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	Nanking Massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many of the historical accounts detailing the Nanking Massacre are quite macabre and ghastly, even by the often brutal standards of warfare, siege and conquest in the Industrial Age.
		The death toll of 300,000 is the official estimate engraved on the stone wall at the entrance of the "Memorial Hall for Compatriot Victims of the Japanese Military's Nanking Massacre" in Nanjing.
		The author of the textbook, Professor Saburō Ienaga, sued the Ministry of Education in an extended case that was eventually won by the plaintiff in 1997.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nanjing_Massacre (3974 words)

	20th Century Genocides - The Rape of Nanking
		The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war.
		The actual military invasion of Nanking was preceded by a tough battle at Shanghai that began in the summer of 1937.
		Those who were not killed on the spot were taken to the outskirts of the city and forced to dig their own graves, large rectangular pits that would be filled with decapitated corpses resulting from killing contests the Japanese held among themselves.
	www.unitedhumanrights.org /nanking.htm (1264 words)

	The Rape of Nanking : The Forged Holocaust by China
		He assumed the population of Nanking to be 250,000 or 270,000 as of the end of March 1938.
		The so-called 'Nanking Massacre' is the case wherein a large number of the citizens of Nanking and the captives have been alleged to have been murdered during the six weeks' occupation period under the Japanese Army, from December 13 immediately after the fall of Nanking through the beginning of February of 1938.
		The city of Nanking then was a castle city, surrounded by the rampart of 12 meters high, and of 6 to 12 meters thick, and occupied the total area of about 35 square kilometers.
	tamezou.blogspot.com (4629 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nanking, she writes, served as a kind of laboratory in which Japanese soldiers were taught to slaughter unarmed, unresisting civilians, as they would later do throughout Asia.
		In fact, one of the reasons that Nanking Massacre was known to the world was because quite a few Europeans and Americans happened to witness and documented the event.
		Besides, Nanking Massacre was such a crime not only for the number of civilian casualty, but also the cruel way the victims were killed.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0465068359?v=glance (3233 words)

	Before the Massacre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		With Beijing under siege, Nanking had been made the capital of China, accounting for some of this increase; but the greater portion had come from refugees who had fled to the city from the dangerous northern countryside.
		In the autumn of 1937, Japanese war planes began bombing Nanking, concentrating their efforts on the downtown areas, which were most densely populated by civilians.
		It was on this day that the six-week stretch of atrocities against the civilian population of Nanking began.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory/background.htm (250 words)

	ReadingGroupGuides.com - THE RAPE OF NANKING by Iris Chang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The death toll was staggering, far exceeding that of the American raids on Tokyo (an estimated 80,000-120,0000) and even the combined death toll of the two atomic blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the end of 1945 (estimated at 140,000 and 70,000 respectively).
		While the Rape of Nanking represents one of the worst instances of mass extermination in the annals of world history it is also one of the most obscure.
		The Rape of Nanking is, indeed, a desperate attempt to salvage the memory of the countless souls lost in that bloodbath, but it is also a cautionary tale for anyone lulled into a false sense of national security.
	www.readinggroupguides.com /guides/rape_of_nanking.asp (1188 words)

	The Rape of Nanking: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in Photographs tells the story in words and more than 400 photographs of the Japanese invasion of China and the sacking of its capital city, Nanking, in 1937-38.
		Between December 1937 and March 1938 at least 369,366 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered by the invading troops.
		The Rape of Nanking by James Yin and Shi Young, with foreword by the Most Rev.
	www.tribo.org /nanking (176 words)

	Review of The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
		The Rape of Nanking In December, 1937, the Chinese army abandoned Nanking (Nanjing), the Nationalist capital, and the Japanese army occupied the city without a fight.
		The notorious "Rape of Nanking" that immediately ensued began as a wholesale murder of Chinese prisoners of war and civilian men on pretext that they were fleeing soldiers who had discarded their uniforms.
		Yet the Rape of Nanking was not committed by impersonal or distant perpetrators, nor was its intent genocidal.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/reviewswc3.htm (2046 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Obituaries / Iris Chang, at 36; historian wrote 'Rape of Nanking'
		LOS GATOS, Calif. -- Iris Chang, a best-selling author who chronicled the Japanese occupation of China and the history of Chinese immigrants in the United States, was found dead in her car of a self-inflicted gunshot, authorities said yesterday.
		Chang, who won critical acclaim for her books ''The Rape of Nanking" and ''The Chinese in America," was found along Highway 17 just south of Los Gatos, Santa Clara County authorities said.
		Chang suffered a breakdown and was hospitalized during a recent trip researching her fourth book, about US soldiers who fought the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II, according to her former editor and agent Susan Rabiner.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/obituaries/articles/2004/11/11/iris_chang_at_36_historian_wrote_rape_of_nanking (392 words)

