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	Nagana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nagana, also called nagana pest or Animal African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease of vertebrate animals.
		The nagana pest disease has had a significant effect on African history, by keeping horses and camels (and thus cavalry and mounted knights and mounted messengers) out of much of Africa.
		Another effect is that it is probable that the southward spread of the Bantu/Nguni peoples had to wait until their cattle evolved to become resistant to nagana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nagana (225 words)

	"Fake Cows Trap Tsetse Flies" - Organic Agriculture, Gardening News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cases of nagana in the country plummeted to almost zero and have remained at this low level for the past five years.
		Dr Stephen Torr of the University of Greenwich's natural resources institute, said: "During the mid-1980s, when cases of nagana were at their peak in Zimbabwe, the government was spraying 100-200 tons of DDT pesticides per year to control the tsetse fly population.
		Sleeping sickness and nagana are transmitted to humans and cattle by tsetse flies infected with the parasite Trypanosoma brucei.
	www.truehealth.org /agnew10.html (381 words)

	sftsetse
		It is academic to the farmers who’ve retreated to these packed hills: they are trying to escape the advance of a small dun colored biting insect -- the tsetse fly, and nagana the mostly lethal disease it is spreading among their livestock.
		Nagana and sleeping sickness are insurmountable obstacles to farmers working land, no matter how fertile, where they are epidemic: as a consequence millions are condemned to the futility of cultivating poor soils while fertile land lies fallow.
		Cause of death: probably nagana, perhaps complicated by a tick born disease.
	www.iaea.org /About/Policy/GC/GC45/SciProg/sftsetse.html (3882 words)

	Sir David Bruce (www.whonamedit.com)
		Nagana, a devastating disease, was killing large numbers of the Zulu's cattle.
		The relationship of this parasite to nagana was demonstrated by inoculating blood from infected cattle into healthy horses and dogs: they became acutely ill, and their blood swarmed with haematozoa.
		He was now convinced that nagana was identical with the «tsetse fly disease» described by Livingstone in 1858, and that this fly transmitted the causal trypanosome.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/871.html (4653 words)

	A truly sacred cow
		) and nagana (the equivalent disease in cattle) caused by a protozoan but could soon be completely eradicated from parts of the continent thanks to an artificial cow.
		The kairomones mimic the smell of real cattle and attract the tsetse to the fake cow, which is loaded with pesticide.
		"During the mid-1980s, when cases of Nagana were at their peak in Zimbabwe, the government was spraying 100-200 tons of the DDT pesticide per year," says Greenwich's Stephen Torr, "This pest control policy has now been abandoned in favor of more effective and environmentally-friendly alternatives."
	www.reactivereports.com /21/21_3.html (212 words)

	Artificial Cow Helps To Eradicate Sleeping Sickness
		Cases of Nagana in Zimbabwe have plummeted to practically zero and have remained at this low level for the last five years, largely due to the use of artificial cows, of which there are now about 60,000 in use.
		"During the mid-1980s, when cases of Nagana were at their peak in Zimbabwe, the government was spraying 100-200 tons of the DDT pesticide per year (now banned in many countries) to control the tsetse fly population," says Dr. Stephen Torr of the University of Greenwich's Natural Resources Institute.
		Sleeping sickness and Nagana are transmitted to humans and cattle by tsetse infected with a parasite called Trypanosoma.
	unisci.com /stories/20013/0920012.htm (545 words)

	Eien no Hotaru \| Chapter 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Nagana looked around in dread, her pupils dilated from fear as the feeble light showed torture devices on a small table beside a mangy mattress.
		Nagana tried to escape but the manacles bit painfully on her wrists cutting the tender skin, her blood slowly trickling down her arms.
		Nagana hovered for a brief instant before putting her mouth on the wound, her tongue lapping the blood before she started to suckle.
	www.angeltowns2.net /the_lair/sare/archives/hotaru/chap12.html (5497 words)

