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	Seamless circular 'nanorings' could be nanoscale sensors, resonators & transducers
		An article to be published in the February 27 issue of the journal Science introduces "nanorings" as the newest member of a growing family of nanometer-scale structures based on single crystals of zinc oxide, a semiconducting and piezoelectric material that has important technological applications.
		The nanorings join "nanobelts" and "nanosprings" in a family of zinc oxide structures produced by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology using a high-temperature solid vapor process.
		Nanorings and nanosprings are candidates for building implantable sensors for real-time monitoring of such biomedical measures as blood pressure, blood flow rate and stress at the level of single cells, Wang said.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-02/giot-sc022204.php (930 words)

	ScienceWeek
		Nanoring growth appears to be initiated by circular folding of a nanobelt driven by long-range electrostatic interactions.
		The nanoring appeared to be initiated by circular folding of a nanobelt, caused by long-range electrostatic interaction.
		The authors suggest that zinc oxide nanorings formed by self-coiling of nanobelts may be useful for investigating polar surface-induced growth processes, fundamental physics phenomena, and nanoscale devices.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sc040416-3.htm (1021 words)

	Zinc-oxide nanorings circle new applications - Advanced Physics Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Wang and colleagues made the nanorings by a solid-vapour technique, from powders of zinc oxide, indium oxide and lithium carbonate in a horizontal tube furnace.
		Around 20 to 40% of this material was made up of zinc-oxide nanorings with diameters of 1 to 4 microns and shells around 10 to 30 nanometres thick.
		\"Nanorings are made up of fine nanobelts that are rolled up as coils layer-by-layer, with as many as a hundred loops,\" said Wang.
	www.advancedphysics.org /forum/showthread.php?t=396 (383 words)

	Zinc Oxide ( ZnO ) Nanorings - Potential Nanoscale Piezoelectrics and Sensors - News Item (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This means that the nanorings could be used as sensors, resonators and transducers.
		The nanorings are made up of fine nanobelts that are rolled up as coils layer by layer with as many as a hundred loops, forming a seamless ring structure.
		The nanorings vary in diameter from 1 to 4 microns and are 10 to 30 nanometres thick, composed of as few as 5 or as many 100 loops.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=2392 (523 words)

	Nanopicture of the Day - Nano Ornaments - December 24, 2003
		Xiang Yang Kong and Zhong Lin Wang "Spontaneous Polarization-Induced Nanohelixes, Nanosprings, and Nanorings of Piezoelectric Nanobelts" Nano Lett.
		The nanohelix and nanoring are formed to reduce the electrostatic energy introduced by the spontaneous polarization across the thickness of the nanobelt, owing to the presence of large polar surfaces.
		The shapes of the nanohelix and nanoring are determined by minimizing the energy contributed by electrostatic interaction and elasticity.
	www.nanopicoftheday.org /2003pics/NanoOrnaments.htm (156 words)

	Zinc-oxide nanorings circle new applications (February 2004) - News - nanotechweb.org
		Wang and colleagues made the nanorings by a solid-vapour technique, starting with powders of zinc oxide, indium oxide and lithium carbonate in a horizontal tube furnace.
		“Nanorings are made up of fine nanobelts that are rolled up as coils layer-by-layer, with as many as a hundred loops,” said Wang.
		The surfaces of the nanobelts contained large (0001) facets, with a positive charge on one side of the belt due to the termination of zinc ions on that surface and a negative charge on the opposite side of the belt because of the termination of oxygen ions.
	nanotechweb.org /articles/news/3/2/16/1 (513 words)

	MRSEC
		There are two switching processes of magnetic nanoring: the vortex process (V-Process), with the annihilation of the two poles (or domain walls), and the rotating onion process (O-Process), where the two poles move in unison in opposite direction.
		For the 100-nm symmetric nanoring, the fractions are 40% for V-Process and 60% for O-Process.
		For symmetric nanorings with a uniform crosssection, the two chiralities of magnetization cannot be controlled by magnetic field.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /groups/mrsec/02/asymmetricrings/index.html (416 words)

