National Pact (Lebanon)

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	National Pact - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following negotiations between the Shi'ite, Sunni, and Maronite leaderships, the National Pact was born in the summer of 1943 allowing Lebanon to be independent.
		The National Pact is an unwritten agreement that laid the foundation of Lebanon and has shaped the country to this day.
		the Maronites to not seek foreign intervention and accept Lebanon as an "Arab" country, instead of a "Western" one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Pact_(Lebanon)

	Lebanon Law & Government
		Until 1990 an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact specified that the president had to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of parliament a Shiite Muslim and the Armed Forces Chief of Staff a Druze.
		The balancing advocated in the National Pact was meant to be provisional and was to be discarded as the nation moved away from confessionalism.
		Lebanon is a republic with a president, a cabinet and unicameral National Assembly.
	www.lawresearch.com /v2/global/zlb.htm

	Lebanon the National Pact
		Although some historians dispute the point, the terms of the National Pact were believed to have been enunciated by the first cabinet in a statement to the legislature in October 1943.
		As noted, the confessional system outlined in the National Pact was a matter of expediency, an interim measure to overcome philosophical divisions between Christian and Muslim leaders at independence.
		At the heart of the negotiations was the Christians' fear of being overwhelmed by the Muslim communities in Lebanon and the surrounding Arab countries, and the Muslims' fear of Western hegemony.
	www.country-studies.com /lebanon/the-national-pact.html

	AUB - Assessing the Impact of the Post Civil War Period on the Lebanese Bureaucracy: A View from Inside
		Negotiated in 1943, at the time of independence, the National Pact allocated political representation among Lebanon's different ethnic and religious groups on the basis of representation in the population.
		Arab nationalism, defeat in the 1967 Arab Israeli war, the rise of the PLO in Lebanon, and the growing dissatisfaction of Lebanon's Muslim communities with the status quo, all combined to increase sectarian pressures on the bureaucracy, greatly limiting its ability to act.
		The data provided by these respondents help to reveal and clarify several of the impacts chat the war has had on Lebanon's sectarian bureaucracy.
	ddc.aub.edu.lb /projects/pspa/impact.html

	DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN LEBANON
		The current economic crisis in Lebanon, which broke out in the summer of 1984 with the drastic fall in the national currency, is directly tied, due to internal reasons, to the collapse of the state and its increasing inability to control the sources of its financial revenues because of militia control.
		The logic of the 1943 National Pact encouraged, in addition to the redistribution of authority among all Lebanese sects, the redistribution of national wealth among these sects with the goal of strengthening social cohesion and national unity.
		Lebanon's independence in 1943 occurred within a framework of prior economic development that began to shape the structure of Lebanon's economy at the beginning of the 19th century.
	www.lcps-lebanon.org /pub/breview/br6/labakibr6pt1.html

	[Lebanon:] The Real Problem - article by Daniel Pipes
		Accepting a New National Pact would mean abandoning the Moslem goal of unilaterally taking control of the country, but so long as Israel backs the Maronites, the Moslems have no real chance of taking power in Lebanon in any case.
		The Pact required that the president of the country be a Maronite, the prime minister a Sunni, the speaker of the parliament a Shiite, the deputy prime minister-deputy speaker of the parliament a Greek Orthodox, and the minister of defense a Druse.
		For the Maronites, the prospect of a New National Pact raises an acute dilemma.
	www.danielpipes.org /article/1590

	Lebanon
		Lebanon is a parliamentary republic in which, based on the unwritten "National Pact of 1943" the President is a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shi'a Muslim.
		The unwritten "National Pact" of 1943 stipulates that the President, the Prime Minister, and the Speaker of Parliament be a Maronite Christian, a Sunni Muslim, and a Shi'a Muslim, respectively.
		According to the unwritten "National Pact of 1943," the President is a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker a Shi'a Muslim (see Section 2.c.).
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/nea/index.cfm?docid=800