	Artificial cows effectively combat tsetse flies
		Tsetse flies that infect cattle with nagana (animal trypanosomosis) have been "all but eradicated from Zimbabwe's farming areas" with the use of "artificial cows," says David Hall of the University of Greenwich, UK.
		The cows were introduced into Zimbabwe in the 1980s, when thousands of cattle were infected with nagana, and some 60 000 of the devices are now in use.
		Over time, nagana cases have plummeted-as has the use of aerial and ground pesticide spraying-and have remained at near-zero levels for the past 5 years.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2001/nov/cows.htm (546 words)

	Eien no Hotaru \| Chapter 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Little by little, the darkness lifted and Nagana found herself in a coffin, Hotaru beside her as she tenderly held her in her arms, her wrist still oozing blood from where she had cut it.
		Nagana could not answer for words failed her as she saw for the first time Hotaru with eyes other than those of a human.
		Nagana opened her eyes and gasped for she was in front of a tall mirror, Hotaru standing behind her.
	www.angeltowns2.net /the_lair/sare/archives/hotaru/chap13.html (2958 words)

	Horizon Magazine
		A new breed of cattle tolerant to the killer disease, nagana, and with improved milk and beef production is within striking distance.
		In the research, ILRI is collaborating with Waigeningen Institute for Animal Science, of the Netherlands, the University of Liverpool and the Institute for Genomics Research (TIGR).
		Symptoms of nagana include high body temperature, loss of appetite, weakness, swollen glands and lose of weight.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/DailyNation/Supplements/horizon/19072001/story2.htm (428 words)

	Are there drugs to cure sleeping sickness and nagana?
		Nagana is always more common than sleeping sickness for three reasons.
		Consequently, the percentage of tsetse carrying sleeping sickness are much lower than that carrying that carrying nagana.
		Consequently, tsetse are inherently more efficient vectors of nagana than sleeping sickness.
	www.nri.org /tsetse/FAQ/ssnagana.htm (346 words)

	WUNTAKAL YALPI CHENABASAVANA GOWD v. RAO BAHADUR Y. MAHABALESHWARAPPA AND ANOTHER [1954] INSC 45; (1955) SCR 131; AIR ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Two rent receipts passed by Nagana to Paramma in token of the receipt of rents, reserved by this lease, on behalf of Chenabasavana have been proved in this case, Exhibits D-4 and D4-1, and they are of the years 1927 and 1932 respectively.
		It is in evidence and not disputed, that near about this time Nagana became financially involved and on the 27th of August, 1935, he executed a deed of mortgage by conditional sale in respect of half-share of the disputed land in favour of defendant No.
		As the plaintiff purports to derive his title from Nagana, he can be said to have established his title as a co-owner with defendant No. I and this being the position, the presumption of law would be that the possession of one co-owner was on behalf of the other also unless actual ouster was proved.
	www.austlii.edu.au /~andrew/CommonLII/INSC/1954/45.html (2133 words)

	Waal
		Accurate data on production losses and actual mortality are not available but nagana was a major cause of death of animals which were already under severe stress caused by the drought conditions which prevailed in the area at that time.
		Most of the area currently infested with nagana is used for traditional mixed farming and the presence of tsetse and nagana seriously handicaps development.
		Accurate data is essential to place the tsetse fly and nagana problem in the broader context of socio-economic and agricultural development, natural resource management and land husbandry.
	www.ilri.cgiar.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Ag_Elisa/Waal.htm (2536 words)

	Sleeping Sickness
		In a speech read for her by Mr Lawrence Semakula, the director of animal resources, Ms Mugyenyi said the disease is fatal if it is untreated and causes abortions, sterility and other gynaecological problems among women.
		Ms Mugyenyi said sleeping sickness and nagana (the strain which affects cattle) were spreading to Kumi, Soroti and Kaberamaido districts where they had not been known before.
		The presentation showed that sleeping sickness and nagana are common in West Nile region and Mukono, Kayunga, Jinja, Mayuge, Bugiri, Tororo, Mbale and Pallisa districts.
	www.ugandamission.net /health/news/sleep.html (682 words)