	Better Chemistry Through Nanorings
		In a recent paper, NIST physicists and collaborators in Sweden and Spain documented that gold nanorings have unique optical and electromagnetic properties that can be "tuned" by varying the ratio of the ring radius and wall thickness.
		When light is directed at the ring, it excites the electrons at the metal and creates a wave that oscillates in certain ways depending on the wavelength of light and ring geometry.
		By conducting such experiments inside a nanoring, researchers could obtain amplified infrared signals and clearer results.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/news_nanorings.htm (387 words)

	Magnetic Nanorings
		Magnetic nanorings are both scientifically and technologically important.
		In nanorings, however, stable vortex states can be achieved due to the lack of vortex core.
		We have developed a fast, cheap and efficient method to fabricate billions of nanorings at once on a macroscopic area with very high areal density.
	lambda.pha.jhu.edu /research/interests/nanoring.html (473 words)

	Georgia Tech's Institutional Repository: Doping and planar defects in the formation of single-crystal ZnO nanorings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		We have recently reported the growth of freestanding, single-crystal, seamless nanorings of zinc oxide via a spontaneous self-coiling process during the growth of polar-nanobelts [X.Y. Kong et al., Science 303, 1348 (2004)].
		An important fact is that each and every nanoring is made of a nanobelt that contains basal-plane planar defects, which are suggested to be important for leading the fastest growth of the nanobelt as well as lowering its elastic deformation energy.
		For a nanobelt that self-coils into a nanoring, we found that the head-to-head and tail-to-tail polar-inversion domain boundaries are paired, thus, the polarity of the nanobelt is unchanged.
	hdl.handle.net /1853/9300 (323 words)

	Print the story
		Now, they have modeled what they jokingly call the "Lord of the Nanorings," a ring of 20 boron atoms that is so stable that the rings can be stacked to create a tube of virtually any length with a diameter of a mere 2.6 nanometers.
		Zeng, Willa Cather professor of chemistry at UNL, said the boron nanoring, if it can be created in the laboratory, could open the door to the development of ultrasmall and ultralight radiation detectors, even smaller than the neutron-detection device that a team of UNL scientists and engineers produced three years ago.
		To see if the "Lord of the Nanorings" could be created in a lab, Zeng and his team turned to Wang, one of world's leading experimenters in boron clusters, and whom Zeng came to know as a result of his Guggenheim Fellowship.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=3471 (807 words)

	EETimes.com - Nanorings self-assemble into 100-nm memories
		The most valuable characteristic of nanorings, besides their diminutive size, is that they emanate no magnetic field-or "flux closure." Any magnetic dipole produces a magnetic field, but due to the ring's shape the collective magnetic field outside the ring is zero.
		According to Wei, what differentiates his nanoring construction method from others is that the particles self-assemble into rings, rather than rely on a "cookie cutter" patterning method as is traditionally used in manufacturing.
		Wei said preliminary research already shows that a nanoring's magnetic state-flowing either clockwise or counterclockwise-can be switched on or off by applying an external magnetic field.
	www.eetimes.com /issue/mn/OEG20031215S0025 (635 words)

	Nanoring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first nanoring made was a Zinc-oxide nanoring discovered by researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology.
		They are made by a spontaneous self-coiling process of nanobelts.
		News.NanoApex.com - Seamless circular 'nanorings' could be nanoscale sensors, resonators and transducers
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nanoring (94 words)

	Purdue's self-assembled 'nanorings' could boost computer memory
		Best of all, these "nanorings" form all on their own, a process commonly known as self-assembly.
		Preliminary studies have shown that the nanorings' magnetic states can be switched by applying a magnetic field, which could be used to switch a nanoring "bit" back and forth between 1 and 0.
		Shown are cobalt nanoparticles that have self-assembled into bracelet-like "nanorings." The rings' magnetic flux can be oriented in one of two directions – clockwise or counterclockwise – a characteristic that could represent binary numbers in magnetic memory devices.
	www.purdue.edu /UNS/html4ever/031210.Wei.nanorings.html (899 words)

