and the provider of the attached client network are each responsible for the integrity of their own routing information.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc1222.txt (1949 words)

	[No title]
		NSFNET also supports the goals of the High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program which was delineated in the President's Fiscal 1992 and 1993 budgets and which became law with the passage of The High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (Public Law 102-194).
		Broadly speaking, NSFNET consists of all of these networks together with a number of other networks at locations such as government laboratories and private corporations which are connected to regional networks.
		Because of the breadth of the charter of the NSFNET and because of its wide use by the research and education community, it is projected that the NSFNET user base will continue to grow and that its users will continue to require new levels of connectivity and network services.
	www.eff.org /Infrastructure/NREN_NSFNET_NPN/nsf_nren.rfp (5933 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Organisations connecting to the Internet in the early 1990s had to sign a usage agreement directly with NSFnet to gain access to large parts of the Public Internet, regardless of what Internet Service Provider they purchased Internet access from.
		On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET Backbone Service was successfully transitioned to a new architecture, where traffic is exchanged at interconnection points called NAPs (Network access points.)
		Also NSFNet has nothing to do with Network File System (NFS), a TCP/IP file sharing protocol like SMB.
	www.kisanji.org /default.aspx?modulo=wikipedia&arg=NSFNet (290 words)

	NSFNET Backbone Decommissioned: NSFNET Program Takes Next Steps in Advancing Networking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The NSFNET Program will continue to lead in the development of new technology and new applications in networking for the research and education community, with the emphasis placed on bandwidth-intensive networking.
		To establish the NSFNET Backbone, the proposal submitted by MERIT to the NSFNET Program was founded on the belief that a national research network is crucial for the future of scientific research in the United States.
		If the costs of the NSFNET Backbone were distributed across research and educational institutions, on average, they could be expected to pay approximately $1,500 more per year for connectivity (the average institution currently pays between $10,000 and $60,000 for connections to the Internet).
	www.sdsc.edu /SDSCwire/v1.1/2003.NSFNet_proj.html (754 words)

	NSFNET, National Science Foundation Network
		In recognition of the fact that the network was growing beyond its research focus, in March, 1991, the NSFNET officially ushered in the next wave of Internet growth by modifying its Acceptable Use Policy to allow commercial use by "research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication and research".
		In December, 1992, the NSFNET backbone was completely converted to a T3 or 44.736 Mbps capacity, capable of transmitting 4 and a half million characters a second.
		On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET was officially dissolved, although, returning to its roots, the NSF retained a core research network for research only use called the Very High Speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), which went on to form the basis for the Internet2 project.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/ii_nsfnet.htm (1288 words)

	NSFNET -- The First National, then Global Backbone Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		NSF also made grants to connect foreign research and education networks to the NSFNet, eventually linking 28 research and education networks in 26 nations.
		When decommissioned in April, 1995, NSFNET was the global backbone, linking 28,470 domestic and 22,296 foreign networks.
		NSFNet and the ARPANet before it were research projects, designed by highly qualified researchers.
	som.csudh.edu /fac/Lpress/471/hout/nsfnet.htm (516 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction The NSFNET backbone routes packets between the Regionals Networks to which it is connected, (i.e., the packets arriving at a backbone entry node are routed to an exit node).
		Besides the fact that the overall NSFNET does not fit into a spanning tree model there are serious concerns with the concept of the "core" (central to the EGP) and its obvious deficiencies.
		In any case, the NSFNET backbone Rekhter [Page 4] RFC 1092 IP EGP and Policy Based Routing February 1989 expects individual network numbers of the leaf networks of the regional network, as long as they should be advertised, and will announce individual networks known to the NSFNET core to the regional network.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc1092.txt (1555 words)

	[No title]
		The "crown jewel" of the NSFNET was a national backbone service which provided free carriage for any US research and education traffic that could reach it.
		CONCLUSION While developing the NSFNET and guiding its early growth, the NSFNET Program was concerned primarily with provision of the physical infrastructure necessary to allow the US research and education community to use data communication and networking technology as a working tool.
		NSFNET program - A computer networking program established by NSF chiefly to allow exchange of information and access to remote resources within the research and education community.
	www.stewart.cs.sdsu.edu /nsf-internet.faq (2841 words)

