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	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Dr Najibullah Ahmadzai (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai was the fourth President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Najibullah (meaning "Honored of God") was born in August 1947 to a moderately prosperous family belonging to the Pushtun Ahmadzai sub-tribe of the Ghilzai.
		Najibullah sought sanctuary in the UN compound in Kabul.
	www.afghanland.com.cob-web.org:8888 /history/najib.html (519 words)

	Dr. Najibullah Ahmadzai @AryanaSite.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Nicknamed "the Ox" because of his burly physique and strength, as a young man Najibullah was an activist of the pro-Moscow Parcham Party, organizing students of Kabul University during a long career as a student of the medical faculty.
		Najibullah returned to Kabul in the wake of the Soviet military invasion in December 1979, as head of KHAD, the Afghan secret police.
		Najibullah offered to resign as President if an interim government was formed, under a plan drafted by the United Nations (UN); however, alleged violations of the terms by his opponents caused him to reimpose his authority on the government in Kabul.
	www.aryanasite.com /afghanistan/biographies/drnajibullah.html (302 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Najibullah began studying medicine at Kabul University in 1964 and received his medical degree in 1975, but he never practiced medicine.
		Najibullah was made head of the secret police and became known for his brutality and ruthlessness.
		As president, Najibullah attempted to gain support by relaxing his strict control, but he was widely despised and was finally forced from office by the Islamic rebels.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Personailities.NajibullahMohammad.shtm (225 words)

	Afghanistan - Najibullah's Leadership, 1986-92 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Najibullah's achievements as a mediator between factions, an effective diplomat, a clever foe, a resourceful administrator and a brilliant spokesman who coped with constant and changing turmoil throughout his six years as head of government, qualified him as a leader among Afghans.
		Najibullah suffered, to a lesser degree, the same disadvantage that Karmal had when he was installed as General Secretary of the PDPA by the Soviets.
		Najibullah's reputation was that of a secret police apparatchik with especially effective skills in disengaging Ghilzai and eastern Pushtuns from the resistance.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/95.htm (281 words)

	Mohammad Najibullah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohammad Najibullah (Pashto: دوکتور نجيب الله; born 1947, died September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Mohammad Najibullah was born in Kabul of an Ahmadzai Ghilzai Pashtun family.
		In November 1986, Dr. Najibullah was elected president and a new constitution was adopted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah (1484 words)

	Keesing's Worldwide Online - Hot Topics: Afghanistan - Ahmed Shah Masud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		On March 18 Najibullah formally announced for the first time that he was prepared to resign to further the progress of a UN peace plan, the initial aim of which was to establish an interim, all-party government.
		Najibullah attempted to flee the country, but was prevented from reaching Kabul airport by troops under the command of Gen. Abdul Rashid Dostam, an Uzbek militia leader previously deployed by the government against Pashtun mujaheddin groups, who had switched alliance to Masud.
		Najibullah was forced to take refuge in Sevan's UN office in Kabul, where he reportedly remained as of late April.
	www.keesings.com /hot_topics/afghanistan_masud (2461 words)

	Warlords of Afghanistan: Najibullah
		Najibullah attended the University of Kabul in the late 1960s with Masud, Hekmatyar, and many other important players in Afghanistan.
		Najibullah chose communism because it promised to improve the status of women and free the peasants from the oppression of the Khans.
		Najibullah raced to catch a plane for Moscow, but found his way blocked, so he and his brother fled to the United Nations compound in Kabul.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kquigg/itec745/final/najibullah.htm (342 words)

	Mohammad Najibullah (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mohammad Najibullah (1947–September 27, 1996) was the fourth President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Najibullah was born in Kabul of a Ahmadzai Ghilzai Pashtun family.
		Najibullah, Mohammed Najibullah, Mohammad Najibullah, Mohammad Najibullah, Mohammad ja:ムハンマド・ナジーブッラー
	mohammad-najibullah.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (468 words)

	Mohammad Najibullah - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Najibullah, Mohammad (1947-1996), Communist president of Afghanistan (1987-1992).
		Najibullah was born in Paktīā Province, a member of the Pashtun...
		In May 1986 Karmal was replaced as PDPA leader by Mohammad Najibullah, a member of the Parcham faction who had headed the Afghan secret police.
	encarta.msn.com /Mohammad_Najibullah.html (104 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Tajiks in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		President Najibullah, leader of the Parcham faction of the PDPA (P) survives a coup attempt led by Defense Minister, Lt. Gen.
		Najibullah refuses to identify the opposition leaders he had met but it is believed that they included Pir Sayyad Ahmad Gaylani of the IF (P) Front, Mujaddidi of the NLF (P) and two men linked with ex-king Mohammed Zahir Shah (P).
		President Najibullah (P) announces that he is prepared to resign "all powers and all executive authority" on the establishment of an interim government--a central part of a UN backed peace plan for Afghanistan.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=70003 (15284 words)