	Purdue's Self-Assembled Nanorings Could Boost Memory
		Best of all, these "nanorings" form all on their own, a process commonly known as self-assembly.
		Tripp developed conditions leading to the self- assembly of the cobalt nanorings, then initiated a collaboration with Dunin- Borkowski to study their magnetic properties.
		Preliminary studies have shown that the nanorings' magnetic states can be switched by applying a magnetic field, which could be used to switch a nanoring "bit" back and forth between 1 and 0.
	www.taborcommunications.com /hpcwire/hpcwireWWW/03/1212/106673.html (788 words)

	Nanoring - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The first nanoring made was a Zinc-oxide nanoring discovered by researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology.
		Nanorings: Seamless Circular Structures Could be Sensors, Resonators and Transducers for Nanoelectronics and Biotechnology
		News.NanoApex.com - Seamless circular 'nanorings' could be nanoscale sensors, resonators and transducers
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/n/a/n/Nanoring.html (70 words)

	Nanotechnology Development Blog \| Nanotechnology development news and information
		Nanorings, the circular structures are made up of fine nanobelts.
		Wang and hiss associates at Georgia took a mixture of zinc oxide, indium oxide and lithium carbonate in the ratio of 20:1:1 and heated it at 1400 degree Celsius under a flow of argon gas.
		Nanoring based on single crystals of zinc oxide could find applications in semiconducting and piezoelectric materials.
	www.nanotechnologydevelopment.com (5433 words)

	Purdue's self-assembled 'nanorings' could boost computer memory
		Tripp developed conditions leading to the self-assembly of the cobalt nanorings, then initiated a collaboration with Dunin-Borkowski to study their magnetic properties.
		By using a technique known as electron holography, the researchers were able to observe directly the flux-closure states, which are stable at room temperature.
		Shown are cobalt nanoparticles that have self-assembled into bracelet-like "nanorings." The rings' magnetic flux can be oriented in one of two directions – clockwise or counterclockwise – a characteristic that could represent binary numbers in magnetic memory devices.
	news.uns.purdue.edu /html4ever/031210.Wei.nanorings.html (899 words)

	Magnetic memory design breakthrough can lead to faster computers
		The nanorings are extremely small, with a diameter of about 100 nanometers.
		Fabrication of the nanorings is a multistep procedure involving self-assembly, thin film deposition and dry etching.
		Third, the scenario for nanoring usage in MRAM usage is to replace the multilayer thin stacks by multilayer nanoring stacks.
	physics.physorg.com /news9791.html (780 words)

	The Interesting Transport Properties of SWNT Nanorings
		And as a remarkable advantage for potential applications such as electric devices, the nanorings were deposited at relatively low temperature with wide density range on different substrates.
		Furthermore, in most previous work, the nanorings observed had a diameters in excess of 300nm although, in theory, rings with curvature radii much smaller than 100nm can be generated in principle.
		Xie explains the future direction of their research: "We will focus on the investigation of Aharonov-Bohm effects in nanorings with annular geometry and the fabrication of nanorings-based electronic nano-devices" he says.
	www.prweb.com /releases/20062422/4/prweb378266.htm (574 words)

	Nanowerk Spotlight
		Their findings were reported in a recent paper titled "Efficiently producing single-walled carbon nanotube rings and investigation of their field emission properties" in the April 11, 2006 online edition of Nanotechnology.
		And as a remarkable advantage for potential applications such as electric devices, the nanorings were deposited at relatively low temperature with wide density range on different substrates.
		Furthermore, in most previous work, the nanorings observed had a diameters in excess of 300nm although, in theory, rings with curvature radii much smaller than 100nm can be generated in principle.
	www.nanowerk.com /spotlight/spotid=449.php (556 words)

