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	Nabateans
		The Nabateans are most likely of the same ethnic origin as other peoples of Arabia, and their modern descendants are either labelled Arabs or Bedouins.
		The Nabatean kingdom was governed by a royal family, and the kingdom was abundant in resources and bustling with a cosmopolitan population.
		The Nabateans use this to conquer land to the north and east, involving parts of modern Syria and most of modern Jordan.
	i-cias.com /e.o/nabateans.htm (791 words)

	WTNP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Nabatean hydrological techniques, especially in connection with the protection of the city's water supply and methods for controlling floods during the rainy seasons were studied.
		The hydrological network in Petra is evidence of the Nabatean's precision workmanship and their ability to control the speed of water, especially in the long canals coming from springs outside of the city.
		The Nabatean peasants lived mostly near the water, in agricultural areas of Beida according to the discovery of some houses in the Bageh area, and in the Baqa and Siq Ghrab in Beida.
	www.muheisenz.homestead.com /WTNP.html (2769 words)

	Ammarin Bedouin Camp
		The Nabateans were originally a nomadic group who came from a coalition of Arab tribes under the leadership of the King of Qedar.
		Their country, without water, is unpenetrable to enemies, but the Nabateans possess cisterns to collect rain water, the place of which is known only to the inhabitants of the country.
		The Nabateans believed in the existence of the human soul and its ability to survive seperately from the human body.
	www.bedouincamp.net /nab.html (1410 words)

	Jordan - Touristic Sites - South of Amman
		The Nabateans eventually repelled the invaders, and records indicate that they were eager to remain on good terms with the Seleucids in order to perpetuate their trading ambitions.
		The last Nabatean monarch, Rabbel II, struck a deal with the Romans that as long as they did not attack during his lifetime, they would be allowed to move in after he died.
		Originally thought to have been built by the Romans after their defeat of the Nabateans in 106 CE, it is now believed that the Nabateans cut the Amphitheater out of the rock around the time of Christ, slicing through many caves and tombs in the process.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /tourism6d.html (3259 words)

	The Nabateans: A Historical Sketch -- Biblical Archaeologist (Excerpt 45)
		The Nabateans are described by Diodorus as completely nomadic [in the beginning of their coming into being].
		The Nabateans were installed on a huge natural bastion on the summit of an immense rock which could be approached only by a single hand-cut ascent.
		In the Bible this Nabatean retreat is none other than the refuge of the Edomites, the famous massif Rock of the prophets mentioned in the Book of Obadiah which includes the prediction of the destruction and ruin of Edom.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /76.html (681 words)

	Dhu Shara
		The Nabateans had a close relationship with the Edomites as they each claim a female line of descent from Ishmael, through Bashemath, one of the three wives of Esau and her sister Nabaioth respectively (Browning 32), conditions favourable to integration.
		It is said that when Allat became the goddess of the Nabateans, she bacame al-Uzza the 'mighty one' as she evolved from a local deity into a patron of an expanding culture (Browning 47).
		The Nabateans originally were tent-dwelling shepherds renowned, like their fellow tribe the Recchabites, for eschewing houses, planted crops or wine, in their case on penalty of death (Negev 101), a sentiment shared by Muhammad, who looked with contempt upon the Kuryshites and Ansari "for they employ themselves with sowing seeds"...
	www.dhushara.com /book/orsin/dhushara.htm (2386 words)

	Jordan - History - The Mysterious Nabateans
		The Nabateans worshipped a pantheon of deities, chief among which were the sun god Dushara and the goddess Allat.
		The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE augured a period of relative anarchy for the Romans in Jordan, and the Parthian kings of Persia and Mesopotamia took advantage of the chaotic situation to attack.
		The Nabateans profited for a while from their incorporation into the trade routes of the Roman Near East, and Petra may have grown to house 20,000-30,000 people during its heyday.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /his_nabateans.html (919 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Notes On The Nabateans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		With the well-guarded Petra as a base of power the Nabateans were able to control the important roads to the coast south of the Dead Sea and all of the desert country lying to the east of the towns in what is today Jordan and western Syria.
		Toward the end of the first century A.D. they began to decline and a century later had disappeared altogether as a separate state and people and their magnificent capital in Petra was left, deserted and empty, to the wind and sun and an occasional Bedouin, for 1,600 years.
		Furthermore the Nabateans produced a distinctive pottery of excellent quality and workmanship—all of which means that if the Nabateans were nomads they were most unusual nomads since nomadic people rarely develop water conservation systems or fine pottery.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196505/notes.on.the.nabateans.htm (1289 words)

	Mamshit & the Ancient Synagogue of Maon
		In 63 BCE the Nabatean country was conquered by the Romans, but their king Aretas III (40 BCE - 9 CE) swore allegiance to the Emperor, and he was able to keep his lands.
		No cultic remains of the Nabateans have been found in Mamshit of their own religion, which was polytheistic and based on deification of natural powers, like the sun god, the god of the wine, the moon and the water.
		Again according to Strabo, the Nabateans worshipped their gods on the roofs of their houses, but the roofs were the first thing to disappear.
	www.jewishmag.com /99mag/maon/maon.htm (1635 words)