	RFC 1133 - Routing between the NSFNET and the DDN
		As described in RFC1092 and RFC1093, NSFNET routing is controlled by a distributed policy routing database that controls the acceptance and distribution of routing information.
		There are at least three different possibilities about how the NSFNET could select a path to a DDN network via a specific Mailbridge, i.e., the one at NASA-Ames versus the one at Mitre: Yu and Braun [Page 4] RFC 1133 Routing between the NSFNET and the DDN November 1989 1.
		For example, in the case of traffic between the NSFNET and the DDN, the NSFNET has a T1 backbone and a maximum diameter of three hops, while the DDN is a relatively slow network running largely at 56Kbps.
	www.packetizer.com /rfc/rfc.cgi?num=1133 (2744 words)

	Merit: R&D Internet Routing (RADb)
		Part of NSF's ongoing high-speed computing and communications infrastructure initiatives, the NSFNET program from its inception was the foundation of the U.S. Internet and the main catalyst for the explosion in computer networking around the world that followed.
		The NSFNET backbone service, the basis of the larger NSFNET program, linked scientists and educators located on university campuses in the United States to each other and to their counterparts located in universities, laboratories, and research centers all over the world.
		From 217 networks connected in July of 1988 to more than 50,000 in April of 1995 when the NSFNET backbone service was retired, the NSFNET's exponential growth stimulated the expansion of the worldwide Internet and provided a dynamic environment for the development of new communications technologies.
	www.merit.edu /nrd/nsfnet (222 words)

	[No title]
		Within CANet, T3 NSFNET* Backbone, and T3 NSFNET Test Network BGP is used as the exclusive carrier of the exterior routing information both between the autonomous systems that correspond to the above networks, and with the autonomous system of each network.
		T1 NSFNET Backbone is in the process of moving toward carrying the exterior routing information exclusively by BGP.
		The method of a well-known TCP port number to identify packets is similar to the one that was used by Dave Mills in the NSFNET Phase I. Dave Mills identified Telnet traffic by a well known TCP port number, and gave it priority over the rest of the traffic.
	www.rfc-editor.org /rfc/rfc1266.txt (2821 words)

	Define NSFNET - a Whatis.com definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		NSFNET was a network for research computing deployed in the mid-1980s that in time also became the first backbone infrastructure for the commercial public Internet.
		Created as a result of a 1985 National Science Foundation (NSF) initiative, NSFNET established a high-speed connection among the five NSF supercomputer centers and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, and provided external access for scientists, researchers, and engineers who were not located near the computing centers.
		By the early 1990s, as commercial networks began to build their own backbone infrastructures and their own routing mechanisms, the public service furnished by NSFNET's backbone was turned over to the newer backbones and NSFNET was shut down.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci843763,00.html (393 words)

	Ch. 3: ARPANET and the NSFNet
		Originally designed to allow remote connection to the new supercomputer centers NSF had created at several universities, it was instead decided that the NSFNet would serve the broader purpose of connecting smaller computer networks at each of the supercomputing sites.
		And because the NSFNet used ARPANET's TCP/IP as its protocol, the NSFNet and the ARPANET could be combined.
		The original NSFNet backbone was built at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/rit/webBook/chapter3/Introduction/ARPAgrows.htm (243 words)

	RFC 1093 (rfc1093) - NSFNET routing architecture
		Introduction This document describes the routing architecture for the NSFNET centered around the new NSFNET Backbone, with specific emphasis on the interface between the backbone and its attached networks.
		The NSFNET core uses a SPF based internal routing protocol, adapted from the IS-IS protocol submitted by ANSI for standardization to the ISO.
		If an NSFNET internal path exists to such a network known to the ARPANET it may be redistributed into regional networks, subject to further policy verification.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1093.html (2360 words)

	[No title]
		EST on Wednesday, December 2, the T-1 NSFNET backbone is no more--its circuits are turned off--marking the beginning of a new networking era.
		The National Science Foundation's 1987 solicitation for NSFNET said, "It is anticipated that over the next five years NSFNET will reach more than 10,000 mathematicians, scientists, and engineers at 200 or more campuses and other research centers." After five years, these numbers have been more than exceeded and network growth continues to be exponential.
		Total NSFNET traffic grew from 195 million packets in August 1988 to almost 24 billion in November 1992, a 100-fold increase in four years.
	www-commeng.cso.uiuc.edu /network/nsfnet/t1.ends (736 words)

