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	Napoleon Chagnon
		Napoleon Chagnon is a Professor Emeritus of Sociobiology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
		Napoleon is currently working in more remote villages that he discovered between 1990 and 1992.
		Napoleon Chagnon is very dedicated to furthering the knowledge of himself and his students.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/abcde/chagnon_napoleon.html (357 words)

	Napoleon Chagnon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Napoleon A. Chagnon (born 1938) is an American anthropologist.
		Chagnon is the author of a well known ethnography, Yanomamö (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968), which is an account of his time in the 1960s living among and studying the Yanomami, an Indian people indigenous to the Amazonas region that spans the border of Venezuela and Brazil.
		Chagnon was also one of the early pioneers in the field of human behavioral ecology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon (277 words)

	Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery
		Chagnon said he'd found a society in which homicide and warfare were common and the most violent men wound up with the most wives and children.
		Chagnon has been critical of the missionaries and was especially bothered back in the 1970s when a missionary showed a group of Yanomamo paintings of Indians falling into a fiery hell because they had taken drugs.
		Chagnon says that at one of his last encounters with Venezuelan Yanomamo, several told him that the Salesians were spreading the notion that he used some kind of magic against the tribe.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Chagnon_00.html (3723 words)

	After reading the Tierney book I was concerned about a variety of issues, from the truth of specific allegations to the ...
		Chagnon and Neel are portrayed as genocidal maniacs because of their scientific positions on some of the above themes.
		It asserts that Chagnon caused high levels of conflict and warfare through his gift giving and alliance arranging activities, but bases this assertion on a bizarre theory of Yanomamo warfare which claims that steel tools are the ONLY cause of lethal conflict among the Yanomamo.
		Chagnon is accused of visiting isolated Yanomamo communities and potentially spreading dangerous infectious diseases.
	www.tamu.edu /anthropology/Hill.html (3605 words)

	2
		Napoleon Chagnon is interested in the large-scale structure of Yanomami social organization and geographical distribution and the place of violence in the evolution of that structure.
		Chagnon here presents his views on why his involvement was terminated by his expulsion from the region on the orders of a Venezuelan judge, which he argues occurred because of unethical machinations on the part of his political enemies.
		Chagnon did his graduate work at the University of Michigan, a center for the development of the theory of sociocultural evolution, and had Leslie White, a leading proponent of this school of thought, on his doctoral committee.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /anthro/course.grd/700-05/taskforce-section2(2).html (4287 words)

	Telegraph Magazine on Chagnon and Tierney
		Chagnon, aged 63, is one of the most distinguished anthropologists alive.
		Chagnon took this to mean that his enemies among the Yanomamö would feel free to kill him, knowing the missionaries would do nothing to stop them.
		Again and again, Chagnon’s critics maintain that the Yanomamö are not fierce at all: in fact they’re intrinsically harmless and he appears among them as a bully.
	www.darwinwars.com /cuts/oddsnsods/chagnon_printed.html (3171 words)

	scienceamazons
		When Napoleon Chagnon began fieldwork in 1964, they were a little-known population of 20,000 in the headwaters of the Orinoco and the Amazon between Venezuela and Brazil.
		Chagnon was all the easier to indict as a swaggering brute because, unlike anthropologists who claim to be self-critical but bury their contradictions under six feet of theory, he wrote an entire book about his methodology.
		Chagnon was washed up politically, with little chance of returning to the field, but he was still arrogant and unrepentant, and he would be a provocative addition to the usual parade of villains.
	nativenewsonline.org /books/scienceamazons.html (4580 words)

	University of Michigan Report: Ongoing Investigation of the Neel-Chagnon Allegations
		Neel, M.D., and Napoleon Chagnon, Ph.D., with the Yanomami of Venezuela.
		Chagnon reported as early as 1966 that the Salesians were luring Yanomami to their mission at Mavaca by providing them with shotguns.
		Chagnon is aware that his data on Yanomami violence have been misused by others for their own ends, and he repudiated this misuse in 1983.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Debate/UMichOnChagnon.html (6997 words)

