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Topic: Naringenin

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	Naringenin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Naringenin (not to be confused with naringin) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-inflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater.
		Scientists exposed cells to 80 micomoles of naringenin per liter, for 24 hours, and found that the amount of hydroxyl damage to the DNA was reduced by 24% in that very short period of time.
		Only 15% of ingested naringenin will get absorbed, in the human gastrointestinal tract, in the best case scenario.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naringenin (183 words)

	Comprehensive Nutrient Review: Naringin Research Abstracts
		Naringenin, a metabolite of naringin, and quercetin were the most potent inhibitors of alpha-hydroxylation of NNK in both liver and lung microsomes.
		The ability of naringin and naringenin to scavenge oxygen free radicals may be responsible for the action because superoxide, hydroxyl and other free radicals are implicated in promoting the autocatalytic stage of oxidation of hemoglobin by nitrite.
		In contrast, the aglycone naringenin at 300 to 500 microM decreased AHH activity by 50% to 60%.
	www.lef.org /abstracts/codex/naringin_abstracts.htm (5813 words)

	Inhibition of hepatocyte apoB secretion by naringenin: enhanced rapid intracellular degradation independent of reduced ...
		Naringenin and oleic acid were present throughout the pulse and the chase.
		Naringenin and oleic acid were present throughout the pulse and the chase as indicated.
		Naringenin inhibits accumulation of newly synthesized CE and TG in the ER lumen
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/43/9/1544 (6309 words)

	Naringenin : by Ray Sahelian, M.D.,
		The effect of naringenin, a naturally occurring citrus flavanone, on the acute nephrotoxicity produced by cisplatin (7 mg/kg, i.v.) was investigated in the rat.
		Naringenin reduced the extent of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by significant reduction in serum urea and creatinine concentrations, decreased polyuria, reduction in body weight loss, marked reduction in urinary fractional sodium excretion and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and increased creatinine clearance.
		Analysis of uterine oestrogen receptor alpha revealed that naringenin significantly increased the cytosolic concentration of oestrogen receptor alpha, whereas in nuclei the oestrogen receptor alpha concentration was significantly decreased as compared to the solvent control.
	www.raysahelian.com /naringenin.html (1910 words)

	Enzymatic Therapy Medical Abstracts
		Naringenin has been shown to exert antiestrogenic, cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant activities, as well as an indirect modulation on the metabolism of many xenobiotics.
		Naringenin was not detected in plasma at any time after consumption of the control meal.
		In addition to naringenin, we detected rutin and chlorogenic acid in tomato paste, but these polyphenols and their derivatives (quercetin and caffeic acid) were not detected in plasma at any time.
	www.enzy.com /abstracts/display.asp?id=3804 (266 words)

	Reference #5: The fate of naringin in humans: A key to grapefruit juice-drug interactions ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Naringenin and its glucuronides appeared in urine after a median lag-time of 2 hours and reached 0.012% to 0.37% and 5.0% to 57%, respectively, of the molar naringin dose.
		In additional investigations, low concentrations (<4 umol/L) of naringenin glucuronides, but neither naringin nor naringenin were found in plasma samples from previous grapefruit juice interaction studies, and metabolization of naringin to naringenin occurred during 24 hours of incubation (37' C) in three of five feces samples tested.
		Naringenin formation is thought to be the crucial step in determination of bioavailability of the compound, which undergoes rapid glucuronidation.
	www.powernetdesign.com /grapefruit/references/ref5abstract.html (278 words)

	Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and ...
		apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin,
		Oleate and naringenin were present throughout the pulse and the chase as indicated.
		Lanes 3 and 4 are cells incubated with naringenin for 24 h.
	www.jlr.org /cgi/content/full/42/5/725 (6515 words)