	Historical reprint: The Russian defeat in Afghanistan
		Between the overthrow of Najibullah in 1992 and 1995-96, the rival warlords fought themselves to such a destructive impasse that they created a chaotic vacuum that facilitated the emergence of a new force, the Taliban, which was financed, armed and trained by the Pakistan military and the reactionary Saudi regime.
		United in their opposition to the Najibullah regime, they are now intransigently opposed to the participation of the ruling party, the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), in any provisional assembly or transitional government.
		Najibullah, moreover, still has the support of those who have a direct stake in the regime, especially soldiers, policemen and state officials, whose necks will be on the block if the regime falls.
	www.socialismtoday.org /61/repreint.html (3806 words)

	ipedia.com: Mohammad Najibullah Article (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mohammad Najibullah was the fourth President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		Mohammad Najibullah (1947 - September 27, 1996) was the fourth President of Afghanistan during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
		The Taliban dragged Najibullah from the UN compound and hanged him from a traffic light post in the streets of the capital.
	www.ipedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /mohammad_najibullah.html (334 words)

	[27 Sep 1996]: DAILY PRESS BRIEFING OF OFFICE OF SPOKESMAN FOR SECRETARY-GENERAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Najibullah and three people in his entourage, and he was what was called a "chowkidar" or nightwatchman, an unarmed man. The compound was comprised of offices, and there was no one there.
		Najibullah had evidently been shot in the head, and his brother was hanged.
		Najibullah out of Afghanistan, she said that getting him out was not as easy as it sounded, and in 1992 the situation was quite different than it was yesterday at 1:40 a.m.
	www.un.org /News/briefings/docs/1996/19960927.nb27sep.html (2354 words)

	Camps producing new wave of fighters - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		Najibullah, a young Afghan, described the terrorist training camp where he was given explosives training just last month, even as U.S. special forces and helicopter gunships scoured the mountains of eastern Afghanistan searching for militants.
		Najibullah, a follower of Afghan warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, said he was ready to die to help drive American and other troops from his country or bring down the pro-U.S. government of Hamid Karzai.
		Najibullah and another trainee, Mohammed Zahidullah, gave a rare look into the camps, which they say are producing fighters ready to carry out attacks — in Afghanistan, Pakistan and elsewhere.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/pittsburghtrib/s_114373.html (526 words)

	CNN - Afghan rebels hang former president after heavy fighting - Sept. 27, 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Najibullah's execution closes a chapter that began with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
		Najibullah was a former security chief who came to power in 1986, replacing the Soviet-installed Babrak Karmal, whose regime sparked an Islamic resistance movement.
		After the withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1989, Najibullah was left on his own to defend the capital and eastern Afghanistan from Muslim rebels.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9609/27/afghan.rebels (557 words)

	Note from ZNet
		Najibullah lasted less than three years, and was overthrown by the mujahideen, who swept to power and allowed him and his brother to live under house arrest in the United Nations compound in Kabul.
		In his time, Najibullah had been a crook, a murderer and a torturer; but he ran the closest thing to a reasonable government there has been here.
		The Alliance had fought hard against Najibullah, yet one of the most attractive Afghan qualities is a willingness to forgive and forget.
	www.zmag.org /simpson.htm (1785 words)

	Democratic Republic of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Najibullah tried to diminish differences with the resistance and appeared prepared to allow Islam a greater role as well as legalize opposition groups, but any moves he made toward concessions were rejected out of hand by the mujahedin.
		Najibullah's reputation was that of a secret police apparatchik with especially effective skills in disengaging Ghilzai and eastern Pashtuns from the resistance.
		Najibullah took sanctuary at the UN mission where he remained until his hanging by the Taliban in 1996.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan (8166 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Dr Najibullah Ahmadzai
		Despite being regarded as an intelligent man, he was referred to as Najib-e Gaw (the Bull) by his opponents due to his physique.
		In 1986 Najibullah became general secretary of the PDPA and had a mild success against the mujahidin revolt.
		Najibullah spent the rest of his days in virtual detention.
	www.afghanland.com /history/najib.html (511 words)

