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	KeyKOS Nanokernel Architecture
		The decision not to buffer messages within the nanokernel was prompted by the desire to avoid dynamic memory allocation, limit I/O overhead, keep the context switch path length short, and simplify the checkpoint operation.
		Process exceptions are encapsulated by the nanokernel and routed to a user-level handler known as a keeper.
		The nanokernel is responsible for the construction of mapping tables for the particular hardware platform.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~KeyKOS/NanoKernel/NanoKernel.html (8483 words)

	RTAI-API: Real-time pod services. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The corresponding kernel mutex will be automatically reacquired by the nanokernel when the thread is eventually switched in again, before xnpod_schedule() returns to its caller.
		The nanokernel implements a lazy rescheduling scheme so that most of the services affecting the threads state MUST be followed by a call to the rescheduling procedure for the new scheduling state to be applied.
		The nanokernel tracks the current time as a monotonously increasing count of ticks announced by the timer source since the epoch.
	www.fdn.fr /~brouchou/rtai/rtai-doc-prj/doxyapi/group__pod.html (4225 words)

	System and method for encoding a scene graph - Patent 6243856
		The opcodes and the nanokernel files are converted into a highly extensible language suitable for operation on a variety of end-user machines.
		According to one embodiment of the invention, an extensible nanokernel (i.e., a player) along with procedures and data used to initially animate the scene are included in the first load.
		By limiting the content of the nanokernel in this manner, the bandwidth and time required to download and initialize the nanokernel is minimized, while the user is assured of receiving the functionality necessary to render the initial animated scene.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6243856.html (16736 words)

	Nanokernel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This mistake suggest itself since a smooth transition between micro- and nanokernels exists in many areas when being connected to an operating system, but significant differences are the dependencies between the nanokernel and its core components when forming an operating system, not just a hardware abstraction layer for virtualisation.
		For instance, Apple Computer used a nanokernel in PowerPC versions of the "classic" Mac OS to translate interrupts on their PowerPC-based computers into 68K interrupts which were processed by an 68K emulator.
		A nanokernel is considered to be slower than its monolithic counterpart due to the management and communication complexity caused by the separation of its components.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nanokernel (877 words)

	[linux-elitists] ME roadshow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I would like to be able to use the same nanokernel functionality on a DSP cluster, a PC or a big blue mainframe.
		I think the nanokernel and certain numerical libraries have excellent uses for handcrafted assembly, provided it is being done by true wizards.
		The point of a nanokernel is that it is small enough not to contain significant number of errors.
	zgp.org /pipermail/linux-elitists/2000-August/000890.html (775 words)

	LWN: [ANNOUNCE] Adeos nanokernel for Linux kernel
		The Adeos nanokernel is based on research and publications made in the early '90s on the subject of nanokernels.
		Instead of first building the nanokernel and then building the client OSes, we started from a live and known-to-be-functional OS, Linux, and inserted a nanokernel beneath it.
		The first 2 discuss the Space nanokernel, the 3rd discussed the cache nanokernel, and the last discusses exokernel.
	lwn.net /Articles/1743 (1467 words)

	[No title]
		This means that the nanokernel lies in resident memory and the rest is in virtual-memory.
		It is vital that the nanokernel is small and has all the necessarily mechanisms to handle context switching,paging, syncronization, basic memory handling, shared library and message passing.
		The nanokernel must be assembled to the computer that it is running upon since contexts are saved differently on different processors.
	www.it.lth.se /users/sven/Fenix (1291 words)

	LKML: Esben Nielsen: Re: RT patch acceptance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With the nanokernel, the Linux kernel is patched not to disable interrupts, but if someone didn't use the official local_irq_disable() macro the patch didn't work anyway...
		The only way you can be absolutely sure Linux doesn't hurt RT is to run it in a full blown virtuel machine where it doesn't have access to disable interrupts and otherwise interfere with the nano-kernel.
		These tricks are more or less what a nanokernel does: Running the whole of Linux, including the scheduler, and all regions protected with raw spinlocks with interrupts fully enabled.
	lkml.org /lkml/2005/5/31/77 (603 words)

	practical-smp-clusters
		The existing Adeos nanokernel is a prime candidate for use as the basis of such work.
		The use of the nanokernel, however, allows for device migration once all devices have been allocated and the system is running.
		The future architecture of the Adeos nanokernel is presented in figure 2.
	www.opersys.com /adeos/dox/practical-smp-clusters/practical-smp-clusters.html (7141 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Nanokernel (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kernel (computer science).
		More generally, a nanokernel is so small that even some basic hardware controllers aren't managed by the core kernel.
		For example, the PIC or the timer are considered as devices and managed externally.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /topic/Nanokernel.html (111 words)

