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	Nanomachines: Nanotechnology's big promise in a small package
		Medical nanomachines programmed to recognize and disassemble cancerous cells could be injected into the bloodstream of cancer suffers, thus providing a quick and effective treatment for all types of cancer.
		Nanomachines will be able to turn any material into food, and this food could be used to feed millions of people world wide.
		Furthermore, since the nanomachines are using the planet's resources as raw material with which to replicate, the danger is that the planet could eventually be transformed into a seething mass of nanomachines.
	www.def-logic.com /articles/nanomachines.html (3442 words)

	The Whitaker Foundation: Nanomachines Seek Out Breast Cancer Tissue in Live Mice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The nanomachines, a combination of organic and inorganic materials, demonstrate how it might be possible to build simple robots that could travel through the bloodstream in search of disease at its earliest stages.
		In the current study, quantum dots programmed to emit red or green light were coated with different peptides that targeted either normal lung tissue, blood vessels that feed tumors, or lymph modes that drain the malignancies.
		These three types of nanomachines were injected intravenously in live mice and successfully made their way to the desired targets.
	www.whitaker.org /news/bhatia.html (438 words)

	Nanotechnology Web Project \| Issues
		Nanomachines can still be powered by supplying electric current, or by chemical reactions similar to the way the body powers cells or fuel cells power devices.
		Given the goal of nanotechnology to create nanomachines that replicate themselves it may be possible for uncontrolled replication of nanomachines to propose a threat to humanity.
		Also if a nanomachine was made with the intention of using nature's raw materials it wouldn't have to be self-replicating, it could be created by another set of dependent nanomachines.
	www.iit.edu /~bentant/webproject/issues.html (671 words)

	Nanomachines
		Nanomachines are miniature, man-made electro-mechanical tools that operate on a scale of under one hundred nanometers.
		Nanomachines can be: (1) constructed piece by piece through direct direction by humans; (2) grown or self-assembled like crystals in specifically-designed micro-environments; (3) created by different nano-machines; or made through some bringing together of these three methods.
		Nanomachines that will generally work together in a synergistic manner and are capable of proliferation are termed nanorobots.
	www.nanochine.com (1094 words)

	Nanomachines
		Nanomachines are extremely small electromechanical devices manufactured on the scale of individual atoms or molecules.
		Nanomachines are microscopic, man-made electro-mechanical inventions that operate on a scale of under one hundred nanometers.
		Nanomachines can be: (1) assembled piece by piece through direct placement by humans; (2) grown or self-assembled like crystals in specifically-designed micro-environments; (3) assembled by different nano-machines; or made through some combination of these three means.
	www.nanomachinetechnologies.com (685 words)

	nanite - a Whatis.com definition - see also: nanomachine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nanomachines are largely in the research-and-development phase, but some primitive devices have been tested.
		Nanomachines could be programmed to replicate themselves, or to work synergistically to build larger machines or to construct nanochips.
		Specialized nanomachines called nanorobots might be designed not only to diagnose, but to treat, disease conditions, perhaps by seeking out invading bacteria and viruses and destroying them.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci514355,00.html (314 words)

	The Nanotechnology Agenda
		Anti-disease nanomachines, in contrast, would be “smart” devices, able to recognize specific microbes or cells and then target them for destruction with close to absolute, one hundred percent precision.
		Whenever a nanomachine detected a molecule that didn’t fit the profile of a healthy human cell, the nanomachine would seize the flawed molecule and either repair it or destroy it.
		A horde of multiplying nanomachines released into the environment, programmed to devour the matter around them and use it as raw material to build copies of themselves, could in principle become a planetary cancer dwarfing nuclear weapons in their capacity for destruction.
	www.checs.net /checs_00/presentations/nanotech.htm (9773 words)