	Swans Commentary: What's Consociational Patriotism?, by Mohammed Ben Jelloun - jelloun2
		The 1943 National Pact was a compromise solution stipulating that the Muslims of Lebanon would cease seeking to incorporate Lebanon in a single Arab or Syrian state and accept the existing geographical boundaries.
		Lebanon's 1943 National Pact was worked out by Christian and Muslim members of a "Resistance Government" in the Mountain.
		Lebanon's is a typically colonial, anti-colonial and postcolonial consociationalism and therefore particularly telling in the case of Iraq.
	www.swans.com /library/art11/jelloun2.html

	Lebanon the Wrong Model for Iraq - by Ronald Bruce St. John
		The president of Lebanon occupied the single most powerful political position under the National Pact because he was both chief executive and the head of the largest single faction of a highly pluralistic society.
		The National Pact was based on a census conducted in 1932 that established the numerical superiority of Christians over Muslims in Lebanon.
		The Lebanon I have in mind is the one I worked in for several years in the late 1970s and early 1980s after the collapse of the Lebanese political system in the 1975-76 civil war.
	www.antiwar.com /orig/stjohn.php?articleid=3585

	Civil War in Lebanon
		Lebanon's Christians had grown steadily uneasy with challenges to their political supremacy (based on the 1943 National Pact) coming from Lebanon's Sunni, Shia, and Druze populations.
		On October 16, 1983, during the Shiite Ashura festival in Nabitiyeh, Lebanon (marking the martyrdom of the Imam Hussein at Karbala thirteen centuries earlier) an Israeli convoy provoked a violent reaction by insisting on traveling through the middle of a crowd of 50,000 Shiite worshippers.
		Based on their experience in Lebanon, Israelis began to face the painful fact that Arab terrorism and guerilla warfare could be waged successfully against them, a fact that was not lost on Palestinians resisting Israeli occupation on the West Bank and in Gaza.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/civil_war_in_lebanon.htm

	sitDiary // lebanon
		Although Lebanon was neutral during the war, the fighting and other Middle East tension triggered domestic conflicts, most of them between Muslims, Arabs, Palestinians and various leftist on one side and Christians, supporters of the west, wealthy rightists on the other.
		Lebanon was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from 64 BC to 573 BC.
		Lebanon became very prosperous due to the positive affects and In 1967, a six day war broke out between the Arabs and Israel and more Palestinian refugees came to Lebanon.
	sitdiary.net /lebanon?cmd=view_entry&eid=13

	Lebanese Civil War 1975-1976
		Lebanon's different Muslim groups, principally the Shi'ite, Sunni, and Druse (Druze) sects, which made up about half the population, were discontented with the 1943 National Pact, which established a dominant political role for the Christians (Phalange Party or Phalangists), especially the Maronites, in the central government.
		Palestinians also lived in Lebanon, particularly in the south in refugee camps or in bases from which guerrillas of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) carried out attacks on neighboring Israel.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/lima/flebanon1975.htm

	Mordechai Nisan on Lebanon on National Review Online
		Nationalism rather than religion is the political principle that will allow the Lebanese phoenix to rise from the ashes of 30 years of war and destruction, subjugation, and humiliation.
		Lebanon is not just a Christian homeland in the Middle East but a special nation of communities whose particular identities across a pluralistic society do not deny a common nationhood.
		The widespread dogmatic assumption is that a sectarian chasm between Christians and Muslims in Lebanon ignited a civil war in 1975 and is the religious and ethnic basis for a fissured society.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/nisan200502220741.asp

	Civil War
		Although this pact and many others were successful in limiting the tensions among the multicommunal society over the long term, immediate conflicts threatened the "existence of the state, and certainly the lives of Lebanon's citizens, by leading to civil war" (Husn 73).
		One such document was the National Pact of 1943 that was discussed in detail in a previous section.
		In a multicommunal society such as Lebanon's, it is quite possible for issues that draw lines among differing religious and ethnic groups to remain in the background of daily and political life (Husn 73).
	home.nc.rr.com /ccapps2/page6.html