	Hesperidin and Other Bioflavonoids: Selected Bibliographic Citations (part 2 of 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Naringenin did not form under the incubation conditions used indicating that it did not contribute to the inhibition produced by grapefruit juice.
		Abstract: The effects of naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol, flavonoids found in grapefruit as glycosides, on the metabolism of nifedipine and the enantiomers of felodipine were studied in microsomes from rat and human liver.
		We conclude that grapefruit juice and naringenin inhibit CYP1A2 activity in man. However, the small effect on caffeine clearance in vivo suggests that in general the ingestion of grapefruit juice should not cause clinically significant inhibition of the metabolism of other drugs that are substrates of CYPIA2.
	www.provide.net /~aelewis/aelp/doc-004b.htm (11100 words)

	Grapefruit flavonoid may repair DNA, protect against cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Naringenin, a flavonoid found in grapefruit and oranges, helped to repair damaged DNA in cancer cells, reports a lab study.
		The naringenin is proposed to function by stimulating the so-called Base Excision Repair (BER) cellular mechanism that repairs DNA during the replication stage.
		However, “we demonstrated that the intracellular concentration is 0.5 percent of the naringenin concentration in the medium,” wrote the researchers.
	www.nutraingredients.com /news/ng.asp?n=65906-grapefruit-flavonoids-naringenin (623 words)

	Dr. Murray W. Huff
		Analysis revealed that in addition to MTP and LDLr expression, of signficance, naringenin treatment altered the expression of a number of unanticipated genes involved in carbohydrate, fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism.
		These results demonstrate that naringenin has the potential to not only modulate lipoprotein assembly and secretion, but also activate insulin signal transduction pathways, and this may have direct relevance to the treatment of abnormal lipoprotein synthesis in states of insulin resistance.
		Figure 1: Naringenin blocks apoB secretion by inhibiting expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which normally transfers lipids to apoB as it is inserted through the ER membrane.
	www.biochem.uwo.ca /fac/huff/huff.html (1580 words)

	Title of Invention: Genetic sequences encoding a 3' ,5'-hydroxylase and uses therefor
		Naringenin is subsequently hydroxylated at the 3 position of the central ring by flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) to produce dihydrokaempferol (DHK).
		The 3',5'-hydroxylase is a broad spectrum enzyme catalyzing hydroxylation of naringenin and DHK in the 3' and 5' positions and of eriodictyol and DHQ in the 5' position (Stotz and Forkmann, 1982), in both instances producing pentahydroxyflavanone and DHM, respectively.
		Conversion of naringenin to pentahydroxyflavanone by extracts of limb (L) and tube (T) petal tissue of OGB is also shown.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biotech_Patents/1994patents/05349125.html (12806 words)

	Flavonoids Act as Negative Regulators of Auxin Transport in Vivo in Arabidopsis -- Brown et al. 126 (2): 524 -- PLANT ...
		Naringenin is an early intermediate in the flavonoid
		For NPA and naringenin, the gravity response was
		naringenin uptake and conversion to flavonoids (A.S. Murphy and
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/126/2/524 (6741 words)

	1204_article_10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This beneficial action of GSE has been attributed to the antioxidative activity of citrous flavonoids such as naringenin, that was found in grapefruit juice and seeds and shown to exhibit cytoprotective activity against injury induced by algal toxins in isolated hepatocytes (4).
		In another report, naringenin was reported to exhibit the protective effects against the gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol predominantly due to the increase in the mucus secretion (8).
		It might be of interest that this gastroprotective effect of naringenin and accompanying increase in the mucus secretion were, in part, attenuated by indomethacin suggesting the involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in the mechanism of this flavonoid-induced gastroprotection (8).
	jpp.krakow.pl /journal/archive/1204/articles/10_article.html (3140 words)

	flvonoidsandcitrusjuices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Naringenin is present in grapefruit mainly as its glycosylated form, naringin.
		Two experiments were conducted in which groups of 21 rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 5% corn oil and were given a 5-mg dose of DMBA intragastrically at approximately 50 days of age while in diestrus.
		One week later, individual groups were given double-strength grapefruit juice or orange juice or fed naringin or naringenin at levels comparable to that provided by the grapefruit juice; in the second experiment, the rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 20% corn oil at that time.
	www.uni-marburg.de /herzzentrum/ismnt/cancerprevention/flvonoidsandcitrusjuices.html (401 words)