	The Chronicle: 7/26/2002: Anthropology and the Search for the Enemy Within
		Chagnon's work was sociobiological in orientation, which is anathema to many cultural anthropologists, some of whom find it inherently racist.
		Chagnon may also have stimulated professional jealousy with his financially successful publications while infuriating opponents with his confrontational style, occasionally profane language, and pattern of denigrating critics as "left wingers." The publication of Darkness in El Dorado therefore ignited an explosion in a long-smoldering academic vendetta.
		It finds that Chagnon gave comfort to the enemies of the Yanomami by depicting the tribe as violent, but the panel did not seriously contest the accuracy of his portrayals or demonstrate any material damage that the villagers might have suffered from them.
	chronicle.com /free/v48/i46/46b01101.htm (2102 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Yanomamo Interactive: The Ax Fight on CD-ROM: Books: Napoleon A. Chagnon,Peter Biella,Gary Seaman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One thing Chagnon communicates very well in it is how terribly tragic he thinks what's happening to them now is, with western influence, especially in the last chapter.
		The author's depiction of the Yanomamo as warlike and fierce is argued as overdone and jeapardizing of the wellbeing of the Yanomamo.
		Prior to Chagnon they were a mostly uncontacted people and since they have been enculturated, devastated by mining, and have lost respect due to their fierce reputation.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0155054287 (412 words)

	Kenan Malik's review of 'Darkness in El Dorado' by Patrick Tierney
		Chagnon's paper is one of the most widely cited scientific studies of all time - and one of the most fiercely criticised.
		Chagnon himself has said that violence 'may be the principal driving force behind the evolution of culture' and that his work debunks 'all that crap about the Noble Savage'.
		Neel and Chagnon used a primitive form of measles vaccine, known as Edmonston B, which contained a live virus, was very virulent and which, in a population as vulnerable as the Yanomami, Tierney claims, inevitably led to an epidemic.
	www.kenanmalik.com /reviews/tierney_darkness.html (2660 words)

	The Fierce People: The wages of anthropological incorrectness - controversy surrounding ethnographer Napoleon A. ...
		Chagnon is the target of one of the greatest smear campaigns ever waged against a scholar.
		Chagnon called his subjects "the fierce people"-partly because that's what they call themselves in their own language, but also because of the chronic violence characterizing their society.
		In 1994, he labeled Chagnon "a sociopath" for statements that he believed were politically harmful to the Yanomamo, and he denounced Chagnon before a crowded room at the American Anthropological Association's annual convention.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_22_52/ai_67004535 (978 words)

	Pittsburgh author's charges stir up anthropologists
		Chagnon described high levels of violent, warlike behavior among the Yanomami and published papers indicating that among the men of that tribe, those who killed more people had greater access to women and therefore a greater likelihood of fathering children.
		Chagnon had been having difficulty getting permission to continue his research among the Yanomami and had made enemies when he wrote a paper tying the spread of disease to the presence of missionary outposts.
		Chagnon has refused media requests for interviews about the allegations, but on a Web page of the University of California Santa Barbara anthropology department, he said, "Tierney, Turner and Sponsel have repeatedly accused me of some of these things in the past, both in print and verbally in public anthropology meetings.
	www.post-gazette.com /magazine/20001115tierney2.asp (2048 words)

	Chagnon Warns Of Plight Of Yanomamo In Wake Of Major Floods
		In the Wake of Devastating Floods in Venezuela's Amazon Region Anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon, pioneering investigator of South America's primitive Yanomamo tribes people, warns that serious flooding in the Orinoco River basin, in Venezuela's Amazon region, could threaten their survival.
		Chagnon will discuss the Yanomamo's plight with colleagues at the annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, which takes place this week at Northwestern University in Chicago.
		The landing strip and the houses of the natives are currently under water because of the unprecedented flooding of the Orinoco.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1996-06/UoCS-CWOP-260696.php (443 words)

