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Topic: Naloxone

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	Narcan (Naloxone) drug description - prescription drugs and medications at RxList
		Naloxone hydrochloride, a narcotic antagonist, is a synthetic congener of oxymorphone.
		Naloxone hydrochloride occurs as a white to slightly off-white powder, and is soluble in water, in dilute acids, and in strong alkali; slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in ether and in chloroform.
		Naloxone Hydrochloride Injection is a sterile solution intended for intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous use.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/naloxone.htm (178 words)

	Data Sheet
		Naloxone hydrochloride, a narcotic antagonist, is a synthetic congener of oxymorphone.
		Naloxone Hydrochloride Injection USP may be likely to produce minor or moderate adverse effects that may impair the patient's ability to concentrate and react and therefore constitute a risk in the ability to drive and use machines.
		Naloxone hydrochloride occurs as a white to slightly off-white powder and is soluble in water, dilute acids and strong alkalis and is slightly soluble in alcohol.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/datasheet/n/Naloxonehydrochlorideinj.htm (1699 words)

	Naloxone
		Naloxone (trade name Narcan) is a drug used to counter the effects of overdosing on opiates such as heroin or morphine.
		Naloxone has been distributed as part of emergency kits to heroine addicts, which has been shown to reduce death rates.
		In one experiment, women treated with naloxone reported higher pain levels during childbirth than women not so treated; in another experiment, the pain lowering effect of placebos was blocked if the placebos were administered along with naloxone.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/na/Naloxone.html (186 words)

	Abstract Summary: Intranasal Benzodiazepines for seizure control
		naloxone administration to prehospital protocols should be considered as an initial therapy for suspected opioid abusers.
		Naloxone is used intravenously in opiate addiction in emergency cases, in rapid opiate detoxification, and as a diagnostic tool.
		These authors measured bioavailabillity of naloxone via the IV and the intranasal route in rats and found that the peak levels of naloxone were similar and the bioavailability of naloxone intranasally was 100% (the same) of that available IV.
	www.wolfetory.com /education/Intranasal_naloxone.htm (883 words)

	Naloxone HCl
		Naloxone is distributed rapidly throughout the body with high levels found in the brain, kidneys, spleen, skeletal muscle, lung and heart.
		Because the duration of action of naloxone may be shorter than that of the narcotic being reversed, animals that are being treated for opioid intoxication or with symptoms of respiratory depression should be closely monitored as additional doses of naloxone and/or ventilatory support may be required.
		It was found that 10 mg of naloxone was sufficient to antagonize wide dosage ranges of etorphine hydrochloride or fentanyl, used in combination with a variety of tranquilizers.
	www.elephantcare.org /Drugs/naloxone.htm (988 words)

	Naloxone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opioid overdose, for example heroin and morphine overdose.
		While naloxone is still often used in emergency treatments for opioid overdose, its clinical use in the long-term treatment of opioid addiction is being increasingly superseded by naltrexone.
		Naloxone is also being used as a secondary chemical in the FDA approved medicine Suboxone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naloxone (793 words)

	Naloxone, Flumazenil and Dantrolene as Antidotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Naloxone is a specific opioid antagonist (Martin, 1976) and it is for this reason that it is used in the treatment of poisoning.
		Since naloxone is a competitive antagonist, the dose required to reverse the clinical effects of a specific opiate will depend on the dose of the opiate, its duration of action, and its pharmacological properties, particularly whether it has partial agonist activity or shows selectivity at one type of opioid receptor subgroup (Martin, 1976).
		The authors used a stepwise increment of naloxone (0.2-mg intravenous boluses) to achieve reversal of the opiate effect of pentazocine at the end of the operative procedure and noted a stepwise reversal of the opiate effects in their patients as the opiate dose was increased (the average total dose given was 2.5 mg/kg body weight).
	www.inchem.org /documents/antidote/antidote/ant01.htm (14737 words)

	eMJA: Lenton & Hargreaves, Should we conduct a trial of distributing naloxone to heroin users for peer administration ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Naloxone administration, particularly with a prefilled syringe, seems no more complicated, and its use should not be precluded because the person administering it may be affected by drugs.
		NALOXONE HYDROCHLORIDE is an opioid antagonist that competitively binds to µ-opiate receptors to reverse the respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension associated with opioids.
		Naloxone is used after surgery to reverse the CNS depression caused by opioids administered during the procedure.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/173_05_040900/lenton/lenton.html (3560 words)

