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Topic: Napoleonic code

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	Napoleonic Code, French Law, and Civil Code
		The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des français, or civil code of the French), was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon I.
		Other codes with some influence in their own right were the Swiss, German and Austrian ones, but even there some influence of the French code can be felt, as the Napoleonic Code is considered the first successful codification.
		The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are derived from the French Code Napoleon, especially the civil code of Quebec.
	real-estate-properties.com /concepts/Napoleonic_Code.html (5077 words)

	SparkNotes: Napoleonic Europe (1799-1815): The Consulate (1799-1804)
		On June 1800, Napoleon led the French army against the Austrians at the battle of Marengo and emerged with a staggering victory.
		Napoleon stabilized French currency by creating the Bank of France, and he simplified the tangle of French law by producing the Napoleonic Code.
		Napoleon was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica, a former Genoan island in the Mediterranean that had recently been handed over to the French.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/napoleonic/section1.html (1327 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Napoleonic Code
		The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon, is the French civil law code, established at Napoleon's behest and entering into force on March 21, 1804.
		The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to be established in a country with a civil law legal system.
		The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are derived from the French Code Napoleon, especially the civil codes of Louisiana and Lower Canada which was later revised into the Civil Code of Québec.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/na/Napoleonic_Code (314 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Napoleonic code
		The intention behind the Napoleonic Code was to reform the French legal system in accordance with the principles of the French Revolution because the old feudal and royal laws seemed to be confusing and contradictory to the people.
		This is reflected in the Napoleonic Code prohibiting judges from passing judgments exceeding the matter that is to be judged – because general rules are the domain of the law, a legislative, not judicial, power.
		The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are influenced by the French Code Napoleon, especially the civil code of Quebec, which was derived from the Coutume de Paris, which the British continued to use in Canada following the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Napoleonic_Code (1709 words)

	code
		In these cases a code becomes a mechanism by which types of behavior can be restricted and regulated into acceptable norms, a set of injunctions prescribing ways to dress, act, or conduct oneself, as in a dress code, code of honor, or ethical code.
		Codes determine a field in which certain meanings are permissible, but cannot be used in themselves to generate an original message, (disregarding for the moment the metal-linguistic message of transgression, of deliberate violation of a code).
		Codes have been capable of recombination and restriction, but as of yet have been restrained from the sphere of semiotic generation--the representation of concepts in themselves, without the mediation of a proper language.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/mitchell/glossary2004/code.htm (1511 words)

	Napoleonic code
		The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon, is the French civil law code, established at Napoleon's behest and entering into force on March 21, 1804.
		The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to be established in a country with a civil law legal system.
		The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are derived from the French Code Napoleon, especially the civil codes of Louisiana and Lower Canada which was later revised into the Civil Code of Québec.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ci/Civil_code.html (289 words)

	Napoleonic Code
		When it was obvious to Napoleon that Josephine was not going to have any more children and his dream of having a son succeed him was not going to come true, he convinced her, in 1809, to get a divorce on the grounds of mutual consent.
		Napoleon's own 1803 divorce law said that a divorce on the grounds of mutual consent could only occur if the wife was between the ages of 21 and 45 and Josephine was 46 years old, and the law...
		In the German regions on the left bank of the Rhine (Rhenish Palatinate and Prussian Rhine Province) the Napoleonic code was in use until the introduction of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch in 1900 as the first common civil code for the entire German Empire.
	www.lycos.com /info/napoleonic-code.html (686 words)