	[No title]
		Chagnon, who was born in 1938, had spent an austere childhood in small-town, rural Michigan; his father was an undertaker, and he was the second of twelve children.
		Chagnon has said that no one who was vaccinated got measles, and, according to the medical consensus at the time, the Edmonston B vaccine virus was not, in itself, contagious.
		Chagnon responded to da Cunha in the Anthropology Newsletter by saying that he could not control the press's tendency to sensationalize his findings, and that he should not be held responsible for the failure of Brazilians to defend the rights of indigenous people.
	www.wwnorton.com /trade/external/tierney/newyorker.htm (7435 words)

	Science Show - 16/06/01: Darkness in El Dorado
		Chagnon’s sociological coup though was finding that the more violent men in these polygamous tribes had more wives and more children.
		Chagnon always arrived in villages with abundant supplies of machetes, axes, knives and steel pots, precious items to the Yanomami who appreciate certain luxuries of a more modern life style.
		Chagnon travelled through this area of the Amazon unloading his steel goods unevenly, leaving villages left out of the loop frustrated and feeling antagonistic towards their newly enriched neighbours.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ss/stories/s313371.htm (1422 words)

	By John Tooby - Slate Magazine
		What's more, Chagnon was said to have been the main cause of the violence he saw among the Yanomamö and more generally to have twisted his scholarly portrayal of them to bolster his Hobbesian theories of human nature.
		As it happens, this is just what Chagnon did, and he gradually concluded that the Catholic missions were serious sources of disease, largely because of their regular roles as points of contact and entry.
		Chagnon's longtime critics include Turner and Sponsel, a fact that explains their uncritical and hyperbolic embrace of the Tierney book, and a fact that isn't mentioned in their incendiary letter to the American Anthropological Association.
	www.slate.com /id/91946 (4018 words)

	UCSB Anthropology Department: Faculty--Chagnon
		Chagnon is engaged in the computer analysis and publication of his continually growing body of data on the Yanomamo demography, settlement patterns, geographical variations, and warfare patterns over time.
		He continues to make annual field trips to the Venezuelan Yanomamo and is working among extremely remote new villages he contacted between 1990 and 1992.
		Professor Chagnon established the Yanomamo Survival Fund in 1988 for this purpose and also works closely with several other non-profit organizations that are attempting to help the Venezuelan Yanomamo and their neighbors.
	www.anth.ucsb.edu /faculty/chagnon (218 words)

	In The Issue
		Chagnon called his subjects "the fierce people" — partly because that's what they call themselves in their own language, but also because of the chronic violence characterizing their society.
		Chagnon's greatest nemesis may not be Tierney, but Terence Turner, a Cornell University anthropologist who has also studied Amazonians.
		It never came up." (Chagnon was born in 1938, married in 1960, and was a father twice over by 1963.) Yet Tierney ominously notes, "Chagnon has never discussed his decision to avoid the draft." The author of that sentence would be wise to avoid accusing others of McCarthyism.
	www.nationalreview.com /20nov00/miller112000.shtml (1941 words)

	Untitled Document
		As is perhaps fitting given the evolutionary orientation of the University of Michigan's Anthropology Department at the time he received his doctorate (1966), Chagnon has emphasized an adaptive/evolutionary perspective in his writings.
		The problem is that when the Venezuelan and Brazilian governments restricted his field access, Chagnon engaged in various efforts, some of them in violation of Venezuelan law, to continue studying the Yanomami.
		Chagnon writes, "For better or worse, there is a definite bias in cultural anthropology favoring descriptions of tribal peoples that characterize them as hapless, hopeless, harmless, homeless, and helpless.
	www.publicanthropology.org /AAAReferendum/ElDoradoTaskForce05March/BackgroundControversy4.htm (659 words)

	[No title]
		Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery He Wrote a Bestseller in the '60s About One of the Last Undiscovered Peoples on Earth.
		But the Salesian order of Catholic missionaries stands against Chagnon in a place where he can be hurt the most-the jungle itself.
		"What matters is their utopian view of the nature of mankind." Over decades of study, Chagnon has become convinced that the urge to organize and fight is a practical necessity that resides deep inside us and not in modern economies or politics.
	www.mc.cc.md.us /Departments/hpolscrv/yanomamo-chagnon.htm (3648 words)