	History of the Nabateans At Petra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their country, without water, is impenetrable to enemies, but the Nabateans possess cisterns to collect rain- water, the place of which is known only to the inhabitants of the country.
		The Nabateans were originally a nomadic group that came from a coalition of Arab tribes that were under the leadership of the Shepherd King of Khedar.
		The Nabateans believed in the existence of the human soul and its ability to survive separately from the human body.
	www.acacialand.com /Nabaten.html (942 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : A Kingdom of Traders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A pre-Islamic Arab group, the Nabateans, or "Nabatu," made their first impact on the ancient world as Red Sea raiders, but then, defeated too often, became nomads who next appear herding their goats and sheep along the western coast of the Arabian Peninsula and moving ever northward toward less populated areas.
		Strabo tells us, for instance, that the king served guests with his own hands and remained standing throughout the meal in order to make sure they were well fed, and the kingdom's coins were reminders that their king "loved his people," and was the "restorer and supporter" of the nation.
		Mighty Rome, of course, was seldom balked for long and eventually the Romans struck at Nabatean through her commerce -the very lifeblood of the kingdom – by diverging trade routes in the south to Alexandria and trade routes in the north to Palmyra.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198102/a.kingdom.of.traders.htm (1259 words)

	Negev
		The relations between the Judeans and the Nabateans, which were stormy for a long time, became closer under the Hasmoneans (2nd century B.C.) with whom they faced a common Greek enemy.
		The Nabateans then controlled the routes of the caravans under the authority of a king that resided in legendary Petra.
		The Nabateans have moderate tastes and are so attached to their property that they impose penalties on whoever allows his property to diminish, while honor is bestowed upon those who increase it.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/moriya/negev/NabateansBedouins.html (1718 words)

	Final Empire CHAP 17
		The Nabatean civilization existed in the Negev and Sinai deserts for approximately two centuries and produced an amazing and exquisite culture in a land of as little as two to four inches rainfall per year.
		While their turn lasted, the Nabateans wrought greatly, developing almost overnight into builders of magnificent cities, which are unique in the history of the handiwork of man. They became tradesmen, farmers, engineers, architects and artists of outstanding excellence.
		The secret lay in the fact that the ancient Nabatean channels, which the professor had restored, sluiced the rain down from the surrounding hills, while the walls surrounding the quarter-acre plots maintained the water at a depth of six inches when, during one sudden shower, only a fifth of an inch of rain fell.
	www.rainbowbody.net /Finalempire/FEchap17.htm (4195 words)

	Spice Route of Nabateans (BiblePlaces.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Near Ein Saharonim are the remains of a Nabatean caravanserai, indicating that this was one of their stops on the Spice Route.
		The route the Nabateans took across the Negev with their camel trains was called the Spice Route; it stretched from the Persian Gulf (Arabia) to the ports of Gaza, passing through Petra (their capital) and Avdat.
		The Nabateans were the mediators of these products and goods; they even sold asphalt from the Dead Sea to Egypt for use in mummification, coffin-sealing, and glue.
	www.bibleplaces.com /spiceroute.htm (577 words)

	Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is a Nabatean "Polygram" (many readings) with inscriptions on it of a man named "Muslim Bar (son of) Aslam" and dates back to 350 AD.
		It is well known from history that the Nabatean kings of Petra had close connections and even close-family relations with the Herodian Kings of Jerusalem during the time of the Roman Empire.
		Aretas (Aeneas, ‘Hani’), a Nabatean noble-man became the new king and made himself the greatest of the kings of Petra.
	www.star.com.jo /viewnews/DetailNews.aspx?nid=437 (1192 words)

	Panorama Productions: Photo tour of Petra
		Originally a nomadic people who made their living on the trading routes, the Nabateans settled into the security of the Petra canyon.
		One of the reasons why Petra was such an attractive site for the Nabateans was because it was virtually hidden away behind a narrow and easily defensible canyon known as the Siq.
		Whatever it's purpose, it would seem that the Nabateans wanted to make a good first impression to the visitors of their city.
	www.panoramaproductions.net /tours/jordan/petra/tour.html (246 words)

	nabatean empire home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the most important elements in the Nabateans' control over caravan routes was their ability to trap and preserve scarce water resources.
		From pre-eminence in the spice trade north from the Arabian Peninsula, the Nabateans extended their influence over trade in bitumen form the Dead Sea marketed to Egypt, and the silk of the Orient moving to the west.
		While Petra is certainly the most noted and unique of the sites associated with the Nabateans, a number of other locales built or extended during the height of the empire are well worth visiting.
	www.petramoon.com /nabatean.html (338 words)