	French Civil Code: Book I: Of Persons (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Napoleonic Code was to be promulgated, with modifications, throughout the Empire.
		The Civil Code was followed by a Code of Civil Procedure in 1806, a Commercial Code in 1807, a Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure in 1808 and a Penal Code in 1810.
		The Code Napoleon, renamed the Civil Code, was retained in its majority after the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815.
	www.utc.edu /Faculty/Anthony-Steinhoff/317/CodeCivil.html (2942 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		Chile promulgated its civil code in 1855, an original work in confront with the French code both for the scheme and for the contents (similar to the Castillan law in force in that territory) that was written by AndrÃ©s Bello (begun in 1833).
		Paraguay adopted its code in 1987, and in 1877 Guatemala adopted the Peruvian code of 1852.
		In 1916 Brazil enacted its civil code (project of Clovis Bevilacqua, after rejecting the much superior project by Teixeira de Freitas that was translated by the Argentines to prepare their project), that entered into effect in 1917 (in 2002, the Brazilian Civil Code was replaced by a new text).
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=code_of_law (1398 words)

	FRANCE Magazine
		Long known as the Napoleonic Code, it was named after the leader who conceived it and who actively participated in its drafting, initially as first consul and later as self-proclaimed emperor.
		The Civil Code, Napoleon’s proudest achievement and most enduring legacy, is a perfect example: It stipulated that there was only one law of the land, and that everyone—regardless of social standing or religion—was equal before it.
		Napoleon’s new Code notably established the concept of equal rights, the abolition of aristocratic privileges, the eradication of feudalism and the separation of religion and the law.
	www.francemagazine.org /articles/issue70/article94.asp?issue_id=70&article_id=94 (2194 words)

	A Look at European History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Napoleonic Era, a period lasting from 1792-1815 under the control of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), brought many great reforms to Europe, such as the liberation of the peasants from their lords and the elimination of the Spanish Inquisition.
		But the code was modeled after the basic characteristics of justice, and the relationships which occur between one man and another — a drastic change from the previous judicial system, which was heavily influenced by the Catholic church.
		When the Napoleonic Code (also called the Civic Code) was being enacted, the Catholic Church was all but abolished when its courts, tithes, and monastic orders were either eliminated or heavily restricted, stripping it of political influence and funding capabilities.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~ijmi/napoleon.html (389 words)

	napoleon.html
		Napoleon was the child of minor, but poor, Corsican nobility — he always used his first name because it sounded more aristocratic than "Bonaparte." Of not particularly high social status, he got where he was by being a stand-out general during the French Revolutionary wars.
		It reformed various aspects of the old French law codes to provide more equality under the law and greater guarantees of basic rights, yet it was still conservative in some aspects, with an emphasis on maintaining families by giving fathers control over their children and husbands control over their wives.
		Napoleon's conquests had the effect of stimulating liberalism and nationalism in the areas he conquered, as he rewrote their constitutions and reorganized their governments, but generally these sentiments crystallized out of opposition to his rule.
	www.loyno.edu /~seduffy/napoleon.html (1633 words)

	The Napoleonic Era
		This finalized the exile of Napoleon to a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon would be emperor of Elba alone.
		This was the result of Napoleon's growing frustrations with the inefficiency of the Continental system and his growing interests in the Mediterranean region.
		Napoleon's escape from Elba back to France where he is reunited with his old army am marches through southern France.
	www.historyteacher.net /EuroProjects/ExamReviewSheets/MatchingQuizzesForFinalReview-2001/MATCH-NapoleonicEra.htm (421 words)

	The Civil Code Index
		The Civil Code represents a typically Napoleonic mix of liberalism and conservatism, although most of the basic revolutionary gains - equality before the law, freedom of religion and the abolition of feudalism - were consolidated within its laws.
		The Napoleonic Code was to be promulgated, with modifications, throughout the Empire.
		The Civil Code was followed by a Code of Civil Procedure in 1806, a Commercial Code in 1807, a Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure in 1808 and a Penal Code in 1810.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/government/c_code.html (1655 words)

	Civil Code of Quebec at AllExperts
		The Civil Code of QuÃ©bec (Code civil du QuÃ©bec) is the civil code in force in the province of Quebec, Canada.
		The reform process that led to the replacement of the Civil Code of Lower Canada by the Civil Code of Quebec was one of the largest legislative recodification undertakings in any civil law jurisdiction.
		The Civil Code of Quebec was a complete restatement of the civil law in Quebec as of the date of its adoption including judicial interpretation of codal provisions that include broad privacy and personality rights protection and the adoption of a section on the patrimony of affectation.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/ci/civil_code_of_quebec.htm (1142 words)