	Amazon.com: Nanoring: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is argued that either persistent currents through these conducting nanorings, or conversely very high magnetic fields can be induced at...
		Mag- netic nanorings are also excellent candidates for high-density storage devices because of...
		single-crystal seamless nanoring formed by loop-by-loop coiling of a polar nanohelt, and (i)...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Nanoring&tag=httpexplaguid-20&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (595 words)

	'Nanoring' memories?
		But researchers from Johns Hopkins University have now designed irregularly shaped cobalt or nickel nanorings that can serve as memory cells and which could lead to coin-sized hard drives that could store hundreds of movies.
		We have fabricated symmetric nanorings on a macroscopic area with ultrahigh areal density.
		But symmetric nanorings, when the size is about 100 nm, have only 40% of chances to obtain the vortex states, as found by our group recently.
	www.primidi.com /2006/01/13.html (445 words)

	Polyelectrolyte Nanorings: Critical Parameter Governing Formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After sequential adsorption of PEI and PSS (respectively) polyelectrolytes in a glass substrate characteristic nanoring structures are observed.
		Results: Two parameters are observed to be critical for the formation of nanorings, the filtration of solutions and the carbonate ions concentration in solution.
		Significant statistical difference between nanorings external diameter is observed after filtration with 0.45, 0.22 and 0.10 µm pore size (p=<0.001).
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/eur04/techprogram/abstract_51103.htm (289 words)

	Journal of Materials Chemistry Articles
		A modified nanosphere lithography for the fabrication of aminosilane/polystyrene nanoring arrays and the subsequent attachment of gold or DNA-capped gold nanoparticles
		When such a surface was sonicated in toluene to dislodge the PS particles, a mesoporous network containing truncated PS nanorings/shells was produced.
		Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to image the surface pattern and structure after each step of the procedure, while X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and UV-visible spectrometry were used to determine the composition of the surface patterns.
	www.rsc.org /Publishing/Journals/JM/article.asp?doi=b406997h (208 words)

	Impurity effects on energy levels and far-infrared spectra of nanorings
		The effects of a positively charged impurity on the energy levels and far-infrared spectra of one and two electrons in semiconductor nanorings under magnetic fields are studied.
		The effects of the nanoring size and the impurity position are also discussed.
		It is shown that the electron–electron interaction and electron–impurity one in nanorings are strongly dependent on the nanoring size and the impurity position.
	stacks.iop.org /0953-8984/15/7287 (282 words)

	C&EN: TODAY'S HEADLINES - RIBBONS INTO RINGS
		is, in a way, a lord of the nanorings.
		By coaxing a zinc oxide nanobelt--a long, thin ribbon composed of alternating layers of Zn and O
		And now they are also able to manipulate individual nanorings.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/topstory/8209/8209notw3.html (325 words)

	e4engineering.com - Engineering news, engineering information and engineering jobs for engineering professionals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		More importantly, 'nanorings' form on their own in a process called self-assembly.
		By using electron holography, the researchers were able to observe directly the flux-closure states, which are stable at room temperature.
		'Integrating the cobalt nanorings with electrically conductive nanowires, which can produce highly localised magnetic fields for switching flux closure states, is highly appealing.' he said.
	journals.iranscience.net:800 /www.designengineering.co.uk/www.designengineering.co.uk/item.asp@id=50796&type=Features&ch=e4e_electric (718 words)

	Nanotechnology News: Nanowires go round the bend
		The feat is particularly impressive because such organic molecule wires are generally regarded as rod-like and rigid, due to the double and triple carbon bonds that allow electrons to travel through them ("Template-Directed Synthesis of a π-Conjugated Porphyrin Nanoring").
		Harry Anderson's group at the University of Oxford envisioned a molecular ring made of eight porphyrin units (the cyclic compound that hosts the metal atoms in haemoglobin and chlorophyll), strung together with hydrocarbon linkers containing two carbon-carbon triple bonds (butadiyne).
		After synthesising the actual molecules, the researchers found that the open-chain version of the eight-membered rim wrapped itself around the spokes construct all by itself.
	www.nanowerk.com /news/newsid=1597.php (529 words)

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