	St. Cloud State University - Social Responsibility
		The core of Nabatean cultural history is usually seen as stretching from the second half of the last millennium B.C., to the first century A.D. After the first century A.D., Nabatea was gradually colonized by the Romans.
		When I studied the ancient history of Nabatean civilization, I found that it was almost always discussed, as was the fashion of the time, as a more or less coherent, corporate body, more or less in isolation from geopolitical events and cultures around it.
		Joseph Patrich (1990) has argued that the Nabateans were in fact a state established when Arab traders from Himyaritic regions of southern and central Arabia "imposed their rule on the farmers of Transjordan," the "Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Arameans, and even Israelites -- that is, the peasants of Transjordan" (p.38).
	www.stcloudstate.edu /socialresponsibility/articles/nubians.asp (6587 words)

	Nabataeans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was this King who after putting down a local rebellion invaded and occupied the Nabatean towns of Moab and Gilead and imposed a tribute of an unspecified amount.
		Athenio (Cleopatra's General) sent Canathans to the aid of the Nabateans, and this force crushed Herod's army which then fled to Ormiza.
		The Nabateans under Elthemus refused to give battle, so Herod forced the issue when he attacked their camp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nabateans (1219 words)

	TSR Manuscripts
		The Nabateans were semi- nomadic Arabs who originated from the north of Arabia.
		Both the Phoenicians and the Nabateans were noted for their business orientated skills, with the Phoenicians sailing as far afield as Cornwall in the UK for tin.
		The Nabateans who dealt in the frankincense trade were also engineers and architects, but the art of writing was not amongst their interests.
	www.trmkt.com /manu.html (1555 words)

	Egypt: Petra, Part I: The History and Relationship with Egypt
		But in fact, the Nabateans were able to expand their zone of influence even further north to control more trade routes due to the infighting that occurred between the Greek generals who divided up Alexander the Great's empire.
		With the rise of the Romans, by 63 BC the growing economic and political power of the Nabateans began to be worrisome.
		The so called Nabatean Empire was considerably reduced by the Romans, yet they managed to retain their smaller kingdom for almost another century and a half.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/petra1.htm (2314 words)

	Discovery Channel - Jordan: The Royal Tour - The Nabateans
		Migrating from Arabia and arriving in the sixth century BCE (Before Common Era), the Nabateans were a nomadic tribe, who abandoned their itinerant ways and settled across southern Jordan, northern Arabia and the Naqab desert.
		The wealth of the Nabateans came from the region’s lucrative and extensive trade, including ivory, spices, wine, silks, precious metals and stones, incense, sugar, livestock, perfumes, and medicines.
		The last Nabatean king, Rabbel II, struck a deal with the Romans, promising they would be allowed to occupy Nabatean territory on his death.
	www.discoverychannel.co.uk /reality/royal_tour/nabateans/index.shtml (422 words)

	Avdat (BiblePlaces.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The ability of the Nabateans to produce such large quantities of grapes in this arid area is a remarkable testimony to their ingenuity.
		Avdat was a stop along the long caravan route known as the “Spice Route.” This route brought herbs, spices, perfumes and treasures from the Arabian Peninsula to the Gaza port, by way of Petra and the Negev.
		Avdat - A Nabatean City in the Negev (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Explains the history of Avdat in detail, covering the Nabatean, Roman, and Byzantine periods.
	www.bibleplaces.com /avdat.htm (542 words)

	On The Frankincense Trail
		Keen businessmen, the Nabateans soon expanded their empire, and thereby their monopoly on the camel caravans, into what is now northwestern Saudi Arabia.
		In the desert, water means eveything, and the Nabateans were masters at channeling it from the mountain tops during the rainy season into dams and cisterns still used today by traveling Beduoin.
		And while they were removed some 25 centuries from the age of the dot.com, the Nabateans had pretty sophisticated information networks of their own.
	savvytraveler.publicradio.org /show/features/2000/20001229/frank.shtml (1030 words)

	Petra - Ancient Nabatean City
		Built by the Nabateans, Petra served as their capital and religious center.
		The Nabateans flourished from the 4th century BC to AD 106 from the caravan trade of myrrh and spices from southern Arabia to Gaza, Alexandria and Damascus.
		In Persian times, the Nabateans adopted Aramaic as their language but used Arabic after the Roman annexation.
	www.unitedtravelltd.com /petra.html (105 words)

	Egypt: The Ancient Egyptians as Model Builders
		Sometime during the 6th century BC, the nomadic tribe known as the Nabateans migrated from western Arabia and settled in the area.
		It appears as though the Nabatean migration was gradual and there were few hostilities between them and the Edomites, who then occupied this part of Jordan.
		In fact, the Nabateans were able to expand their zone even further north to control more trade routes.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/petra.htm (3488 words)

	petra
		Inhabited from prehistoric times by the Edomites, the glory of Petra flowered with the arrival of the Nabateans, whose new ideas and concepts in art and architecture, influenced by the prevalent Hellenistic culture at the time, gave rise to the spectacular monuments carved into the rose red mountains.
		The Khazneh is a beautiful and well-reserved monumental tomb for a Nabatean king, which probably was later used to worship the king’s memory.
		On the left-hand side of the Siq, are the channels that once ran all along the Siq and carried water to the Nabatean city from the springs of Moses.
	www.nebo.com.jo /jordan/petra.htm (494 words)

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