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Topic: Napoleon and the Jews

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	Napoleon and the Jews
		Napoleon was the first leader in Europe to grant liberty, equality and fraternity to all religions.
		In this lithograph of the period, Napoleon is granting liberty to the Jews.
		Napoleon won it by his success with the sword, not the sword of execution, nor the sword of the guillotine, but the sword of battle against the enemies of France.
	www.napoleon-series.org /ins/weider/c_jews.html (4782 words)

	Lecture 15: Europe and the Superior Being: Napoleon
		Napoleon was born August 15, 1769, on the island of Corsica, the son of a petty or low noble.
		Napoleon's meager fleet, however, was destroyed at the Battle of the Nile by Nelson's navy.
		Napoleon was removed as Emperor to the island of Elba and a Bourbon monarch returned to the French throne.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture15a.html (2711 words)

	Free Essay Napoleon's Revolutionized French Education System
		Napoleon was convinced that the breakdown of order during the Revolution was because of the state's inability to establish a system of education that could replace what the Church had maintained previously.
		Napoleon was most interested in secondary education, believing it to be the base education for both future leaders of the nation and future members of bureaucracy and the military.
		In fact, Napoleon said, '[i]t would be desirable that the teacher not marry, or that he defer marriage till he has secured an adequate position and income to support a family.' As a reward, they would 'have clearly before them the prospect of rising to the highest offices of the state' (Durant 67).
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=28184 (1352 words)

	Napoleon And The Jews
		Because of the tremendous amount of criticism that Napoleon was receiving from such famous personalities as Chateaubriand, Cardinal Fesh, Marshal Kellermann, Tsar Alexander and numerous others, Napoleon felt obligated to introduce a "Restrictive Decree." On the 17th of March 1808, this decree limited the freedom given to the Jews.
		Napoleon's effort to liberate the Jews was effective, not only in France, but also in all the other countries where France ruled.
		Napoleon's sympathy for the Jews was not created by the pressures of the Jewish bankers because this sympathy was expressed clearly before Napoleon became the Emperor of France and had control over political events.
	www.aish.com /literacy/jewishhistory/Napoleon_And_The_Jews.asp (3485 words)

	Jews
		The Jews are a people who trace their descent from the biblical Israelites and who are united by the religion called Judaism.
		Their assembly, the Sanhedrin, was reconvened at Jabneh, and its head was recognized by the Romans and given the title of patriarch; the Diaspora Jews accepted his authority and that of the Sanhedrin in matters of Jewish law.
		Jews had long been accustomed to living in neighborhoods of their own, for security and for ready access to a synagogue.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txo/jews.htm (4553 words)

	Anti-Semitism: France’s National Shame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The hatred of Jews experienced a drastic rise in that country in the 19th century, particularly during the reign of Napoleon III in the 1850-1870 period, which was known as the "Second French Empire."
		Thus, Jews achieved "official" equality in French society, and they were able, by the mid-1840s, to utilize French liberty to gain prominence and entry into French economic and political life.
		The French Jew, therefore, was always in a no-win situation: he was hated if he successfully assimilated, and he was hated if he did not.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=228 (731 words)

	In Italy Online - Ethnic Italy - Jews In Italy
		Jews were barred from all guilds and were only allowed two positions, that of money lending and the selling of used clothing.
		Napolean gave Jews their civil and commercial rights and for once in history they were first-class citizens (except those who lived in the Papal State and Tuscany).
		Jews were expelled from all public services, such as the army and also public schools.
	www.initaly.com /regions/ethnic/jewish.htm (1221 words)

	Jew - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes.
		Jews were subject to explusions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with most of the population moving to Eastern Europe and Poland.
		Jews have made contributions in a broad range of human endeavors, including the sciences, art, politics, etc. Some of these count being Jewish as an essential part of their identity; others view it as an incidental part of their background.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=15913 (4141 words)

	Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Napoleon was finally defeated by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at Waterloo in present-day Belgium on 18 June 1815.
		In France, Napoleon is seen by some as having ended lawlessness and disorder, and the wars he fought as having served to export the Revolution to the rest of Europe.
		Napoleon is sometimes alleged to have been in many ways the direct inspiration for later autocrats: he never flinched when facing the prospect of war and destruction for thousands, friend or foe, and turned his search of undisputed rule into a continuous cycle of conflict throughout Europe, ignoring treaties and conventions alike.
	en.filepoint.de /info/Napoleon (7762 words)

	PBS - Napoleon: Classroom Materials - Hero or Tyrant?
		Regardless of the conclusion students reach on this conundrum, explain that in the newspapers they will write, students will have to view Napoleon as one or the other, much as at trial a lawyer must lend support wholeheartedly to the side he or she defends.
		Choose several significant events in Napoleon's life and ask the class how those events might be viewed positively or negatively, depending upon one's viewpoint at the time.
		Explain to students that they are going to watch several excerpts from the video "Napoleon" and that they should look for incidents from Napoleon's career that support their viewpoint.
	www.pbs.org /empires/napoleon/n_clas/heroortyrant.html (2189 words)

	Napoleonic Items : Shrapnel : News : Napoleon Bonaparte : Napoleonic era : Military Awards : Medals : Details : ...
		During the Napoleonic Wars flints became difficult to get and so soldiers were ordered to take them from the dead and wounded on a battlefield.
		The regular musket of French Napoleonic infantry was the Charleville, named after the gunworks at which it was produced.
		When Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Venice in 1797 he was at the head of the first army to have entered the Italian city since it was founded some 1350 years before.
	www.napoleonguide.com /ashotshell.htm (976 words)

	International Napoleonic Society
		Napoleon was definitely poisoned - by la Gazette du Laboratoire, N.102 of September 2005, les Échos de la Recherche
		Napoleon was in fact poisoned - by Le Quotidien Du Médecin of the 7th of June 2005
		Ode to Napoleon, by Arie Ribon, MD. FACAAI, FINS
	www.napoleonicsociety.com /english/lectures.html (148 words)

	Why Jews Are a Problem, Simplified (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Jews seem unable to grasp the fact that their actions are unsavory to gentiles.
		In fact, we suggest that this blindness of Jews to the many unsavory aspects of Jewry is actually a form of mental illness, although it will never be labeled as such.
		Jews are the greatest enemy of traditional Western culture.
	wsi.matriots.com /jews1.html (468 words)

	Judaism
		Jews have a passion for charitable giving, and are in the forefront of philanthropy.
		Jews always believed in making the world a better place, but some, instead, had hoped for a messiah to come and rescue Jews from awful times.
		Jews should live according to a strict regimen of religious laws to become a “beacon of righteousness’’.
	www.humanisticjews.org /timeline.htm (2482 words)

	Ben Weider: Canadian Casts Doubt On French History
		The theory that Napoleon died of poisoning at the hands of one of his compatriots on St. Helena was clearly troublesome and challenged accepted facts of France ’s Napoleonic era.
		Moreover, when the results were plotted on a graph, it was clear there were significant variations in the amount of arsenic present in the hairs, proving that the arsenic was introduced into the body during specific periods and not on a continual basis.
		French Napoleonic historians still refused to grant any credibility to this second scientific test on the pretext that it was not carried out by competent French authorities and that the quantity of hair was insufficient to provide a meaningful result.
	www.ifbb.com /history/napoleon.htm (3263 words)

	Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide - Napoleon and the French Revolution
		Napoleon on the path to becoming the supreme executive of a French
		Napoleon spoke of himself as the man who had completed the Revolution.
		Napoleonic Code, he would sanctify equality, their dearest possession.
	www.napoleonbonaparte.nl /html/body_nap_and_revolution.html (1869 words)