	Metabolic Engineering of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Jiang et al. 71 (6): 2962 -- ...
		The biosynthesis of naringenin in plants is shown in the box.
		presence of naringenin chalcone in the supernatant, we lyophilized
		pathway for the synthesis of naringenin in yeast.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/6/2962 (4240 words)

	NEW METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR FLAVANONES CATALYZED BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES -- Nikolic and van Breemen 32 (4): 387 -- Drug ...
		of metabolites of naringenin, pinocembrin, and apigenin, the
		Liquiritigenin and naringenin share similar metabolic pathways, and both formed an unusual hydroxy quinone (quinol) metabolite which was further cleaved to produce the corresponding chromone.
		of peroxidative degradation of naringenin by horseradish peroxidase
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/4/387 (5840 words)

	Variation of Flavonoids and Furanocoumarins in Grapefruit Juices: A Potential Source of Variability in Grapefruit ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Inhibition of CYP3A4 in the small intestine by flavonoids (such as naringin and naringenin) and furanocoumarins (including bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin) present in GFJ seems to be the predominant mechanism, although P-glycoprotein and influx transporters in the small intestine are also involved.
		Among GFJ components, the flavonoids naringin, naringenin, quercetin, kaempferol, and the furanocoumarins bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin and its dimers bergapten, bergaptol, and 6',7'-epoxybergamottin have been suggested to contribute to GFJ-drug interaction (12, 16, 22, 34, 35)
		Concentrations of flavonoids (naringin and naringenin) and furanocoumarins (bergamottin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin) in fresh grapefruit were determined in the flavedo layer (0.1 g), pulp (0.1 g), albedo (1.0 g), seeds (1.0 g), and fresh-squeezed juice.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jafcau/2006/54/i01/html/jf0516944.html (4753 words)

	Effect of Antioxidant Flavanone, Naringenin, from Citrus junos on Neuroprotection
		The antiamnestic activity of naringenin in vivo was also evaluated using ICR mice with amnesia induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight).
		Naringenin, when administered to ICR mice at 4.5 mg/kg body weight, significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia as measured in the passive avoidance test.
		-induced in vitro oxidative cell stress is reduced by naringenin and naringenin may be a useful chemopreventive agent against a neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/2004/52/i06/abs/jf035079g.html (264 words)

	01 : Structure-estrogenicity relationship of new synthetic naringenin derivates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Some flavonoids of naringenin matrix like 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and 6-(1,1-dimethylallyl)naringenin (6-DMAN) have already been shown to be among the most potent phytoestrogenic substances.
		The estrogenic activities of these substances were tested in comparison to the previously described naringenin derivates.
		In conclusion, in a first attempt using chemical synthesis to understand structure function relationships of new derivates of natural occurring compounds of naringenin matrix were produced.
	www.thieme.de /abstracts/eced/abstracts2003/daten/01.html (348 words)

	Urinary Excretion of Flavonoids Reflects Even Small Changes in the Dietary Intake of Fruits and Vegetables -- Brevik et ...
		was observed for the citrus flavonoids naringenin and hesperetin.
		naringenin and hesperetin, whereas the weakest effect was observed
		Erlund I, Meririnne E, Alfthan G, Aro A. Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice.
	cebp.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/5/843 (4185 words)

	Differential effects of flavonoids on 3T3-L1 adipogenesis and lipolysis -- Harmon and Harp 280 (4): C807 -- AJP - Cell ...
		Genistein (A) and naringenin (B) were added to preconfluent preadipocytes in various concentrations (vehicle, 5 µM, 50 µM, and 100 µM) at the time of plating.
		Two-day postconfluent 3T3-L1 cells were preincubated with 100 µM of genistein (G), 100 µM naringenin (N), or vehicle (V) for 30 min, then were stimulated with 10 µg/ml insulin and fresh flavonoids/vehicle for 5 or 30 min.
		Genistein and naringenin both potentiate epinephrine-induced lipolysis in primary rat adipocytes (14).
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/4/C807 (3585 words)