	European funding for research on Biomolecular Nanomachines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These systems involve two types of biomolecular nanomachines, growing filaments and stepping motors, which are able to generate force in the nanodomain.
		One astounding aspect of biological cells is their ability to undergo dramatic morphological transformations: they can adapt their shape in order to squeeze themselves through very narrow pores, they can extend long `feet' in order to crawl along surfaces, and they can divide themselves up into two daughter cells.
		In addition, a single nanomachine is rather sensitive to its environment and is easily perturbed by thermal collisions with the surrounding molecules.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=25587 (782 words)

	Nanomachines and biological systems: Utopia or Dystopia
		The attached nanomachines would be coded to use the molecular material of its host to produce enzymes of its own design and thereby catalyze reactions that would vary concentration gradients, and thus direct the bacteria to act as a conveyance along a pre-programmed path within a larger organism.
		They propose that nanomachines could be powered by converting the chemical energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into mechanical energy that would supply power to molecular sized motors and integrated circuits, which would operate devices within biological systems, such as the bodies of human beings (7).
		Because nanomachines will be self-replicating and composed of carbon, a most abundant element, the Drexlerians purport that the nano-enhanced, long-lived super human beings will be able to manufacture, atom by atom (thus producing no waste) everything they require and desire (13).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /biology/b103/f00/web2/plotnick2.html (1791 words)

	Bock En La Bock - Nanotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A serum with nanomachines in it can be injected into a cancer patient and the machines will attack and rearrange cancer cells into harmless molecules.
		Nanomachines will be able to make computers with gigabytes of storage that can fit in a box a micron wide (the size of a bacterium) (Wisz).
		Instead of taking medication in the form of a pill, nanomachines would be injected into the body to rid it of the unwanted germ.
	bock.bushwick.com /nanotechnology/nano.php (1513 words)

	Scientific American: The Once and Future Nanomachine
		Most of the nanomachines in the cell are thus, ultimately, molecular catalysts.
		The flagellar motor is a highly structured aggregate of proteins anchored in the membrane of many bacterial cells that provides the rotary motion that turns the flagella--the long whiplike structures that act as the propeller for these cells and allow them to propel themselves through water.
		The assembler, with its pick-and-place pincers, eliminates the many difficulties of fabricating nanomachines and of self-replication by ignoring them: positing a machine that can make any composition and any structure by simply placing atoms one at a time dismisses the most vexing aspects of fabrication.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~rau/phys600/whitesides.htm (3756 words)

	IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Science & Technology, Bottom-up nanomachines
		The objectives of bottom-up nanomachines (BUN) are, the design, simulation, synthesis, interconnection, assembly and testing of nano-devices and nano-machines starting from atomic or molecular parts.
		The technological objective of bottom-up nanomachines is to evaluate these architecture, to fabricate an example of each and to compare their relative performances.
		One scientific objective of bottom-up nanomachines is to understand and control the intramolecular quantum behaviour of specifically designed and synthesized molecules, using a surface to localize and stabilize them.
	www.zurich.ibm.com /st/nanoscience/bottom.html (762 words)

	ENGR019: The Ethics of Nanotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		With nanomachines, we could better design and synthesize pharmaceuticals; we could directly treat diseased cells like cancer; we could better monitor the life signs of a patient; or we could use nanomachines to make microscopic repairs in hard-to-operate-on areas of the body.
		Generally, nanomachines should NOT be designed to be general purpose, self replicating, or to be able to use an abundant natural compound as fuel.
		Furthermore, complex nanomachines should be tagged with a radioactive isotope so as to allow them to be tracked in case they are lost.
	cseserv.engr.scu.edu /StudentWebPages/AChen/ResearchPaper.htm (1800 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Nanotech guru turns back on 'goo'
		He described a hypothetical scenario in which self-replicating nanomachines able to break down biological material could run amok, replicating exponentially and turning terrestrial life into mush.
		Drexler explains that, at the time, he was concerned the excitement at the potential benefits of nanotechnology would overshadow the inherent risks and dangers.
		These systems would be exponential, in which one machine makes another machine, both of which then make two more machines, so that the number of duplicates increases in the pattern 1, 2, 4, 8 and so on until a limit is reached.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3788673.stm (591 words)

