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	Nabataeans - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		That culture was naturally Aramaic; they wrote a letter to Antigonus "in Syriac letters," and Aramaic continued to be the language of their coins and inscriptions when the tribe grew into a kingdom, and profited by the decay of the Seleucids to extend its borders northward over the more fertile country east of the Jordan.
		Hence Nabataeans became the Arabic name for Aramaeans, whether in Syria or Iran, a fact which has been incorrectly held to prove that the Nabataeans were originally Aramaean immigrants from Babylonia.
		The so-called "Nabataean Agriculture" (Falaha Nabatiya), which professes to be an Arabic translation by Ibn Wahshiya from an ancient Nabataean source, is a forgery of the 10th century (see A. von Gutschmid, Z.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Nabataeans (711 words)

	NABATAEANS - Online Information article about NABATAEANS
		history of the Nabataeans cannot certainly be carried back beyond 3 r 2 B.C., at which date they were attacked without success by Antigonus I.
		The new Arab invaders who soon pressed forward into their seats found the remnants of the Nabataeans transformed into felldhan, and speaking Aramaic like their neighbours.
		Irak, a fact which has been incorrectly held to prove that the Nabataeans were origin-ally Aramaean immigrants from.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MOS_NAN/NABATAEANS.html (1192 words)

	The Petra Great Temple \| History
		With Nabataean rule, Petra became the center for a spice trade that extended from Arabia to Aqaba and Petra, and onward either to Gaza in the northwest, or to the north through Amman to Bostra, Damascus, and finally on to Palmyra and the Syrian Desert.
		Nabataean Classical monuments reflect the international character of the Nabataean economy through their combination of native tradition and the classical spirit.
		But among the most remarkable of all Nabataean achievements is the hydraulic engineering systems they developed including water conservation systems and the dams that were constructed to divert the rush of swollen winter waters that create flash floods.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Anthropology/Petra/excavations/history.html (1262 words)

	Nabataea: Who were the Nabataeans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Language specialists tell us that Nabataean names were Arab names, their language was old Arabic, and that they seem to be found from the borders of Iraq to the depths of the Arabian desert.
		Even after the Nabataeans replaced and absorbed the Edomites, ties between the Idumaeans and the Nabataeans continued, as is illustrated by the family of Herod the Great, whose father was an Idumaean and his mother a Nabataean.
		Another early text that mentions Nabataeans is a stele in the Damascus Museum which bears a Nabataean inscription that mentions a "king of the Nabataeans." The stele is dated to the 3rd century BC making it the oldest known Nabataean text.
	nabataea.net /who.html (3316 words)

	go2petra.com, history of the Nabataean Kingdom.
		It took the Nabataeans a few hundred years to start settling down in Wadi Musa, in the south of Jordan which was very close to their future capital Petra.
		The Nabataeans had their own language, Arabic letters were taken from the Nabataean.
		Nabataean kings were democratic, and used to personally serve themselves and their guests, they were assisted by the minister, and the Queen.
	www.go2petra.com /HISTORY.HTM (706 words)

	Nabataeans
		The Nabataeans were a trading people of ancient Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea.
		Nabataeans became the Arabic name for Aramaeans, whether in Syria or Iraq, a fact which has been incorrectly held to prove that the Nabataeans were originally Aramaean immigrants from Babylonia.
		Petra was rapidly built in the 1st century BC in Hellenistic splendor, yet the Nabataeans were allies of the first Hasmoneans in their struggles against the Seleucid monarchs they became the rivals of the Judaean dynasty in the period of its splendor, and a chief element in the disorders which invited Pompey's intervention in Judea.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DNabataeans%26type%3Den (859 words)

	Petra: Lost City of Stone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Petra is the ancient capital city of the Nabataeans and is located in present-day southwestern Jordan to the east of the Wadi Araba, the great rift valley that runs from the Red Sea in the south to the Dead Sea in the north.
		The Nabataeans, whose time in the deserts of Arabia taught them to be expert hydraulic engineers, were able to harness these underground water sources using a complex system of aqueducts and cisterns to support a city of some tens of thousands.
		Among the traditional Nabataean gods was Dushara, whose name was connected to the large limestone plateau of Shera to the east of Petra.
	www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org /petra/petrafaqs.shtml (1914 words)

	Petra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Primarily known as a commercial and ceremonial center of the Nabataean culture during the centuries before and after the time of Christ, the region of Petra was inhabited in far greater antiquity.
		The first historical mention of the Nabataeans is in a list of the enemies of the King of Assyria in 647 BC, during which time Petra was still occupied by the Edomites.
		The Nabataean capital was strategically situated only twenty kilometers from the crossroads of two vital trade routes; one linking the Persian Gulf (and thereby the silks and spices of India and China) with the Mediterranean Sea (and the empires of the Greeks and Romans), the other connecting Syria with the Red Sea.
	www.sacredsites.com /middle_east/jordan/petra_ruins.htm (1673 words)