	[No title]
		The oldest is the code of the Dominican Republic which has been translated almost literally from the Napoleonic Code of 1808, to which the majority of Latin American codes owe their principal debt.
		For example, Argentina adopted a commercial code in 1862, a civil code in 1869, a criminal code in 1886, a code of civil procedure in 1880 and a code of criminal procedure in 1888.
		While the majority of codes make some provision for the appointment of counsel to indigents this is normally limited to court appointed counsel which routinely limit their representation to perfunctory appearances making the right essentially ineffective.
	www.fiu.edu /~caj/introd~1.doc (9798 words)

	Bambooweb: Napoleonic Code
		The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon, was the French civil law code, established at the behest of Napoléon and entering into force on March 21, 1804.
		The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to be established in a country with a civil legal system.
		The term "Napoleonic code" is also used to refer to legal codes of other jurisdictions that are derived from the French Code Napoleon, especially the civil code of Quebec.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/n/a/Napoleonic_Code.html (350 words)

	Women and the Napoleonic Code
		The Code embodied many principles of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the Code was modified and adopted outside of France in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
		The Napoleonic Code institutionalized the republican responsibility of women to generate virtue—a term that began to acquire sexual over tones to its civic definition.
		They saw the Code as “insuring the safety of patrimonies and restoring order in families.” It mattered little to them that the old regime carried over for \women in the form of an “estate”—a term that indicated an unchangeable life time situation into which people were born and would always remain.
	homepages.stuy.edu /~bgarcia/women_and_the_napoleonic_code.htm (1124 words)

	Napoleonic Code
		The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to be established in a country with a civil law legal system.
		The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon, is the Frenchcivil lawcode 21, 1804.
		The Napoleonic Code was to be promulgated, with modifications
	www.signal42.com /napoleonic_code.asp (705 words)

	New Statesman - Napoleonic code
		There are various unsubstantiated stories told by French gastronomes about Napoleon and Valencay cheese, all based on the idea that he was enraged by the pyramid shape after his military fiasco in Egypt.
		What is undisputed, however, is that Talleyrand, the Machiavellian French statesman and backer of Napoleon, bought the Chateau de Valencay in 1805; and that soon after this, the pyramid cheeses of the region, which previously held various names, became known collectively as "Valencay".
		Napoleonic legend claims that, when he was a tiny boy, she would send him to bed hungry on purpose, so that he was in training for the kind of hunger that soldiers must face.
	www.newstatesman.com /200108270029 (796 words)

	Cambaceres (Civil law)
		As regards civil jurisprudence, are opposed France of statute law, including the southern half of the country and Alsace, which applies a right inspired of the Roman law (Justinien Code), and France of oral law, applying a common law, which varies from one area to another.
		Taking as a starting point the various attempts at coding tried under Ancient Regim (Drafting of the habits by the ordinance of Montilz-les-Tours in 1454, Code Henri in 1585, Code Marillac in 1614), the French National Assembly issues on April 5,1790 that it will be made a Code of the civil laws of the kingdom.
		Cambaceres prepares all work by communicating the documents relating to the agenda, as well as the extracts of his three codes, which is worth to him some criticisms on behalf of the advisers of State who find these preceding projects too impregnated of the ideas of the Lights or the Revolution.
	www.cambaceres.org /vie-poli/code-civ/cod-civi.htm (1944 words)

	The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte
		By the age of 25, Napoleon Bonaparte had been expelled from the army, was disgraced, despondent and suicidal.
		Napoleon joined the Jacobins because, as he wrote in a letter to his brother, "Since one must choose sides, one might as well choose the side that is victorious, the side which devastates, loots, and burns.
		Napoleon gained the love of the French people by proclaiming, after a victory at Austerlitz, that he would adopt the children of all the soldiers.
	members.tripod.com /mr_sedivy/napol4.html (525 words)

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