	Naloxone Hydrochloride Injection 400 micrograms/1 ml (Mayne Pharma plc) , SPC from the eMC
		Naloxone should be given with caution to patients known or suspected to be physically dependent on opiates (including neonates born to women who are opiate dependent), because the drug may precipitate severe withdrawal symptoms.
		When naloxone is used in the management of acute opiod overdosage, other resuscitative measure such as maintenance of a free airway, artificial ventilation, cardiac massage and vasopressor agents should be readily available and used when necessary.
		Naloxone should be administered to pregnant patients only when, in the judgement of the physician, the potential benefits outweigh the possible hazards.
	emc.medicines.org.uk /emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?DocumentID=647 (995 words)

	Naloxone \| Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Behavior
		Naloxone is an OPIOID ANTOGONIST (i.e., a blocker of morphine-like agents) commonly used to reverse the actions of drugs such as morphine.
		Naloxone is rapidly metabolized in the liver to inactive compounds, resulting in a relatively brief duration of action.
		When naloxone is used clinically to reverse the actions of morphine and other OPIATES, care must be taken to ensure that the drug being reversed does not last longer than the naloxone.
	www.bookrags.com /research/naloxone-edaa-02 (327 words)

	naloxone - Drug Finder - MSN Health & Fitness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Naloxone is used to reverse the effects of narcotic drugs used during surgery or to treat pain.
		Naloxone may also be used to treat narcotic drug overdose or to diagnose narcotic drug addiction.
		Naloxone is given as an injection under the skin, into a muscle, or into a vein.
	health.msn.com /drugfinder/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100106499 (1153 words)

	Naloxone
		Naloxone hydrochloride is a competitive antagonist at opioid receptors.
		Naloxone hydrochloride is metabolized in the liver, primarily by conjugation with glucuronic acid.
		All patients receiving Zynox (naloxone hydrochloride) should be closely observed as the duration of action of some opioids exceeds that of Zynox (naloxone hydrochloride) and repeated doses may be required.
	bigfive.jl.co.za /naloxone.htm (435 words)

	buprenorphine and naloxone - [Medication]
		Buprenorphine and naloxone is not for occasional ("as needed") use.
		If buprenorphine and naloxone is injected, naloxone will block the effects of buprenorphine and lead to withdrawal symptoms in a person with an opioid addiction.
		Buprenorphine and naloxone is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether buprenorphine and naloxone will be harmful to an unborn baby.
	www.peacehealth.org /kbase/multum/d04819a1.htm (1865 words)

	Naloxone Availability: Yet Another Positive Change
		Naloxone is a miracle of a drug -- it can bring a person not breathing due to opiate intoxication back to life very quickly.
		Naloxone availability-ideally over the counter-and its legal possession is a positive change critical to our ability to effectively reduce the epidemic of opiate overdoses in the US.
		I have heard some harm reductionists say naloxone is not a good idea because it incorrectly promises to "solve the OD problem." I have always felt the beauty of harm reduction is in its ability to learn from the past.
	www.harmreduction.org /pubs/news/fall99/positivechange.html (1942 words)

	Naloxone (Narcan®)
		Naloxone should be used with caution in animals with known heart abnormalities.
		Naloxone is available in concentrations of 0.02 mg/ml, 0.4 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml in vials or ampules.
		For the treatment of shock, naloxone is dosed at 1 mg per pound per hour (2 mg/kg/hour) in dogs; 4 mg per pound per hour (8 mg/kg/hour) has been used successfully for this purpose in cats.
	www.petplace.com /drug-library/naloxone-narcan/page1.aspx (601 words)

	Naloxone for narcotic-exposed newborn infants
		Naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist, is available for the management of newborn infants with respiratory depression that may be due to transplacentally-acquired opiates.
		However, there are few data on significant adverse events due to naloxone in infants of narcotic-dependent mothers, and some authors have recommended a small dose of naloxone (0.01 mg/kg) as a part of the resuscitation of such infants (Maas 1990).
		Herschel and colleagues caution that naloxone should not be regarded as harmless, and cite concerns that naloxone may interfere with the role of endogenous opioids in neuroendocrine programming and on behaviour (Szeto 1995; Smotherman 1992; de Castro 1993).
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/McGuire4/McGuire.HTM (4390 words)