	VSPWorks Real Time Operating System (RTOS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This design allows a multiprocessor system to be programmed as if it were a single processor so objects defined on one node, such as semaphores and mailboxes, can be accessed from any other processor in the network, as though they were local to it.
		The nanokernel is a unique feature of VSPWorks that makes it particularly suitable for DSP environments.
		Nanokernel processes are usually written in assembly language with a reduced context (that is, using fewer processor registers), thus taking up a very small amount of on-chip DSP memory.
	www.transtech-dsp.com /software/vspworks.asp (424 words)

	Re: [rtl] porting to RT-Linux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is a major release including: - A reworked nanokernel now exhibiting a threaded interrupt model.
		Kernel mutexes have been introduced in order to reduce the interrupt masking time due to critical section enforcement, especially inside the real-time interfaces based on the nanokernel.
		A new disjunctive dual licensing scheme (GPL/Clarified Artistic License) now applies to core parts of the Xenomai framework such as the nanokernel and the real-time interfaces, so that embedded application developers using the Xenomai APIs are free to distribute their work under the license they see fit.
	www.mail-archive.com /rtl@rtlinux.org/msg05024.html (521 words)

	Compatibility
		Sampling intervals have been reduced to achieve a faster response to offset and frequency errors.
		Yes, it is. One reason is that the original nanokernel (after it had been said to work well and be stable) was found to be broken with respect to STA_PPSWANDER.
		the current nanokernel is no longer showing that defect.
	www.ntp.org /ntpfaq/NTP-s-compat.htm (838 words)

	Praxis Partners-Nanokernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nanokernel Ltd. is one of the leading software solutions provider addressing medium and large global clients.
		Formed by a group of distinguished leaders with a cumulative experience of more than 150 man-years in the field of Information Technology, each of the co-founders has the experience and strengths in providing software solutions to Fortune 500 clients.
		The core management team of Nanokernel has strong strengths in technology, operations and quality assurance to offer emerging hi-tech solutions to global clients.
	www.praxistechnologies.com /Nano.htm (116 words)

	RTAI-API: Nanokernel mutex services. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mutexes are internal synchronization objects that do NOT rely on the standard nanokernel scheduling routines to operate.
		However, the nanokernel provides for a special mechanism that releases a given interface mutex atomically when xnpod_suspend_thread() is called for the current thread, reacquiring it on return of this routine.
		This mechanism should be understood as a lock-breaking preemption point atomically performed just before the current thread is switched out.
	www.fdn.fr /~brouchou/rtai/rtai-doc-prj/doxyapi/group__mutex.html (183 words)

	Linux-Kernel Archive: [ANNOUNCE] Adeos nanokernel for Linux ker
		We have released the initial implementation of the Adeos nanokernel.
		The Adeos nanokernel is based on research and publications made in the
		The first 2 discuss the Space nanokernel, the 3rd discussed the cache
	www.uwsg.indiana.edu /hypermail/linux/kernel/0206.0/0294.html (1280 words)

	Nano Kernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Go to http://www.apple.com, click on the developer tab, search on nanokernel, there are 91 results.
		The Nanokernel and the 68LC040 Emulator are low-level Mac OS initialization components that were part of BootPowerPC code in previous CPU ROMs.
		The Apple usage of nanokernel refers to an extremely primitive OS layer that provided only interrupt control, no VM or OS services.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?NanoKernel (146 words)

	Wired News: Apple Bets Magic Will Continue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The update will probably include early rollouts of features due in Mac OS X, namely a new nanokernel, the heart of the operating system that handles the machine's most basic tasks.
		The new nanokernel is essential to making Mac OS X compatible with older Macintosh software, sources said.
		But the nanokernel has a better virtual memory system and runs on machines with more than one processor, according to sources.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,19578-2,00.html (467 words)