	KZN Wildlife - Hluhluwe History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		So began the Nagana campaign which was to last until 1954 and have devastating and long lasting effects on Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park as the interests of conservationists were in direct conflict with those wanting to open up Zululand to cattle ranching.
		It was thought at the time that wild game species acted as a reservoir for the blood parasite known as Trypanosoma - (a fatal disease that affect domestic animals causing Nagana or sleeping sickness and which is transmitted by the Tsetse fly) As a result attempts to eradicate the disease were directed at game populations.
		The affect of this campaign was to scatter game populations throughout Zululand, resulting in the worst outbreak of nagana to date (Minaar, 1989).
	www.kznwildlife.com /hluhluwe_hist.htm (1167 words)

	www.myspace.com/nagana
		Boredom and frustration brought these folks together in late 2004.
		NAGANA now consist of current and ex-members of some more or less successive local bands as IN RUINS OF, GADGET, MIJAILO, RADIOSKUGGA and DEAD SILENT DAYS among others...
		Songs are beeing made as we speak and the first ones are supposed to be recorded this fall.
	www.myspace.com /nagana (137 words)

	MBL Study Shows How Good Cholesterol Provide Human Immunity To Certain Parasites
		The parasite is a close relative of Trypanosoma brucei gambienese and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the organisms that cause African sleeping sickness in humans.
		The findings that two proteins work synergistically to kill the Nagana parasite in humans contradict a long-held hypothesis that a single protein was the key to HDL's parasite-fighting power.
		Shiflett and her colleagues in the MBL's Global Infectious Diseases Program are focused on understanding the molecular workings of a variety of parasites, including those that cause human African sleeping sickness, Nagana, and malaria.
	www.omniomix.com /inthenews.php?id=47126 (433 words)

	UN Chronicle \| UN Agencies Battle Tsetse ... and Rural Poverty
		Although efforts are under way to promote the use of cattle breeds that are less susceptible to nagana, only low productive native breeds, which are being maintained by drugs to which trypanosome parasites are becoming resistant, can survive in tsetse-infested regions.
		With many breeds of cattle, when infected, cows abort much of the time and bulls become infertile and their growth is stunted.
		Scientists have been unable to develop a vaccine and drugs for humans or cattle that can prevent the onset of sleeping sickness, and the drugs available to treat it are highly toxic or difficult to administer.
	www.un.org /Pubs/chronicle/2002/issue2/0202p17_agencies_battle_tsetse_and_rural_poverty.html (945 words)

	Info Science : Fausse vache contre vraie tsé-tsé
		Ce bétail piégé a presque fait disparaître maladie du sommeil et nagana.
		Cela fait cinq ans que le taux de nagana, l’équivalent animal de la maladie du sommeil, se maintient proche de zéro.
		Ces victoires sont d’autant plus intéressantes que le nagana et la maladie du sommeil représentent des coûts humain et économique très importants dans l’ensemble du continent africain.
	www.infoscience.fr /articles/articles_aff.php3?Ref=709 (559 words)

	New Vision Online : 400,000 cattle die of nagana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		OVER 400,000 cattle in Uganda have died of nagana since 1900, according to the recent Health and Environment Linkage Initiative report, writes Fred Ouma.
		Compiled by WHO and the UN Environment Programme, it indicates that between 1900 and 1940, nagana outbreak in Busoga and Lake Victoria shores caused over 350,000 deaths.
		An outbreak in 1960 in Busoga, Bukedi and West Nile caused 500 deaths.
	www.newvision.co.ug /D/9/37/445773 (175 words)

	Tsetse Flies - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Tsetse flies serve as the intermediate hosts for several species of trypanosomes that cause fatal diseases of both domestic animals (nagana) and humans (African sleeping sickness).
		Trypanosomes invade the blood, lymph, CSF, and various organs of the body, such as the liver and spleen.
		Nagana, a related complex in cattle caused by Trypanosoma brucei, has occurred over enormous areas estimated to be as great as one quarter of the African continent.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/71710.htm (302 words)