	Nanotechnology - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An often cited worst-case scenario is the so-called " grey goo ", a substance into which the surface objects of the earth might be transformed by amok-running, self-replicating nano-robots, a process which has been termed global ecophagy.
		Defenders point out that smaller objects are more susceptible to damage from radiation and heat (due to greater surface area-to-volume ratios): nanomachines would quickly fail when exposed to harsh climates.
		More realistic are criticisms that point to the potential toxicity of new classes of nanosubstances that could adversely affect the stability of cell walls or disturb the immune system when inhaled or digested [2].
	open-encyclopedia.com /Nanotechnology (1083 words)

	i, Nanotechnology in Your Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nanomachines are built on a molecular scale, which might seem really small, but you can do amazing things with them because they can work twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week for years.
		Individual nanomachines are about 5-10 nanometers, about the size of an organelle in a cell.
		The nanomachines make you part of the network by harnessing the native electric field that is in every human body.
	bung-foo.com /nano.htm (1897 words)

	USNews.com: Next News: Are nanomachines really possible? (6/9/04)
		S o far, at least, nanotechnology has been mostly about making new kinds of substances—nanotubes, nanowires, nanodots—or improving existing materials, like by adding tiny "nanowhiskers" to khaki pants to keep coffee or salsa away from the underlying cotton.
		But the sort of nanotechnology that most captures the public's imagination is a theoretical version consisting of tiny nanomachines or nanorobots with the ability to build substances or products from the bottom up by pushing atoms and molecules together one at a time.
		But a new report from NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts, conducted by General Dynamics, suggests that self-replicating nanomachines are possible.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/tech/nextnews/archive/next040609.htm (206 words)

	Battelle: Medical nanomachines by 2020 - Nanodot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Battelle researchers see the medical industry as the most important area for nanomachine technology by 2020.
		'We may be able to develop nanomachines that will go into your body and find and destroy individual cancer cells while not harming healthy cells,' says Battelle Senior Research Scientist Kevin Priddy.
		Nanomachines also could be used to deliver drugs to highly localized places in the body, to clean arteries, and to repair the heart, brain, and other organs without surgery."
	nanodot.org /articles/05/02/13/0439218.shtml (189 words)

	nano@home - powering the nanotech community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The process of building stuff with nanomachines is also called "Molecular Manufacturing" and is the ultimate goal of nanotechnology.
		Nanomachines will build with atomic precision and with an efficiency that we can only dream of at present.
		Nanomachines will also be able to repair stuff.
	www.nanoathome.org (343 words)

	[No title]
		Ananometer is one billionth of a meter, so nanomachines would exist at aninfinitesimal scale.
		People will not have to workbecause these robots, computers and machines, will be able to perform any taskthat needs to be done, or is desired to be done.
		Nanomachines can patrolthe human body killing viruses, deleting any cancerous growths, andregeneratingdamaged cells so that one never ages or gets sick.
	www.circuitblue.com /nanodude/energy1.txt (577 words)

	Energy Sources of Nanomachines
		Nanomachines might be limited, but their applications are likely muchwider than the microscopic scale.
		Nanomachines could absorb energy in the form of particles from the sun, converting them into electrical energy and storing them in a battery.
		Another popular theory for powering nanomachines is placing nanomachines in a chemical solution composed such that the solution has enough chemical potential energy that the nanomachines could convert it into electrical energy.
	www.circuitblue.com /nanodude/energy.html (572 words)