	CNN - Salon review: 'The Rape of Nanking' - January 11, 1999
		Both questions are raised by Iris Chang's "The Rape of Nanking." The 29-year-old Chang published the book in late 1997, then unexpectedly saw it give birth to a storm of praise, denunciations and controversy that still continues.
		The Nanking atrocities were well publicized throughout the world at the time, and are usually mentioned in the standard Western histories of World War II.
		Although the memory of the rape of Nanking remains very much alive in the city (today known as Nanjing), it was not until 1985 that the government permitted a museum of the atrocities to be built there, and it has repeatedly prohibited demonstrations against visiting Japanese.
	cnn.com /books/reviews/9901/11/nanking.salon/index.html (1039 words)

	Rape of Nanking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the biggies for Japan's part in the War was what has become known as "The Rape of Nanking", a military operation where Japanese troops descended on the capital of China, Nanking, in December of 1937 and stayed until March of 1938.
		Just like Holocaust Revisionists, there are revisionists for Nanking as well, quoting this statistic or that, calling the stories falsified, the stories propaganda, the eyewitnesses glory-hounds looking for a quick buck.
		But unlike Holocaust Revisionism, the painting of the Rape of Nanking as a propaganda stunt of complete fiction has been largely successful in Japan, where large segments of the society claim it never happened, or even better yet, have never heard of it.
	www.rotten.com /library/history/war-crimes/rape-of-nanking (534 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: The Nanking Massacre, 1937
		The Japanese occupation of Nanking, the capital of the Republic of China, lead to one of the greatest horrors of the century.
		After killing the Chinese soldiers who threw down their arms and surrendered, the Japanese combed the city for men in civilian garb who were suspected of being former soldiers.
		The capture of Nanking was the most overwhelming defeat suffered by the Chinese and one of the most tragic military debacles in the history of modern warfare.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/nanking.html (1086 words)

	Japan Unrepentant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Twenty-eight men, including former foreign ministers and high-ranking military officials, were tried in Tokyo by an international jury for their part in the leadership behind the Nanking Massacre.
		To this date, Ikuhiko Hata's "Nanking Incident" is considered by the Japanese Ministry of Education to be the definitive historical text on the subject.
		This book puts the official death count between 38 000 and 42 000, and argues that the killing of enemy soldiers who have surrendered or been captured cannot be considered a massacre.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory/unrepent.htm (247 words)

	THE FORGOTTEN HOLOCAUST
		The Rape of Nanking was the beginning, Act I, Scene I, of Japan’s major assault against China from 1937 to December 1941 when it plunged into war against the United States.
		The Japanese Ministry of Education called the invasion of China as an “advance”, and that the Rape of Nanking was attributed to the resistance of the Chinese Army.
		Whatever the outcome of postwar history, the Rape of Nanking is a shame on the honor of humankind.
	people.bu.edu /wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/theo1/projects/2001_chen/forgotten_holocaust.htm (7911 words)

	Johns Hopkins Magazine -- November 1997
		Chang's maternal grandparents had escaped Nanking just a few weeks before the killing began; though her parents had not yet been born at the time, both grew up hearing stories of the atrocities--stories that they in turn passed down to their American-born children, Iris and Michael.
		The Japanese invasion of the Chinese capital of Nanking came at the midpoint of its war against China, which began in 1931 with the seizure of Manchuria and ended in 1945; during that period an estimated 10 million to 30 million Chinese perished, according to the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, and Chinese war historians.
		Interest in the Nanking massacre has risen markedly in the last few years; that's partially due to the efforts of a new generation of Chinese-Americans--activists who are intent on getting the word out through books, documentaries, and symposiums.
	www.jhu.edu /~jhumag/1197web/nanking.html (4247 words)

	Amazon.de: English Books: The Rape of Nanking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		She describes events from the point of view of the Japanese, the Chinese and the independent Westerners living in Nanking, but even so she fails to come up with a convincing explanation for the scale of the atrocities.
		Nanking massacre is particularly a disastrous tragedy in the history of the human being.
		During Japanese army's occupancy of Nanking, more than 300,000 civilian and Chinese P.O.W.s were brutally slaughtered and thousands of Chinese women were killed after gang rape.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/0140277447 (2140 words)

	The Rape of Nanking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is for the crimes against the women of Nanking that this tragedy is most notorious.
		Over the six weeks of the massacre, in addition to the murder of about 300,000 civilians, the Japanese troops raped over 20,000 women, most of whom were murdered thereafter.
		One outstandingly revolting account is of several soldiers who, after raping and killing a pregnant woman, presented her fetus on a bayonet to their commanding officer, who replied with laughter.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory/rape.html (233 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		THE RAPE OF NANKING is a long overdue book written in English that documents this unspeakably atrocious crime of historic magnitude, committed by the Japan's army deliberately set loose by their high command and endorsed (could it be otherwise?) by their emperor.
		Aside from its massive scale and designed cruelty, what made this genocidal crime singularly the most debasing in human history were the unimaginable varieties of sadistic tortures and humiliations inflicted on the innocent victims, carried out by the beastly murderers with gleeful smile on their faces.
		Some are written at a right-wing point of view, some are left, some are critical so that their Nanking stories are strictly studied with only provable evidences, and in that they have a mixture of points to tell.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0140277447 (1992 words)