	NALOXONE
		Naloxone is rapidly metabolised by the liver, primarily to naloxone glucuronide which is excreted by the kidneys.
		Naloxone also reverses the opioid effects of pentazocine and other mixed agonist-antagonists; antagonism of buprenorphine is less complete because of the latter’s high receptor affinity.
		Naloxone should not be used for drowsiness and/or delirium which is not life-threatening because of the danger of totally reversing the opioid analgesia and precipitating severe/agonising pain and a major physical withdrawal syndrome.
	www.palliativedrugs.com /content/monographs/NALOXONE.html (670 words)

	Naloxone for narcotic exposed newborn infants: systematic review -- McGuire and Fowlie 88 (4): 308 -- Archives of ...
		Naloxone dosage and route of administration for infants and children: addendum to emergency drug doses for infants and children.
		Naloxone reversal of mild neurobehavioral depression in normal newborn infants after routine obstetric analgesia.
		Use of naloxone to reverse narcotic respiratory depression in the newborn.
	fn.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/88/4/F308 (1454 words)

	Using Naloxone
		Naloxone is often inappropriately used in the hospital setting, administered as a full ampule (0.4 mg) in response to physiologically normal opioid-induced decrease in respiratory rate or mild sedation.
		Depending on the dose administered, naloxone administration to a patient physically dependent on opioids will cause the abrupt return of pain and can precipitate an Abstinence Syndrome, with symptoms ranging from mild anxiety, irritability and muscle aches to life-threatening tachycardia and hypertension.
		Review end-of-life goals; naloxone administration is not indicated for patients on opioids who are dying (see Fast Fact #3: Syndrome of Imminent Death), as all dying patients will at some point have an altered mentation and respiratory changes.
	www.mywhatever.com /cifwriter/library/eperc/fastfact/ff39.html (746 words)

	Naloxone for shock
		Naloxone is a drug that counteracts the effects of opiates.
		The review of trials found that giving naloxone to people in shock improves their blood pressure, but it is not clear whether or not this improves their overall condition and reduces their chance of dying.
		However, the clinical usefulness of naloxone to treat shock remains to be determined, and additional randomized controlled trials are needed to assess its usefulness.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/en/ab004443.html (505 words)

	Harm Reduction Journal \| Full text \| Opiate users' knowledge about overdose prevention and naloxone in New York City: a ...
		The administration of naloxone to an overdose victim while awaiting more comprehensive medical care was imperative to this participant, considering both the urgency of a non-breathing individual, and the fact that ambulances are sometimes not as quickly dispatched to overdose calls.
		The study participant who had used naloxone on a friend described the events as challenging, stressful, and emotionally upsetting, and the others who had received naloxone, or even only heard of it, were discouraged by the potential for dopesickness post-administration.
		This refutes concerns that take-home naloxone could encourage riskier drug-taking activity in opiate users who would be therefore comfortable using beyond their tolerance, knowing a friend could quickly revive them in the event they overdosed [28,29].
	www.harmreductionjournal.com /content/3/1/19 (4920 words)

	Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks' gestation with suspected ...
		The AAP advises that naloxone should be "reserved for adjunctive therapy in selected infants who have not initiated or established independent respiration following ventilation, are significantly depressed, and have a high probability of being narcotized" (AAP 1980).
		Of the outcomes that were assessed, naloxone did not have a statistically significant effect on respiratory frequency or heart rate up to 24 hours of age.
		Naloxone decreases the duration of primary apnea with neonatal asphyxia.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/McGuire6/mcguire.HTM (3340 words)

	Take home naloxone and the prevention of deaths from opiate overdose: two pilot schemes -- Dettmer et al. 322 (7291): ...
		Naloxone was judged appropriate in 26 (90%) cases, of uncertain
		A known drug user rushed into the drug clinic demanding that he was immediately given a naloxone minijet to take away.
		Contributors: JS originally proposed the distribution of naloxone as a strategy for overdose prevention and brought together the authors.
	www.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/322/7291/895 (1145 words)

	Drug Shortage Bulletin: Naloxone Hydrochloride—Resolved
		Naloxone is a pure opiate antagonist used to treat a potential or known opioid overdose.
		Naloxone is also effective for relieving opioid-induced adverse effects, such as pruritus and constipation.
		Reserve naloxone to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension during this potential shortage.
	www.ashp.org /shortage/naloxone.cfm (782 words)

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