	A Debate About Assemblers
		For example, virtually all medical nanomachines will lack the ability of the biological cell to reproduce and to evolve new structures and functions on their own, making artificial nanomachines inherently safer than biological cells in terms of the potential for a loss of control.
		Most medical nanomachines will not require the capacity for complex onboard organic synthesis, and many nanorobots will not require the abilities of locomotion, manipulation, or various forms of global navigation or communication as are possessed by different types of biological cells.
		Nonbiological nanomachines could be designed to greatly reduce every one of these risks, and they should be developed as rapidly as possible for this purpose.
	www.imm.org /SciAmDebate2/whitesides.html (9084 words)

	New Products and Nanomachines
		The Nanomitech website provides information on current and potential applications of nanomachines and nanotechnology in general.
		Some of these applications are -- super-strong materials; smart materials that change shape in response to stimuli; nanopharmacology; nanotography; nano electronics and computing; nanotechnology power generation and batteries; nanophotonics; and nanodetoxification.
		Nanomachines with sensors and atomic modifiers will generally sense and neutralize chemical toxins and biologic hazards.
	www.nanomitech.com (957 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nanotechnology Will Work"
		Within a few decades, we will use these nanomachines to manufacture consumer goods at the molecular level, piecing together one atom or molecule at a time to make baseballs, telephones and cars.
		As televisions, airplanes and computers revolutionized the world in the last century, scientists claim that nanotechnology will have an even more profound effect on the next century.
		In this edition of How Stuff Will Work, you will learn how nanomachines will manufacture products, and what impact nanotechnology will have on various industries in the coming decades.
	www.howstuffworks.com /nanotechnology.htm (265 words)

	The Market for Nanotechnology and Nanomachines
		Nanomachines are electro-mechanical tools under a hundred nanometers in dimension that have been constructed from atomic-scale components.
		Nanobots are higher nanomachines that will generally -- sense and adapt to environmental stimuli such as heat, light, surfaces, sounds, and chemicals; accomplish complex calculations; propagate, communicate, and coordinate their actions; perform molecular assembly; and, to some extent, repair or reproduce themselves.
		In the telecommunications business, nanotechnology will play an important role in the coming years particularly with respect to fiber optics.
	www.nanobex.com (906 words)

	New Products and Nanomachines
		Information research has been characterized by the potential of instruments to retain and compute vast quantities of quantitative information in a predictable and programmable way.
		As nanotechnology moves toward the production of nanomachines that will likely copy, react to their environment, communicate with living tissue, and work complicated computing functions...
		The required attributes of nano-machines to sense propulsion, heat, beam, chemicals, and various stimuli in their ecology makes them useful for a variety of protection and police products and services.
	www.nanometech.com (730 words)

	Wadsworth-Biomolecular Motors and Nanomachines Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, in spite of Feynman's exhortation, there is little interaction between nano-engineers and those biophysicists, biochemists, and molecular biologists who study the nanomachinery of the cell.
		On September 4-7 of this year, an international conference on Biomolecular Motors and Nanomachines will be held at the Rensselaerville Institute & Conference Center, located just outside of Albany, New York.
		The aim of this meeting is to stimulate a free exchange of information and ideas among researchers working on the design and fabrication of nanoscale devices and on the structural and functional characterization of biological motors.
	www.wadsworth.org /albcon97 (466 words)

	Ausom, Inc.: Nanomachines
		Nanomachines are tiny robots that operate most effectively in swarms.
		Self-replicating and self-organizing, they will transform this green earth into a mass of grey goo.
		This is a paragraph of text that could go in the sidebar.
	ausom.blogspot.com /2004/12/nanomachines.html (52 words)

	Nanotechnology Glossary N
		Nanomachine : An artificial molecular machine of the sort made by molecular manufacturing.
		Nanomachining : like traditional machining, where portions of the structure are removed or modified, nanomachining involves changing the structure of nano-scale materials or molecules.
		Alternatively, nanosprings could serve as positioners, or even as tiny conventional springs, for nanomachines of the future." See Spiraling in on Nanosprings and Nanosprings jump into place.
	nanotech-now.com /nanotechnology-glossary.htm (3573 words)

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