	1996 FDA Science Forum - Sahu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Morin and naringenin belong to a class of phenolic compounds known as flavonols, which are present in many edible plants.
		In order to determine if morin and naringenin have the potential to produce oxidative stress, an aerobic model system of isolated rat liver nuclei was used to determine what effects, if any, these flavonols might have on the nuclear glutathione (GSH), glutathione, S-transferase (GST), membrane lipids and DNA.
		Their pro-oxidant activities provide an indirect measure of active oxygen, which can be produced by their autoxidation and subsequent redox cycling under aerobic conditions.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/forum96/sahu.htm (174 words)

	A Food to Reduce Incidence of Breast Cancer and Degenerative Diseases Neutralize Carcinogens
		Naringenin may [increase]...the primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of many [harmful chemicals] such as drugs, carcinogens and environmental pollutants.
		"The main sources of naringenin are citrus fruits and tomato...
		Furthermore, because a recent study showed that lycopene [in tomatoes] administered with some polyphenols enhances its antioxidant properties, our results support the hypothesis that tomato benefits could be attributed to a positive synergistic action...among lycopene and other...constituents, such as naringenin, rather than to only lycopene properties." Emphases were added.
	www.healthbulletin.org /cancer/cancer25.htm (375 words)

	QTc Prolongation by Grapefruit Juice and Its Potential Pharmacological Basis: HERG Channel Blockade by Flavonoids -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In HEK cells, naringenin had an IC value of 36.5 µmol/L and caused a mild inhibition even at a concentration of 1 µmol/L (C-B, n=5).
		for naringenin, 111.4 µmol/L for morin, and 288.8 µmol/L
		In HEK cells, the IC for naringenin was 36.5 µmol/L (n=5) (Figure 1C).
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/111/7/835 (2108 words)

	Dr. Richard L. Mansell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The major reaction product of the glucosyl transferase (isolated from grapefruit seedlings), using naringenin as substrate, is a compound known as prunin (naringenin-7-0- glucoside).
		To date, there are no reports of prunin and/or naringenin occurring in grapefruit.
		This may be due, in part, to the detection limits of existing methodologies for the measurement and detection of these compounds.
	www.cas.usf.edu /~mansell/mansell.html (208 words)

	Acta Pharm. 53 (2003) 275-285 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Chrysin was found in all propolis samples in a concentration ranging from 0.22 to 5.32% (x = 1.86%) in the continental region samples and from 0.03 to 3.64% (x =1.96%) in samples from the Adriatic region.
		Chrysin was followed by naringenin, ranging from 0 to 1.14% (x = 0.42%) in samples from the Adriatic region and from 0.22 to 2.41% (x = 0.60%) in the continental region samples.
		Concentration of caffeic acid ranged from 0 to 10.11% (x = 2.69%) in the Adriatic region samples and from 0.27 to 2.67% (x = 1.37%) in samples from the continental region of Croatia.
	jagor.srce.hr /acphee/27503.html (282 words)

	Juiced-up Drugs
		Combining grapefruit juice with drugs that are poorly absorbed or metabolized by specific enzymes in the cytochrome P450 family—cyclosporine, felodipine, verapamil, triazolam and terfenadine—can result in side effects.
		One of the identified culprits in grapefruit juice is the flavonoid naringenin, which is also found in orange juice but at one-tenth the concentration.
		Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice.
	www.newhope.com /nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/Jun_01/label1.cfm (257 words)

	Specific flavonoids induced nod gene expression and pre-activated nod genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum increased pea ...
		pIJ1477 in the presence of a mixture of hesperetin and naringenin
		Effects of combinations of hesperetin (H) and naringenin (N) in different concentration ratios (the number in parentheses were in µM) on nod gene activities of R.
		Ten µM of hesperetin and naringenin were used as corresponding controls in this test.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/360/1537 (3379 words)

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