	The Nabataeans, Petra
		the late 4th century BC the Nabataeans were firmly established in the Petra area, though with their nomadic traditions it is unlikely that they began building until they had been settled for some time.
		Once settled, the Nabataeans realized that trade required peace and security, so they adopted a policy of avoiding confrontation wherever possible with neighbors jealous of their wealth.
		Apart from the coarse everyday ware, Nabataean pottery is distinguished by the thinness of its walls, which were sometimes only 1.5 mm thick.
	www.atlastours.net /jordan/nabataeans.html (883 words)

	Nabataeans - The Saudi Arabia Information Resource
		The Nabataean capital was Petra, near the modern town of Wadi Musa in Jordan.
		Seven hundred years before the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the Nabataean Kingdom stretched from Damascus to the Red Sea.
		In 63 AD, the Nabataean Kingdom was annexed by Rome and, in 106 AD the Emperor Trajan converted it into the Roman province of Arabia.
	www.saudinf.com /main/a8833.htm (98 words)

	Calvin College - News - Who Were the Nabataeans?
		In an area that averages six inches of rainfall per year the Nabataeans were able to harness the rainfall and the desert springs to the extent that Petra had a daily supply of fresh water historians estimate was big enough for 100,000 people (even though the city population was only 20,000 people).
		The Nabataeans became rich by acquiring control of the Arabian incense trade by 100 BC and they used their significant wealth to build a remarkable city in Petra.
		The Nabataeans also were quite eclectic in their influence, borrowing from Rome, Persia and Greece as they designed their temples, tombs and everyday tools, dishes and more.
	www.calvin.edu /news/releases/2004_05/nabataeans.htm (1484 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Bulls From The Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although much of their history remains shrouded in obscurity, everyone agrees that the Nabataeans were a wealthy nation—so wealthy, in fact, that they are the only people in history known to have imposed a punitive tax on whomever among them grew poorer instead of richer.
		Egypt's population around 300 BC was close to seven million, demand for bitumen was very large and the Nabataeans knew that in the oil of the Dead Sea they had their hands on a fortune of immense proportions.
		The Nabataeans retained some degree of independence from Rome until the year 106, when they were incorporated by the emperor Trajan into the newly formed province of Roman Arabia, with its capital at Bostra in southern Syria.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199404/bulls.from.the.sea.htm (3114 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| The writing on the rocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Nabataeans and their gods were clearly at home in Egypt, and nowhere more so than in the Sinai, which may have been part of their kingdom.
		Thus it was from Sinai that the first Nabataean inscriptions became known to the world, and it was Beer's initial identification and decipherment that ultimately led to the rediscovery and study of this remarkable people about whom history had been silent for so many centuries.
		The last known Nabataean inscription is dated 355; there are none from the fifth century; and from the sixth century there are only three short carved texts in transitional styles that look backward to the late Nabataean forms and forward to the Arabic script of the seventh century.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/620/heritage.htm (2009 words)

	Nabataeans Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nabataean inscription have been found on the Isle of Rhodes, and near Naples Italy, where a Nabataean temple is located, as well as in Alexandria in Egypt.
		Nabataean Travels) At present I am investigating the backgrounds of several wealthy Roman merchant families that came into existence during this period, but as of this publication, am not prepared to publish any of my findings.
		In addition, the Nabataeans controlled Damascus from 85 BC to the time of the Apostle Paul, (interrupted by the Armenian King Tigranes, son of Mithradites VI of Pontus) who ruled the city from 72 BC to 69 BC.
	www.nabataea.net /today1.html (5048 words)

	OPEN - The Mariners of Greece and Near East Contemporaries - Education Content Creator and Distributor.
		Nabataean desert Trade Routes and those to Port Cities Along the Mediterranean and Red Sea during the early Hellenistic period, Evidence of Intercultural Contacts and Associations with the West.
		The Nabataeans were first a nomadic people whose outpost cities are still standing today, a kingdom that flourished in the midst of the struggle of titanic empires, and a crossroads that was also a gateway between two vast worlds.....East and West.
		The Nabataeans were contemporaries of the Greeks at the time of the rise of Alexander and the spread of Hellenism, in their own right a great civilization of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East.
	www.oneplaneteducation.com /Past_petra.asp (850 words)

	Petra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Nabataeans were Arabs and their trading kingdom extended south into the Arabian peninsula, West into the Negev and Sinai, and North toward Damascus.
		Nabataeans carved and erected stela, apparently for religious purposes.
		Nabataean stela are often found in groups of three, perhaps representing a family of gods.
	www.usna.edu /Users/humss/bwheeler/petra.html (260 words)