	Israpundit: The Wrong Side of History in Lebanon
		Lebanon's 1943 National Pact was established when France also was split - into 3 blocs; Vichy France, occupied France and DeGaulle's Free French in London exile.
		Lebanon was no Abu Dhabi because it did have a western outlook and identification with the West.
		Lebanon was also once known as the Riveria on the eastern Med - similiar to the French Riveria.
	israpundit.com /archives/2005/03/the_wrong_side.php

	Cedarland Discussion Board - Search Results
		Lebanon's Christians may have numbered 70% when the nation was declared but since that has dwindled for many reasons (immigration, comparatively higher birth rates of Muslims& so forth) but the Lebanese identity is NOT an extension solely of the old Phonecian one.
		Syria's role in Lebanon (referred to by some as occupation) for over a decade & a half following the Taif accords perhaps was less of an example on the whole of inter-Arab co-operation, especially as Syria's role was simply to act as policeman during the disengagement.
		Of the 30,000 troops in Lebanon by 1991 some 14,000 remained by 2001 (shortly after Israel's withdrawal from the occupied South) & Syria was presented with a Golden opportunity to bow out with a degree of grace & dignity.
	cedarland.proboards40.com /index.cgi?action=recent

	Amazon.ca: Books: Lebanon and Arabism: National Identity and State Formation
		Special attention is paid to the internal changes which led to the inclusion of the Arab nationalists of Lebanon in the political process, culminating in the so-called Lebanese National Pact and the independence of the country in 1943.
		This work traces the interaction between Arab nationalism and Lebanese local sentiments between 1936 and 1945, a period characterized by significant change at the international and local levels.
		Raghid El-Solh is Co-Founder and co-Director, Project for Democratic Studies in the Arab Countries, and Member of the Governing Board and Research Committees at the Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford University.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1860640516

	Cairo Magazine - Understanding Lebanon’s electoral mechanics
		In effect, it replaced the National Pact and is referred to in the Lebanese press as the “new constitution.”
		These features are what leads to Lebanon’s definition as a “confessional” system, meaning that individuals are elected on the basis of sectarian identities, or confessions, and some form of institutionalized power sharing is used to contain these deep divisions.
		Alongside these recalibrated powers, all three offices carry the title of “president” (President of the Republic, President of the Ministers, and President of the Chamber), making what has come to be known as the “Presidential Troika” a reality in name and in practice.
	www.cairomagazine.com /?module=displaystory&story_id=973&format=html

	National Covenant
		The new National Pact or National Covenant had four principles.
		The second was that Lebanon could not cut spiritual or intellectual ties with the west, which had contributed to their progress.
		The first was that Lebanon was to remain an independent state.
	home.nc.rr.com /ccapps2/page5.html

	MER - Lebanon and Syria - 1920 and Counting
		MER - Lebanon and Syria- 1920 and Counting
		I'm sorry, you must have a frames capable browser to use this function of Global Town Hall.
	www.middleeast.org /launch/redirect.cgi?num=177&a=33

	Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia
		The Lebanese National Pact came into force in
	www.nadn.navy.mil /Users/history/tucker/hh362/Syria,Lebanon,andSaudiArabia_files/v3_slide0019.htm

	Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia after World War I
		• The Lebanese National Pact came into force in 1943 with a 6:5 ratio favoring Christians in representation based on the 1932 census.
		Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia after World War I
		• July 1941: Free French defeat Vichy in Syria and Lebanon
	www.nadn.navy.mil /Users/history/tucker/hh362/Syria,Lebanon,andSaudi_files/slide0019.htm

