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	Napoleon's invasion of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The invasion of the Russian Empire led by Napoleon I of France in 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic wars.
		Until 1941 it was known in Russia as the Patriotic War (Russian Отечественная война, Otechestvennaya Voyna); the Russian term Patriotic War of 1812 distinguishes it from the Great Patriotic War, the term the Soviets applied to their front in World War II.
		Napoleon moved into an empty city that was stripped of all supplies by its governor, Fyodor Rostopchin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Napoleon_invasion_of_Russia_1812 (1967 words)

	Napoleon I of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Napoleon knew the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy and therefore arranged to lure the British fleet away from the English Channel so that, in theory, a Spanish and French fleet could regain control of the Channel for twenty-four hours, which he erroneously thought enough for French armies to cross to England.
		Napoleon's final defeat came at the hands of the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on June 18, 1815.
		Napoleon was imprisoned and then exiled by the British to the island of Saint Helena (2,800 km off the Bight of Guinea in the South Atlantic Ocean) from 15 October 1815.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Napoleon (7663 words)

	Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia 1812
		Napoleon sent an urgent message to the Duke of Bellano who had remained behind with reserves in Poland, requesting that all manner of reinforcements be dispatched immediately to Moscow.
		Napoleon and the Imperial Guard, who had already passed through in safety, were able to doubleback and fight their way through the roadblock to free the trapped troops, but the encounter cost the Grand Army 6,000 dead and wounded and about 20,000 prisoners.
		Not just the campaign but the army Napoleon knew was lost beyond all hope of retrieval, and on 5 December he left the command in the hands of Murat and sped on by sledge to the Polish frontier, with the intent of reaching Paris to inform and reassure the people concerning the disastrous retreat.
	www.sawargamer.co.za /Articles/showArticle.asp?Art=42 (3406 words)

	Wikinfo \| Napoleon's invasion of Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, which Napoleon called the Second Polish War and which is known in Russia as the Patriotic War (Отечественная война - Otechestvennaya Voyna in Russian) was one of the turning points of the Napoleonic wars, proving disastrous for France and its allies.
		In June 1812, Napoleon began the invasion with his Grande Armée of 610,000 men, the largest army ever assembled at that point in history.
		The Russian victory over the French army in 1812 marked the first blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance, and was the turning-point of the Napoleonic Wars that led to Napoleon's ultimate defeat.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Napoleon's_invasion_of_Russia (840 words)

	Napoleon
		In the event, Napoleon did not fulfil the expectations of the Poles in his army or of the Lithuanians, and was not regarded by the majority of the Belorussian Polish-speaking nobility as their saviour.
		In 1812 the Grand Army made use of Jews, both as spies and as suppliers of necessary provisions, and, given their knowledge of languages (many spoke French) and occupation as traders, the Jews were in a position to provide this assistance.
		Hence Napoleon was the Beast spoken of as the Apocalypse.
	www.napoleon.org /en/reading_room/articles/files/napoleon_russia_saviour_antichrist.asp (3287 words)

	[No title]
		Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, eternalized in Tolstoy's War and Peace, has become a byword for the nemesis of overreaching power.
		The 'Battle of the Nations' at Leipzig on 16-19 October 1813 led to the collapse of the Confederation of the Rhine and the Kingdom of Westphalia and Napoleon's retreat from Germany.
		Napoleon's family was placed in the custody of Francis I of Austria, and Louis XVIII became king of a France restored to its frontiers of 1792.
	dl.lib.brown.edu /napoleon/time6.html (1106 words)

	Napoleon Bonaparte Speech - Farewell to the Old Guard
		Napoleon built a 500,000 strong Grand Army which used modern tactics and improvisation in battle to sweep across Europe and acquire an Empire for France.
		Thus Napoleon was forced to begin a long retreat, and saw his army decimated to a mere 20,000 men by the severe Russian winter and chaos in the ranks.
		Napoleon then lost the support of most of his generals and was forced to abdicate on April 6, 1814.
	www.historyplace.com /speeches/napoleon.htm (598 words)

	BBC - Weather Centre - Features - History and Religion - Hot and cold flushes for Napoleon during the Russian invasion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In June of 1812, Napoleon began his invasion of Russia, which was an attempt to force the Tsar to submit once again to the terms of the treaty that Napoleon had imposed on him four years earlier.
		Napoleon gambled that the Russians would mount a large scale frontal attack not too far within their borders, and when they failed to do so, it drew the French further into Russia where they were unprepared for the notoriously changeable Russian climate which was prone to great extremes of heat and cold.
		The reality was that Napoleon was already decisively beaten before the serious frosts began, and the real damage winter caused was that it served to increase the scale of the disaster during the final stage of the retreat.
	www.bbc.co.uk /weather/features/history_napoleon.shtml (691 words)

	The History Channel - Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Napoleon's youngest brother, whom he made King of Westphalia in 1807 after an undistinguished career in both army and navy.
		Like most of those Napoleon promoted, Fouché betrayed him by negotiating with his enemies and was sacked in 1810, only to be reappointed by his forgiving boss in 1815.
		One of the lowest-born of Napoleon's marshals, he was the son of a barrel-maker.
	www.historystudystop.co.uk /php/displayarticle.php?article=32&page=4&topic=meu (563 words)