	Najibullah Ahmadzai : WarlordsofAfghanistan.com
		Najibullah led the communist government in Kabul during its last years when it was under siege.
		Najibullah never practiced medicine, instead he joined KhAD, the secret police organized by the Soviets.
		Najibullah surprised the world by defending Kabul from the mujahideen for another three years.
	www.warlordsofafghanistan.com /najibullah-ahmadzai.php (344 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Flashback: When the Taleban took Kabul
		Najibullah had been living there under UN protection for four and a half years, since his government fell in 1992.
		The UN guards were instructed not to resist and a squad of religious militants grabbed Najibullah and his brother, who was staying with him.
		Najibullah had been sheltered by the UN Next, the religious police from the soon to be dreaded Department for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice appeared on the streets.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/1600136.stm (916 words)

	Anti-Taliban soldier's sad life / Fighting is all he has known
		Now that the war is all but over, Najibullah and his fellow fighters have found their lives wrecked by decades of bloodshed and themselves a poor bet to fit into a peacetime society.
		Najibullah's disenchantment is exacerbated by the realization that many of his enemies continue to walk free.
		Najibullah leaned back against the car seat and shut his eyes in exasperation.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/12/19/MN37098.DTL&type=printable (1035 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: Indian friends remember Najibullah
		"Najibullah gave his word to Rajiv that if Amitabh comes personally to shoot, then his government would ensure maximum security," Anand says, recalling how, when he made the initial trip to the country to scout for locales, he was reminded of images from World War II, so visible and all-pervasive was the devastation.
		Anand recalls how Najibullah awarded him a medal of honour(right), and how he, on returning to Bombay after the ceremony, showed the medal to Shiv Sena boss Bal Thackeray.
		Najibullah told us that the mujahideen knew we were there, and had given their word that none of us would be harmed.
	www.rediff.com /news/1996/2809afg1.htm (1249 words)

	The Rory Peck Trust: Awards 2002
		Najibullah received shrapnel wounds to his head and remained in hospital for four days.
		Najibullah's footage showed for the first time the full extent of their active involvement in combat.
		Najibullah Quaraishi is a 28 year old freelance cameraman and stringer, based in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan.
	www.rorypecktrust.org /Award02/quaraishi.htm (517 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: The Malta Summit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Najibullah is ready for such an open dialogue, and we should not issue ultimatums, or demand his departure.
		The opposition at last is ready to talk to Najibullah about the conditions of forming the new government.
		But they have to be sure that in the end Najibullah would step down in the interest of peace.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/documents/malta (1713 words)

	Afghanistan - The Soviet Decision to Withdraw, 1986-88
		Najibullah was obliged to move toward the evolving Soviet position with great caution.
		For his part Najibullah assured his followers that there would be no compromise over "the accomplishments" of the Saur Revolution.
		Najibullah's concrete achievements were the consolidation of his armed forces, the expansion of co-opted militia forces and the acceptance of his government by an increasing proportion of urban population under his control.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/96.htm (641 words)

	Dr. Najibullah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An Ahmadzay Ghilzay Pashtun from Paktia, Najibullah graduated from the College of Medicine in 1975.
		Najibullah took away “about $300,000 of the embassy cash in addition to other valuables” (Sharq, Memoirs, 165).
		At the same time that KhAD brutalized inmates, Najibullah, its director, embraced youngsters in kindergartens or gave sermons to elders summoned to his presence.
	www.afghanan.net /biographies/najib.htm (181 words)

	Afghan Leader Najibullah Forced to Resign by Rebels
		Afghanistan's strongman Najibullah was forced to resign Thursday after four of his regime's top generals apparently joined hands with the country's most powerful rebel commander in a move that drove the ravaged nation closer to chaos.
		Within hours of Najibullah's fall, Afghan Foreign Minister Abdul Wakil told reporters in Kabul that the 44-year-old president, whose family fled to New Delhi several days ago, was stripped of his power after he was stopped at the airport Thursday morning by rebel militiamen loyal to guerrilla commander Ahmad Shah Masood.
		But the ouster of Najibullah, apparently the result of a slow-rolling coup that evolved over months of secret planning by dissidents within the army and the ruling party and by guerrilla leader Masood, appeared to have all but sabotaged an ambitious U.N. peace plan that was close to fruition.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V112/N21/afghan.21w.html (869 words)

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