	The Peace Encyclopedia: Lebanon, Lebanese
		In 1943, a national pact between Christian and Muslim leaders undermined the ethnic nationalism of the Christians.
		Since the so-called national reconciliation agreement of Taef was implemented by the Syrian army in 1990, Lebanon is under occupation and its Christian community under systematic oppression Under this Syrian controlled regime, freedoms were eliminated.
		The plot of the nations who believe that by sacrificing the integrity of Lebanon they will be able to solve the problems of the region according to their own interests, this plot seems to have reached even those capitals regarded as incarnating the defense of the free world's values.
	www.yahoodi.com /peace/lebanon.html

	National Pact - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following negotiations between the Shi'ite, Sunni, and Maronite leaderships, the National Pact was born in the summer of 1943 allowing Lebanon to be independent.
		The National Pact is an unwritten agreement that laid the foundation of Lebanon and has shaped the country to this day.
		The Taif Agreement slightly changed the ratios, but some argue that they do not reflect current demographics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Pact_(Lebanon)

	Shattered Christian Minorities in the Middle East
		The clash of nationalism between Christians and Muslims in Lebanon may be illustrated by a recent incident surrounding the celebrated poet Khalil Gebran.
		Nationalism can be considered as one cause of the rise and fall of Christianity in Lebanon.
		Sami Ofeish said that the National Pact favoured Christians and in particular the Maronite elite.
	phoenicia.org /christiansmea.html

	Lebanon
		Lebanon is a parliamentary republic in which, based on the unwritten "National Pact of 1943," the President is a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shi'a Muslim.
		The unwritten "National Pact" of 1943 stipulates that the President, the Prime Minister, and the Speaker of Parliament be a Maronite Christian, a Sunni Muslim, and a Shi'a Muslim, respectively.
		Lebanon suffers from a crippling debt burden, which reached about $28 billion by the end of the year, reaching approximately 172 percent of the GDP.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/nea/8270.htm

	MSN Encarta - Lebanon (country)
		The National Pact, an unwritten covenant, provided for a Maronite Christian president, a Sunni Muslim prime minister, and a Shia Muslim speaker of parliament.
		The 1926 constitution, amended by France in 1927, 1929, and 1943, was complemented by the National Pact of 1943, when Christians were a majority.
		The 1989 National Reconciliation Charter (commonly known as the Å¢Äâif Agreement) brought an end to most of the fighting and required amendments to the Lebanese constitution, which were passed in 1990.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564963_7/Lebanon_(country).html

	Lebanon Law & Government - LawResearch
		The balancing advocated in the National Pact was meant to be provisional and was to be discarded as the nation moved away from confessionalism.
		Until 1990 an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact specified that the president had to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of parliament a Shiite Muslim and the Armed Forces Chief of Staff a Druze.
		Under the national reconciliation agreement reached in Taif, Saudi Arabia, in October 1989, members of parliament agreed to alter the national pact to create a 50-50 Christian- Muslim balance in the parliament and reorder the powers of the different branches of government.
	www.lawresearch.com /v10/global/zlb.htm

	History of Lebanon
		Together, these two men created the National Pact, a verbal agreement between these two men, that was never written down.
		Lebanon was amongst the founding members of the United Nations, and the Arab League.
		Lebanon's civil law was written in a way to allow the application of religious laws over the members of that religion alone.
	www.mountlebanon.org /historyoflebanon.html

	WHO-WHAT-WHEN-WHERE - MEGAMEMEX TimeBased Chronographical Archive - Timebased Multimedia Search Engine - Timelines of History - History Day by Day
		In Lebanon the National Pact, establishes a dominant political role for the Christians (Phalange Party or Phalangists), especially the Maronites, in the central government.
		American war correspondent Ernie Pyle publishes "Here Is Your War," a collection of his front-line dispatches that are popular with both soldiers and civilians alike.
		The Russians begin the bombardment of Stalingrad with 7,000 pieces of artillery and a devastating air assault.
	www.fair-trade-usa.com /cgi-bin/megamemex.pl?MOREPAGE=0&KEYWORDS=1943&...

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