	Italy and the Jews - Timeline
		When the ghetto was established in 1555, the Jews were permitted only one synagogue, though there were five prayer communities with ethnic, linguistic and social differences.
		Jews are invited to settle in Leghorn, the main port of Tuscany, where they are granted full religious liberty and civil rights, by the Medici family, who want to develop the region into a center of commerce.
		They must join the Union of Italian-Jewish Communities, the central representative body; election of local leaders is required; mandatory contributions are established; the role of rabbis is defined; and the law decrees that the community is subject to the protection and supervision of the state.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/italytime.html (6133 words)

	Jewish Literacy - Jewish History
		During a time of cruel oppression of the Jews, a number of splinter sects sprang up whose members believed that the Apocalypse was at hand.
		The Jews had no king, but when they needed guidance they turned to "judges," who were both warriors and prophets.
		The German Jews who founded the Reform Movement emphasized their loyalty to the "fatherland" in order to be accepted in mainstream German society.
	www.aish.com /literacy/jewishhistory (2144 words)

	Napoleon and the Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though Napoleon's personal attitude towards the Jews is not certain, he clearly saw political benefit in supporting them.
		Both aspects of his thinking can be seen in a response to a physician who asked why he pressed for the emancipation of the Jews, after his exile in 1816:
		Primo Levi said that Italian Jews often chose Napoleone as their given name to recognize their liberator.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews (857 words)

	INS Scholarship 1998: Napoleon And The Jews
		When the French troops were in Palestine, and besieging the city of Acre, Napoleon had already prepared a Proclamation (See Appendix) making Palestine an independent Jewish state.
		Notwithstanding this heavy opposition, including anti-Semitism generated by numerous newspapers, Napoleon was quoted as saying, "This is not the way to solve the Jewish question.
		He told Napoleon, "Sire, so you wish the end of the world to come with your actions to give the Jews equality as Catholics."
	www.napoleon-series.org /ins/scholarship98/c_jews98.html (2911 words)

	Topic - The Age of Napoleon
		What were the advantages and disadvantages for Napoleon and for the Church in concluding this agreement?
		List some of the changes and reforms in the area of the economy and education initiated by Napoleon.
		Identify the different historians' interpretations of Napoleon and his role in European history.
	www.historyteacher.net /APEuroCourse/Topics/TOPIC-NapoleonicAge.htm (353 words)

	jewsinamerica.org: Our Story Link List
		Sanctuary and Synagogue: Ashkenazic and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam
		The Jews in Savannah by Mordecai Sheftall, 1843
		Pale of Settlement & the pogroms of 1881
	www.jewsinamerica.org /linklist.php (1120 words)

	The Islam Blog » Napoleon of the Rap Group, ‘Outlawz’ (Los Angeles, USA)
		Napoleon of the Rap Group, ‘Outlawz’ (Los Angeles, USA)
		“Napoleon (real name Mutah Wassin Shabazz Beale) (born Newark, New Jersey on October 11, 1977), is [note: was] an African-American rapper [note: formerly].
		Napoleon guest appeared on “Tradin’ War Stories,” “When We Ride,” “Thug Passion” and “Run Tha Streetz.” He was also the center of attention in Tupac’s famous song I ain’t mad at cha.
	www.theislamblog.com /archive/napoleon-of-the-rap-group-outlawz-los-angeles-usa (588 words)

	Napoleon
		Special dossier: Napoleon crowned king of Italy, 26 May 1805 in Milan
		Italian and French architectural culture in the Napoleonic period: professional and stylistic problems, Rome, Italy
		At the court of Louis Napoleon, first King of Holland (1806-1810)
	www.napoleon.org /en/magazine/whats_on (314 words)

	The emperor and the Jews.(Napoleon Bonaparte ) - Judaism: A Quarterly Journal of Jewish Life andThought - HighBeam ...
		The major nineteenth-century accounts of Napoleon and the Empire do not mention Jews at all, except to relate how Polish Jews provided supplies to the French army during the retreat from Moscow.
		(1) As the focus of Napoleonic historiography shifted from the battlefield to domestic issues, and from hagiography to a more critical form of understanding, however, Napoleon's treatment of his roughly 40,000 French-Jewish subjects has come to seem...
		This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-138949897.html?refid=ip_hf (174 words)

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