	Chagnon to donate research to MSU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During Chagnon's first lecturing visit to Minnesota, Dr. Wayne Allen who is presently an Adjunct Professor in the Anthropology Department and Executive Director of the Traverse de Sioux Treaty Center in St. Peter, was a senior Anthropology major here at MSU.
		According to Allen, Chagnon, through Allen and through his previous visits with the staff of the Anthropology Department, found here a niche with which he plans to continue to keep ties to the department both academically and in friendship.
		Chagnon will be giving a slide lecture titled "35 years of Anthropological Studies of a Warring Amazon Tribe" here at MSU on Thursday starting at 7:30 p.m.
	members.aol.com /archaeodog/darkness_in_el_dorado/documents/0054.htm (485 words)

	Salon.com Books \| Macho anthropology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He charges that Chagnon's own presence disrupted traditional cultural values, trade patterns and political balances of power, so that far more violence followed in his wake than was present before he arrived.
		One major problem Tierney reports, culled from the furious exchanges in the journal articles that followed Chagnon's article, was that Chagnon had no objective evidence of the homicides his "killers" had committed, but based his figures on the number of men who had undergone "unokaimou," a difficult ritual purification for murder.
		Chagnon himself points out that retaliation and revenge are crucial factors in Yanomami violence.
	archive.salon.com /books/feature/2000/09/28/yanomamo/index3.html (1071 words)

	Salon.com Books \| Macho anthropology
		Chagnon's ill-advised attempt to create what Tierney calls a "private jungle kingdom" outraged many Yanomami and their "bleeding heart" advocates.
		If Chagnon's material, films and data paint honest pictures of the Yanomami, it would be totally unfair to blame him for the ugly uses that have been made of his work.
		Chagnon's supposed crimes will be formally investigated by the American Anthropological Association, starting at the group's annual meeting in November, and the organization's president assured the anthropological community, in another widely circulated open letter, that it would consider Chagnon's case fairly.
	archive.salon.com /books/feature/2000/09/28/yanomamo/index4.html (761 words)

	Judith Shulevitz - Slate Magazine
		Before Napoleon Chagnon became known as the retired anthropologist vilified by Patrick Tierney in Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon--a sweeping attack on several scientists and reporters who worked with a tribe on the upper Amazon--Chagnon was known for being the author of the classic work on that tribe.
		The value of Chagnon's book is to bring a leafy, pretechnical world to life in all its tension and struggle, even though he was out to make a narrower point: to show that Hobbes got it right when he decreed a state of nature to be a war of all against all.
		Chagnon, who became a follower of sociobiologist E.O. Wilson in the 1970s, believes that tribal warriors express a "reproductive striving" when they raid other villages and abduct their women.
	www.slate.com /id/1006646 (2160 words)

	Misanthropology
		Chagnon is important because he is widely used in undergraduate anthropology classes because his work is clearly written and an exciting story [Yanomamö].
		Chagnon was named to a commission to investigate on behalf of the Venezualan government, but was dropped after Salesian opposition.
		If Chagnon subscribes to a theory which argues that male violence leads to reproductive success, this theory can only be falsified by evidence or lack of it, or undermined by logic, not by cries of outrage.
	againstsleepandnightmare.com /wildcat/darkness.html (6822 words)

	National Geographic Adventure Mag.: Amazon Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The charges stemmed from Chagnon's allegedly culture-destroying practice of exchanging trade goods such as machetes with the Yanomami for delicate cultural information, including family genealogies (the Yanomami consider it taboo to speak of the dead).
		Just days after it was published, the Venezuelan government sealed off Yanomami territory to outside journalists, researchers, and scientists; banned Chagnon from the region; and began their own investigation into the conditions of the Yanomami and the supposed damage done by outsiders.
		Chagnon is kind of a besieged character and sees himself as that.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /adventure/0204/q_n_a.html (1428 words)

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