	History & Culture
		The Nabataeans were a nomadic Arab people from Arabia who began to arrive and slowly settle in Petra at the end of the 6th century BC.
		The Nabataeans were a literate people who spoke a dialect of Aramaic, the language of biblical times, and samples of their beautiful calligraphy can be seen carved into the rock face at Petra.
		Evidence of the Nabataeans at Petra was dwindling and when Christianity spread across the Byzantine Empire, Petra became the seat of a bishopric and a monument was converted to a church, which is the Urn Tomb.
	www.visitjordan.com /attractions/petra/history.asp (1146 words)

	ideofact: Nabataeans & Writing
		They built the ancient city of Petra, which was one of their capitals (it appears the Nabataean empire had more than one).
		Nabataean "history" (they left little of their own, but were mentioned by Greek and Roman historians) stretches from roughly 550 B.C.E. to about 600 C.E., and probably ceased to exist as an independent culture sometime during the first caliphate.
		When the Nabataeans sent their famous diplomatic letter written to Antigonus, Diodorus the historian notes that it was written in 'Syrian letters' (XIX.96.1).
	www.ideofact.com /archives/000044.html (759 words)

	National Geographic Traveler Article: Petra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A city carved out of desert sandstone by Nabataean Arabs two millennia ago, Petra is special to me and all Jordanians because its human lessons, like its architectural marvels and natural beauty, are enduring in the most meaningful sense of the word.
		The Nabataeans' principles of nation building and constructive interactions among peoples of different cultures are as relevant today as when the Nabataeans lived them 2,000 years ago.
		The Nabataeans applied the same principle of diversity to their interactions with other peoples and cultures.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /traveler/articles/1044petra.html (387 words)

	The Prophecy Club
		Nabataeans were a wealthy nation - so wealthy in fact, that they are the only people in history known to have imposed a punitive tax on whomever among them grew poorer instead of richer.
		Pre-historic hunters used bitumen [oil] to attach flint spearpoints to shafts, and prehistoric farmers harvested with sickles whose stone edges were held in place with the same substance, which also served as a liniment and a laxative.
		When they reached their destination, their commander-a general named Hieronymus of Cardia-couldn't believe his eyes: Scores of Arabic-speaking tribesmen were camped on the shore, with pack-camels couched and reed rafts beached, waiting for what they called the thawr-the word was Arabic for "bull"-to appear in the middle of the sulfur-smelling waters.
	www.prophecyclub.com /article_2002_march-april_11.htm (1278 words)

	Petra by Philip Hammond
		Most spectacular, however, was Petra’s commercial stature as the capital city of the Nabataeans, ruling over 1000 known sites, spread from Damascus in the north to Medain Selah in the south and throughout the southern area of Palestine.
		Nabataean trade routes stretched from North to South along the ancient Kings’ Highway and into Wadi Tumilat in Egypt, spreading from there to the western world.
		All went well with Petra and the Nabataeans until late in the evening of the 19th of May A.D. A disastrous earthquake, stretching from Paneas in the north and 170 kilometers south to the Araba valley, utterly destroyed the Nabataean capital.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/petra.htm (1658 words)

	hackwriters.com - Nabataeans: The Builders of Petra - Habeeb Salloum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Straddling the major trade routes in the ancient world, its location gave the Nabataeans access to the levying of taxes on caravans that carried the frankincense and myrrh of Arabia and the silks and spices from the Far Fast to the north and west.
		Subsequently, the Nabataeans, once former nomads, developed great skills in agriculture, architecture, and engineering, as well as in stone cutting and, of course, trade.
		As for religion, the Nabataeans had a relatively small pantheon of gods – the chief two being the male Dushare and the female al-Uzza, which they carried with them from their Bedouin days.
	www.hackwriters.com /Nabataeans.htm (1284 words)

	Civilization.ca - PETRA: Lost City of Stone
		The Nabataeans, desert nomads who built this city, were a people whose success we might hope to emulate.
		Knowledge was the only resource the early Nabataeans could develop, a knowledge accumulated during centuries of nomadic life when survival depended on finding water and pasture for their small herds of camels, sheep and goats.
		With their accumulated knowledge, the Nabataeans transformed the barrenness and intractability of their homeland into an advantage over those who lacked their experience and understanding.
	www.civilization.ca /cmc/petra/petra2e.html (580 words)

	Civilization.ca - PETRA: Lost City of Stone
		Its founders — the Nabataeans — are still hailed for their business acumen, artistic talents, and technical innovations.
		Visitors are then transported back to the founding of the Nabataean kingdom and begin a journey through time to the present day.
		It presents a brief cultural history of the city, and examines how the more than 800 tombs were literally cut into the rock using a unique process.
	www.civilization.ca /cmc/petra/petrae.html (853 words)

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