	Battle of Borodino, 1812. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Austria, Russia and Prussia were now as ready to fight each other as to fight France, the original repugnance to treat with 'the Corsican upstart' had largely evaporated, his imperial title was recognised across the Continent, and the Bourbon pretender Louis XVIII was beginning to look like an anachronism.
		According to Adam Zamojski Napoleon was determined to hold the possibility of the reunification of the Kingdom of Poland as a carrot before the Poles, a semi-sincere promise to ensure loyalty.
		Napoleon was unsure of the situation on the smoke-obscured battlefield.
	web2.airmail.net /napoleon/Borodino_battle.htm (10051 words)

	Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, 1812
		Being an illustrated account of the ill-fated expedition of the Emperor Napoleon's Grand Armée into Czar Alexander's Russia in 1812.
		The map, based on the 1869 chart by Minard, graphically illustrates (both literally and figuratively) how the size of the French army dwindled during the march into Russia and was reduced to almost nothing on the wretched rout back into Poland.
		In the lower portion of the map, the temperature in degrees Celcius is shown, along with dates during the retreat.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~jrubarth/gslis/lis385t.16/Napoleon (173 words)

	History & Culture of Russia / The Invasion of Russia
		n June of 1812, Napoleon began his fatal Russian campaign, a landmark in the history of the destructive potential of warfare.
		Virtually all of continental Europe was under his control, and the invasion of Russia was an attempt to force Tsar Alexander I to submit once again to the terms of a treaty that Napoleon had imposed upon him four years earlier.
		When Napoleon's army arrived on September 14, they found a city depopulated and bereft of supplies, a meagre comfort in the face of the oncoming winter.
	www.geographia.com /russia/rushis05.htm (490 words)

	Faq#10: Why did Napoleon Fail in Russia in 1812?
		Napoleon failed to conquer Russia in 1812 for several reasons: faulty logistics, poor discipline, disease, and not the least, the weather.
		Napoleon's method of warfare was based on rapid concentration of his forces at a key place to destroy his enemy.
		Napoleon found, as the Germans found in 1941, that Russia had a very poor road network.
	www.napoleon-series.org /faq/c_russia.html (1059 words)

	Pushkin History
		Nevertheless when the French invaded in June 1812 a wave of patriotism swept the country, large sums of money were donated by the population to help the war effort.
		Alexander I was seen as personifying Russia, and he appealed to the population to support God and the fatherland.
		Napoleon had hoped for a quick and decisive victory over the Russians and was disappointed when no battle took place.
	www.lse.ac.uk /Depts/language/Ruslang/pushkin/history.html (908 words)

	French Invasion of Russia, 1812
		Russia and France had few conflicting interests; Napoleon's major demand from the Czar was that Russia should join the CONTINENTAL BLOCKADE dirercted against England.
		Napoleon emerged victorious from the BATTLES OF SMOLENSK and BORODINO (which Kutusov had, reluctantly, to fight to save face) and entered Moscow in September, with only 110.000 of his soldiers remaining (the huge number of losses includes many deserters).
		The allies placed their troops under BERNADOTTE's command; the future King of Sweden defeated Napoleon in the BATTLE OF Russia was one of, and actually the first of the victorious powers, and would play a significant role in the establishment of the Post-Napoleonic order.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/napwars/napinv.html (465 words)

	Napoleon and Latvia
		Napoleon is said to have described Riga as a “suburb of London.”
		The thrust of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia ended up cutting through Lithuania, with Vilnius becoming the main staging platform for the attack.
		Napoleon is said to have described Riga as a “suburb of London,” for its strong trade links with France’s arch enemy, the British; by trying to occupy the seaside Latvian city, he also hoped to disrupt lucrative Russian trade with Great Britain.
	www.balticsww.com /napoleon_riga.htm (519 words)

	1812 Invasion of Russia : Napoleonic Wars : Napoleon Bonaparte : Borodino : Smolensk : Moscow : Retreat From Moscow : ...
		Russia's economy was being hurt by Napoleon Bonaparte's Continental System that banned trade with Britain and internal pressures forced Tsar Alexander to turn a blind eye to those who broke it.
		Although advised by Marshal Davout to manouevre around the defences and attack from another direction, Bonaparte threw his men into a series of bloody attacks on the Russian positions.
		To make a bad situation worse, the snows came early in 1812 and the cold, together with hunger and cossack attacks, doomed what had been one of the most impressive armies ever to be formed.
	www.napoleonguide.com /campaign_russia.htm (537 words)

	The Forward Newspaper Online: As Old as the Hills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		When I grew old enough to read and study history, I realized that Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812 must have passed just to the north of this area, and I assumed that this historical event had given rise to my mother’s Yiddish expression.
		Napoleon indeed crossed White Russia twice in 1812, once on his march to Moscow and the second time on his disastrous winter retreat that ended with the annihilation of his army.
		It is debatable whether Napoleon, however grateful for being helped, would have parted with his coat on a Russian winter day, but in any case, Mr.
	www.forward.com /main/printer-friendly.php?ref=20050209940 (780 words)

	Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - HistoryWiz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		When Russia abandoned the continental system it was just a matter of time before war.
		Napoleon was determined to get there first and so led a huge army of 600,000 into Russia.
		Napoleon had always lived off the land in his campaigns in order to forestall a supply problem.
	www.historywiz.com /russianinvasion.htm (219 words)

	CSISS Classics - Charles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon's March, 1861.
		Of all the attempts to convey the futility of Napoleon's attempt to invade Russia and the utter destruction of his Grande Armee in the last months of 1812, no written work or painting presents such a compelling picture as does Minard's graphic.
		Charles Joseph Minard's Napoleon map, along with several dozen others that he published during his lifetime, set the standard for excellence in graphically depicting flows of people and goods in space, yet his role in the development of modern thematic mapping techniques is all too often overlooked.
		The second dealt with an event closer to his heart, the devastating loss of Napoleon's army in the fields of Russia during the winter of 1812-13, when Minard was thirty-one.
	www.csiss.org /classics/content/58 (1281 words)

	Unique Facts about Canada: Invasion of Canada
		The War of 1812 was a conflict fought in North America between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815.
		The war created a greater sense of nationalism in Canada and the United States, it produced a national anthem and two future presidents for the U.S., and perhaps most consequentially, the war marked the end of European alliances with American Indians in the United States.
		Major General Sir Isaac Brock skillfully repulsed an American invasion of Canada, but his death was a severe loss for the British cause.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /canadaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Canada5.htm (1150 words)

	EefyWiki - 19c: Alexander and Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Between Russia's alliance with Napoleon in 1807 and Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, Alexander toyed with other reforms including a draft constitution and an assembly of elected representatives, to be called the Duma.
		This treaty won Russia the five years of peace necessary to conquer Finland from the Swedish (1808) and large parts of the Caucasus (1804-1813) from Persia.
		If Napoleon known anything at all about Russia's long history of oppressing its serfs, perhaps he could have won enough of them over to his side to make a difference.
	eefy.editme.com /L19c (982 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sweden, 1792-1809
		The Swedish throne was vacant again, and Duke Frederik Christian of Augustenborg, a relative of the deceased heir-apparent, was chosen as the candidate to succeed.
		It turned out that Napoleon was not pleased and suggested, Sweden should choose a French marshal instead; Moerner, acting on his own, suggested to French marechal JEAN BAPTISTE JULES BERNADOTTE to become heir to the throne of Sweden.
		Napoleon gave his permission, and on August 21st 1810 the Riksdag elected him heir to the throne of Sweden (he chose the name Karl Johan).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/frrevswe.html (1971 words)

	Back Issue No. 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Although victorious over three separate armies and in control of most of northern Italy, 27-year-old Napoleon Bonaparte would suffer his first defeat as yet another Austrian army marched south to reclaim this territory and relieve the besieged troops in Mantua.
		Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 was an attempt to force Tsar Alexander to rejoin the economic blockade against Britain.
		Josephine, Napoleon's sisters, and many other women were able to indulge their desires for extravagance.
	napoleon-journal.com /NJ/No6.htm (351 words)

	Wargame Articles
		At Borodino, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, he failed to commit his entire army to the battle, unsure if he could "afford" the resulting casualties.
		Although the total number of casualties suffered in the historical Normandy campaign was quite large, they were incurred over the course of the campaign and in such a way that they did not occur in such high numbers at any one time so as to invoke a serious political backlash as a result.
		Likewise, although Napoleon would in the end lose almost all of his force in the campaign, at the time of Borodino the situation was too early and uncertain for him to commit all of his forces to a decisive conclusion.
	www.strategypage.com /wargames/articles/wargame_articles_2004982138.asp (2056 words)

	France Russia War 1812
		Russian renunciation of the Continental System (Napoleon's scheme of economic warfare against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars had been ruinous to Russia's economy), compounded by differences over French influence in Poland, Sweden, and the Balkans, caused Napoleon to invade Russia with his Grand Army of nearly 500,000 soldiers in June 1812.
		The Russians under Mikhail I. Kutuzov (1745-1813) repulsed Napoleon's further advances and the czar refused to negotiate a truce.
		Napoleon left his war-weary, tattered troops in December to return to Paris to put down a rumored plot against him and raise a new army.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/november/napoleon1812.htm (332 words)

	Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March by Adam Zamoyski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Napoleon's invasion of Russia and his ensuing terrible retreat from Moscow played out as military epic and human tragedy on a colossal scale -- history's first example of total war.
		What remained of Napoleon's army now had to endure a miserable retreat across the wintry wastes of Russia, while his enemies aligned against him.
		It also gave birth to Napoleon's superhuman legend -- the myth of greatness in failure that would inspire the Romantic poets as well as future leaders to defy fate as he had done.
	www.harpercollins.com /book/index.aspx?isbn=9780061075582 (698 words)

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