	History of NSFNET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By 1986, both the Defense Department and ARPA were out of the picture and the National Science Foundation (NSF) took over management of the Net.
		NSFNET replaced ARPANET as the main government network linking universities and research facilities.
		Organizations connecting to the Internet in the early 1990s had to sign a usage agreement directly with NSFNET to gain access to large parts of the Public Internet, regardless of what Internet Service Provider they purchased Internet access from.
	www.student.tue.nl /u/e.i.verburg/history/nsfnet.asp (332 words)

	RFC1133 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		NSFNET The routing setup for the direct Mailbridge connections is somewhat different, as compared to the previously used NSFNET/ARPANET gateways.
		RFC 1133 Routing between the NSFNET and the DDN November 1989 low metric to create a primary path (e.g., metric "1") and via the second Mailbridge as a secondary path (e.g., metric "3").
		RFC 1133 Routing between the NSFNET and the DDN November 1989 the distance to the respective Mailbridge.
	rfc.net /rfc1133.html (2974 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		[NSFNET] NETUSE.TXT Interim 3 July 1990 NSFNET Acceptable Use Policy The purpose of NSFNET is to support research and education in and among academic institutions in the U.S. by providing access to unique resources and the opportunity for collaborative work.
		It is expected that the various middle level networks will formulate their own use policies for traffic that will not traverse the backbone.
		Such determinations will be reported to the NSFNET Policy Advisory Committee and to the user community.
	www.etext.org /CuD/Networks/nsfnet (363 words)

	[No title]
		During the NSFNET project, its documents were archived at NIC.MERIT.EDU The delegations of ccTLD until June 1993 are totaly correlated to research programs and NSFNET support to the international connectivity.
		During next two years, and until the end of NSFNET project in May 1995, the connectivity to the Internet is still related to the connectivity to the NSFNET.
		The goal is to assist in achieving connectivity to the NSFNET as quickly and efficiently as possible within contraints of agency policies.
	www.ccwhois.org /ccwhois/imr/imr-cc-matters.txt (4283 words)

	NSFNET Backbone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The NSFNET originally consisted of 56-kbit data circuits[3] connecting its five supercomputer centers.
		Due to rapidly increasing traffic, the NSFNET backbone was again upgraded, less than three and one-half years later, to a sixteen-node T3 network (November, 1991).
		The NSFNET was so successful that the original ARPANET was phased out [2]at the end of 1989.
	www.ece.arizona.edu /~medenis/hw1/nsf_net.htm (398 words)

	[No title]
		The routing protocol which is used for the inter-NSS routing within the NSFNET backbone is an adaptation of the ANSI IS-IS routing protocol [1].
		For the NSFNET implementation, the first 2 bytes of the ID are empty and the last four bytes include the IP address of a particular router.
		The NSFNET backbone PDUs (both IS-IS and IS-ES) are transmitted as a protocol on top of IP, with "85" being the assigned protocol number for this purpose.
	www.isi.edu /in-notes/rfc1074.txt (1450 words)

	Network Chart -- Details
		(1) NSFNET Backbone services are provided to support open research and education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication and research.
		NSFNET Program Backbone services are provided to support research and education in and among US research and education institutions and for private or personal communication incidental to such activities.
		NCRI/NSFNET Program for High Performance Connections : "In the spring of 1996 the NSFNET Connections program was expanded to meet the changing needs of the research community and to further the goal of pushing the frontiers of networking technology.
	people.internet2.edu /~ghb/net/nets-det.htm (2169 words)

	[No title]
		The NSFNET offers access to the nation's largest and fastest network for research, education, and technology transfer.
		Today the NSFNET backbone service carries data at the equivalent of 1400 pages of single-spaced, typed text per second.
		Collaborating Advances Technology The NSFNET project demonstrates the effectiveness of coalescing government, higher education, and business and industry in order to advance the national agenda for research and education.
	www-commeng.cso.uiuc.edu /network/nsfnet/nsfnet.overview (918 words)

	Economic Issues Facing the Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although the initial purpose of the NSFNET was to carry out research at the supercomputer centers, it soon became apparent that many more uses of the network were possible.
		For the first part of its life the NSFNET backbone was run by Merit (Michigan Educational Research and Industrial Triad), a nonprofit regional network for Michigan.
		The NSFNET backbone was shut down on April 30, 1995, and the transition to the new privatized network went relatively smoothly.
	www.sims.berkeley.edu /~hal/Papers/econ-issues-internet.html (7670 words)

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