	[No title]
		This editorial recounts the steps taken by Dr David Bruce to determine the cause of nagana in Zululand 100 years ago.
		By a series of elegant parasitological and entomological experiments, he established beyond doubt that nagana is caused by a `Haematozoa' (later named Trypanosoma brucei) and that this is conveyed by an infected tsetse fly, which is itself infected by feeding on game animals which form the major reservoir of infection.
		He was thus the first investigator to demonstrate transmission of a protozoan parasite by insect bite and the first to demonstrate the developmental cycle within the tsetse fly.
	www.fao.org /PAAT/18-2.doc (2619 words)

	UCSF Office of Technology Management - AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES
		UCSF researchers have identified a novel series of small molecule compounds that potently inhibit trypanosomal infection and serve as promising agents for antitrypanosomal therapy.
		Chagas’ disease, which affects 12-15 million people, is the leading cause of heart disease in Latin America and can be fatal, resulting in approximately 50,000 deaths a year.
		Nagana in cattle severely affects the livestock economy in infected regions of the world.
	www.otm.ucsf.edu /tech/otm02071.asp (345 words)

	Corruption, Battle Over Turf Stall Kenya Animal Health Push
		In a country where corruption is high, livestock projects suffer even when funds from donor agencies are available.
		In Kenya, ranked fifth most corrupt nation by Transparency International last year, farmers are losing cattle daily to nagana (trypanosomiasis) while bureaucrats wrangle over a 336 million shilling ($4.3 million) European Union-funded project meant to fight the menace.
		The tsetse fly, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, had been brought to 99 per cent control levels by 1991 but has bounced back because of unsustainable control measures.
	www.livestockweekly.com /papers/01/11/01/whlnagana.asp (704 words)

	CORD: Parasite Genome
		Hundreds of thousands of people in Africa are infected with these parasites and the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that 300-500,000 will die this year.
		This parasite causes nagana in cattle and grows to very high numbers in mice.
		The Insect Vector: Both human sleeping sickness and the cattle disease nagana are transmitted by the bite of trypanosome infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.).
	main.uab.edu /cord/show.asp?durki=40914 (887 words)

	Nagana - Moviefone
		Synopsis: A countess and a doctor embark on an adventure in Africa in order to find a cure for sleeping sickness, but superstitions and crocodiles get in their way.
		Nagana - Cast, crew, movie showtimes, Nagana info, trailer, plot summary, synopsis, Nagana preview, and more on Moviefone.
		Nagana - Cast & Crew, movie showtimes, plot, synopsis, exclusive features, trailers, clips, theater listings, reviews, message boards, dvd, videos, rentals and more on Moviefone.
	movies.aol.com /movie/nagana/1068792/main (119 words)

	bruce
		After a period teaching at the Army Medical School at Netley Bruce was sent to South Africa where, thanks to the Governor's support, he was able to investigate the veterinary disease nagana and proved that Trypanosoma brucei was the causative organism and that the vector was the tsetse fly.
		When Bruce arrived, Aldo Castellani, who was on the verge of leaving, told him that he had found a trypanosome in cerebrospinal fluid.
		Shortly afterwards Bruce proved that it was the causative organism of sleeping sickness which, like the trypanosome that causes nagana, was transmitted by the tsetse fly.
	www.lshtm.ac.uk /library/archives/bruce.html (479 words)

	Zanzibar Prepares for the Post Tsetse Area
		An independent group of experts recently confirmed that since September 1996 not a single wild fly has been caught in the array of traps set out in once heavily infested areas.
		The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) - the final weapon in this eradication effort - was discontinued in December 1997, though monitoring for both the insects and the livestock disease (Nagana) they transmit will continue.
		With re-infestation very unlikely (the mainland is more than 30 kilometres away) the new focus is on increasing livestock and crop production across the island.
	www.iaea.org /Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull394/zanzibar.html (657 words)

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