	Book Review: The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang
		He reported to his former princely patron that the Japanese forces had broken though everywhere at the outer Nanking perimeter and that some 300,000 Chinese troops were about to be surrounded and pinned against the Nanking city walls.
		Still feverish after the latest flare-up of his chronic tuberculosis, Matsui was brought upriver in a launch, put in a car, and driven around the battered triple archway of the Mountain Gate on the eastern side of the city.
		For the purpose of telling her side of the story of what happened at Nanking in 1937-8, there is a great deal in the book worth salvaging and some areas that require major surgery.
	www.edogawa-u.ac.jp /~tmkelly/research_review_nanking.html (5822 words)

	Metroactive News & Issues \| The Rape of Nanking
		During the ensuing chaos, commonly referred to as the "Rape of Nanking," between 200,000 and 300,000 or more Chinese lost their lives to Japanese soldiers, according to court records and historians.
		Although she was born halfway around the world and two generations removed from the incident at Nanking, by now it is almost as if she lived through it herself.
		In Nanking, babies were thrown in the air and bayoneted on the way down.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/metro/12.12.96/cover/china1-9650.html (3815 words)

	The Rape of Nanking: The Death Toll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While the total number of people killed in Nanking and its vicinity during the Nanking Massacre has been the subject of controversy, the evidence presented in The Rape of Nanking should put an end to this debate.
		For the second edition of the book, published on December 13, 1997 -- the 60th anniversary of the Rape of Nanking -- the authors carefully reviewed the records of Japanese military units, the puppet municipal government of Nanking established under Japanese occupation, and Chinese and international burial societies.
		The records leave open the possibility that there were in fact many more victims, but the authors eliminated from their tally any reports that might conceivably have been overlapping or unreliable.
	www.tribo.org /nanking/background.html (233 words)

	The Rape of Nanking: Press Release
		Within hours, the streets and alleys of Nanking were littered with the bodies of civilians and prisoners of war.
		The Nanking Massacre, following hard on the capture of Shanghai, was the first bloodbath in Japan's occupation of China and the first mass slaughter of World War II, during which an estimated 30 million Chinese were killed.
		The authors wrote The Rape of Nanking "to honor history and to answer any attempt to deny or change it." Published in Chicago by Innovative Publishing Group and distributed nationally by Triumph Books, the book is dedicated to the memory of the nearly 370,000 people who were killed in the Nanking massacre.
	www.tribo.org /nanking/pressrelease.html (967 words)

	John Rabe - the Angel of Nanking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		You see, Herr Rabe was a Nazi party official in the Chinese city of Nanking, that beautiful, ancient city of Chinese Royalty a city famed for its magnificent mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese revolutionary (not in the communist sense) who attempted to bring this ancient land into the 20th.
		She very nearly collapsed due to the horrors she witnessed and not to forget another German, that Nazi (Gasp!) Christian Kroeger, who suffered from recurrent nightmares for the rest of his life due to what he had seen and had helped to prevent in numerous cases.
		In 1947, someone in Nanking found out that "Their Angel" was suffering from starvation under the benign American occupation (sorry "Liberation") forces and sent him food parcels.
	litek.ws /k0nsl/detox/John_Rabe.html (1354 words)

	Salon Books \| Japanese denial and "The Rape of Nanking" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chang's critically acclaimed 1997 history of the atrocities the Japanese Army committed during its occupation of Nanking in 1937 had already stirred debate in Japan.
		Chang, who maintains that these requests are the result of pressure on Kashiwashobo from "ultranationalist" organizations in Japan, refused to make the alterations.
		Salon Books interviewed Chang via e-mail about the fate of "The Rape of Nanking" -- and of her message -- in a country where the past remains the subject of ferocious dispute.
	www.salon.com /books/log/1999/05/25/nanking/index.html (600 words)

	Penguin Reading Guides \| The Rape of Nanking \| Iris Chang
		U.S. Once encircled by an ancient, immense stone wall built during the Ming dynasty, Nanking was a city of imperial palaces and lavish tombs.
		My grandparents lived in Nanking before the massacre, and they almost separated forever during the chaos and mass evacuations from the city in November 1937.
		One of the greatest ironies of the Rape of Nanking is that not only have the Japanese squelched efforts to heal the victims of the massacre, but the Chinese government has also strongly discouraged any protest against the atrocities committed at Nanking.
	www.penguinputnam.com /static/rguides/us/rape_of_nanking.html (2478 words)

	Gendercide Watch: The Nanjing Massacre
		She notes that "it is impossible to determine the exact number of women raped in Nanking.
		Eventually the genocidal rampage was replaced by a brutal occupation conducted under a puppet authority, the "Nanking Self-Government Committee." Life began to return to the city, and its population eventually re-stabilized at around 700,000, two-thirds of the prewar population.
		In September 1986, the Japanese education minister, Fujio Masayuki, referred to the Rape of Nanking as "just a part of war." In 1988, a 30-second scene depicting the Rape of Nanking was removed from Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor by the film's Japanese distributor.
	www.gendercide.org /case_nanking.html (2334 words)

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