	C++ Member Function Index in Index
		memclr() - A Nanokernel utility function that sets the specified number of bytes to binary zero.
		memmove() A Nanokernel utility function that moves (copies) bytes in memory.
		memset() A Nanokernel utility function that sets all of the specified number of bytes to the specified fill value.
	www.symbian.com /developer/techlib/v9.1docs/_index/cc_members.html (4552 words)

	NTP server using PC gnu/linux and freebsd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The patched linux kernel implements the PPSAPI (RFC 2783) and a nanokernel which the NTP distribution uses to access the captured timing information.
		There are useful items on debugging to be found in the nanokernel reference.
		The presence of the nanokernel can be checked with the "ntpdc -c kern" command.
	www.wraith.sf.ca.us /ntp (11414 words)

	LSE/OS A new nanokernel - OSNews.com
		A new kernel for an OS caled LSE/OS was developed by a french research laboratory: Epita System Laboratory.
		For this reason, the core designers decided to adopt a nanokernel model because it permits to move the drivers and services code out of the core code.
		With this model, an error can occurs in a driver without crashing the system that is impossible is a monolithic model such as linux.
	www.osnews.com /story.php?news_id=9146 (318 words)

	(WO/1999/039265) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCREMENTALLY LOADING A SCENE GRAPH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A system and method for causing an animated scene to be rendered on a remote computer includes dividing the animated scene into an initial animated scene and one or more additional animated scenes, and defining a reduced instruction set having only those instructions needed to render said initial animated scene.
		A nanokernel is defined as having functionality to execute instructions, wherein said functionality provided with the nanokernel is limited to that functionality needed to execute said reduced instruction set.
		The nanokernel is downloaded with the reduced instruction set to the remote computer, where the nanokernel executes the reduced instruction set to render the initial animated scene on the remote computer.
	www.wipo.int /pctdb/en/wo.jsp?KEY=99/39265.991021 (351 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All the previous work that has been done on nanokernels should now be easily ported to Linux.
		Alessandro Rubini felt that "To me this looks definitely clear of the FMSLabs patent, since RT and non-RT live side by side, not on a master-slave relationship." Karim agreed, and added, "grab the papers, the code and the patent and have a look for yourself, you will see that we're clear.
		Apart from having the kernels side-by-side, Adeos is based on classic early '90s nanokernel work.
	www.kerneltraffic.org /kernel-traffic/kt20020617_171.txt (4183 words)

	Linux: Adeos Nanokernel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Karim Yaghmour, author of the Linux Trace Toolkit, announced today the release of the "initial implementation of the Adeos nanokernel" (Adaptive Domain Environment).
		Adeos is based on classic early '90s nanokernel work.
		had a scheduler, it would still be considered a nanokernel.
	kerneltrap.org /node.php?id=237 (2220 words)

	Nanokernel Implementation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To contrast a soft-instruction implementation with a conventional kernel, I have implemented a classic soft-real-time kernel, the Java Nanokernel (JN).
		The JN nanokernel is used to support Java, that is, its API was designed solely to support the Java Virtual Machine.
		The kernel itself, however, is a very typical soft-real-time implementation.
	www.cse.ucsc.edu /~brucem/soft_ins/nano.html (59 words)

	A quick update on Adeos
		We have been working closely with the RTAI project to have all their real-time layers (kernel-based and process-based) run smoothly over the Adeos nanokernel, which provides the deterministic interrupt control.
		Being able to share more hardware/software resources using the nanokernel so that multiple instances of Linux can run on a single box.
		For instance, we have successfully inserted the Adeos nanokernel beneath the Linux kernel, opening a full range of new possibilities, notably in the fields of SMP clustering, patchless kernel debugging and real-time systems for GNU/Linux.
	www.linuxdevices.com /news/NS4995268611.html (493 words)

	Technical Q&A HW63: Which Machines Support Driver Services Library and the MP Nanokernel?
		A: These two libraries provide much of low-level services and functionality available to driver and application developers.
		Driver Services Library controls the support of functions enumerated in "DriverServices.h" and described in "Designing PCI Cards and Drivers for Power Macintosh Computers." The MP Nanokernel provides low-level process control, timing services, and memory services as described in "Adding Multitasking Capability to Applications Using Multiprocessing Services."
		The following chart indicates whether Driver Services Library (DSL) and the MP Nanokernel is present in a specified machine family.
	developer.apple.com /qa/hw/hw63.html (181 words)

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