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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Spanish Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Civil War devastated Spain from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939, ending with the victory of the rebels and the founding of a dictatorship led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco.
		Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders Alberto Bayo Manuel Uribarri GarcÃa Ruiz Strength 8,000 militia 10 guns 3,500 regulars and militia Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Mallorca, known as the Mallorca Landings in Spanish (optimistically called the Reconquest of Mallorca by the Republicans) was a...
		Combatants Second Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders JosÃ© Villalba Lacorte Queipo de Llano Mario Roatta Strength 40,000 militia 10,000 Moors 5,000 RequetÃ©s 5,000 Italians Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of MÃ¡laga was the culmination of an offensive in early 1937 by the combined Nationalist...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Spanish-Civil-War (2413 words)

	Spanish Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the Nationalists' principal motives, claimed at the time of their initial uprising, was to confront the anticlericalism of the Republican regime and to defend the Roman Catholic Church, which was censured for its support for the monarchy and which many on the Republican side blamed for the ills of the country.
		The Spanish Civil War was also an example of total war, where the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by the Legión Cóndor, as depicted by Pablo Picasso in Guernica, foreshadowed episodes of World War II such as the bombing campaign on Britain by the Nazis and the bombing of Dresden by the Allies.
		In October, the Nationalists launched a major offensive toward Madrid, but increasing resistance by the government and the arrival of "volunteers" from the Soviet Union halted the advance by November 8.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Civil_War (5024 words)

	nationalist spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Spanish State (Estado Español) was the formal name of Spain from 1936 to 1978, under the régime of Generalísimo Francisco Franco (d.
		The Spanish State was declared a monarchy in 1947, but no king was designated; the Chief of State, Franco, reserved for himself the right to name the person to be king, and deliberately delayed the selection due to political considerations.
		With the death of Franco and the dismantling of the Franquist régime, the Spanish State ceased to exist, being thoroughly reconstituted as a constitutional monarchy, where the head of state reigns, but does not rule.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Nationalist_Spain.html (256 words)

	History of Spain
		The Iberian population are thought to arrive from the north of Africa and to settle in the south of Spain.
		Spain became an important part of the Roman empire and the Roman culture and language made a great influence within the Iberian Peninsula.
		During the World War II Spain kept natural and during the 50's and 60's the dictatorship of Franco isolated (economically and politically) Spain from the rest of Europe.
	www.spanish-town-guides.com /History.htm (697 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Spanish Civil War
		Nationalist supporters and war-weary citizens of Madrid cheered the Nationalists’ entry, relieved the war was coming to an end.
		Spain’s recovery from the destruction of the war was hampered by the outbreak of World War II.
		As a result, Spain could not expect any form of material assistance from abroad, since it was the fate of Europe as a whole and not Spain itself that became the overriding concern of most countries.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761580634__1/Spanish_Civil_War.html (8180 words)

	MSN Encarta - Spanish Civil War
		Spain’s government then shifted sharply to the right, at about the same time that Adolf Hitler became Germany’s chancellor.
		The military plot began to unfold as conflict in Spain grew.
		The military rebellion initially failed in Spain's capital, Madrid, and several other key cities, including Barcelona and Valencia.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580634_2/Spanish_Civil_War.html (2194 words)

	Spanish Civil War - Main Events Of The War
		The Nationalist gunboat Eduardo Dato was sunk at Algerciras by the Republican battleship Jaime I.
		Three Nationalist columns converged on Malaga; the Army of the South, led by General Gonzalo Quiepo de Llano, advanced from the West; from Granada, to the north-east of the city, came forces under the command of Colonel Antonio Munoz; and moving down from the North were the Italians, led by General Mario Roatta.
		Nationalist troops, led by General Jose Varela, were detached from the Madrid front and used to mount a counter-attack that stopped any further Republican advance.
	www.users.dircon.co.uk /~warden/scw/scwevent.htm (3697 words)

	History of Spain
		After that, Spain was briefly a Republic, from 1871 to 1873, a year in which a series of coups reinstalled the monarchy.
		In the meantime, Spain lost most of its colonies in the Americas during the 19th century, a trend which ended with the loss of Cuba and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War of 1898.
		Following the victory of the nationalist forces in 1939, General Francisco Franco ruled a nation exhausted politically and economically until his death in 1975.
	www.spanishholidaysguide.com /articles/article_15.asp (1391 words)

	Tour Spain: History of Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Moorish capital was Córdoba, in the southern portion of Spain known as Andalucía.
		Spain was occupied by Napoleon in the early 1800s, but the Spaniards rose in arms.
		In the meantime, Spain lost all of its colonies in the Caribbean region and Asia-Pacific region during the 19th century, a trend which ended with the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam to the United States after the Spanish-American War of 1898.
	www.tourspain.org /history.asp (1095 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Spanish Civil War - A882902
		The large landowners of Spain, the hierarchy of the Catholic church, and some, though not all, of Spain's financiers and industrialists, gave instinctive support to the military uprising.
		The subsequent massacre of prisoners by the Nationalists typified the kind of excesses which both sides were guilty of during the war.
		The impetus of the Nationalist attack was, however, lost by the subtraction of forces for an expedition southwards towards Valencia, in July 1938.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A882902 (2652 words)

	The Spanish Revolution 1931-39: The National Question in the 1930s
		Spain, rather than a country, was a series of countries and regions marked by their uneven historic growth.
		This was the feeling of the nationalist Basque bourgeoisie, to which the Government of the Republic handed over power, and the administration of the struggle against fascism, with the goal of wresting it from the workers' organizations(principally the Socialist Party and the UGT).
		The Socialist Party's position was to yield to the dictates of the republican bourgeoisie, defending Spanish nationalism to the death, ruining Catalan autonomy and denying it to the Basque Provinces until the establishment of the Republic.
	www.marxist.com /Theory/national_question_spain.html (10721 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Basque nationalist party shut down
		The 375-page order by Judge Baltasar Garzon, Spain's most prominent anti-terrorism crusader, suspended Batasuna's activities for three years, although this can be extended to five, saying it had committed "crimes against humanity" along with the armed separatist group Eta.
		The 375-page order came on the same day Spain's parliament was poised to demand a judicial ban on Batasuna for justifying Eta attacks, which have killed more than 800 people since 1968.
		In a separate legislative drive to have Batasuna outlawed altogether, Spain's parliament was to vote later today on a bill seeking a ban under a law passed in June and crafted specifically to pursue Batasuna.
	www.guardian.co.uk /spain/article/0,2763,780940,00.html (762 words)

	A Desperate Democracy Disregarded - foreign intervention if the Spanish Civil War
		In the early nineteen thirties, a fledgling republic emerged in the country of Spain.
		The purpose of the pact was to contain the war within Spain by prohibiting the member nations from supplying materials of war to either side of the conflict (Werstein 152).
		Germany was on the brink of starting World War II and an ally in Spain would be very valuable to their goal of world conquest.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/spain/intervention.html (2341 words)

	Review of Judith Keene. Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain During the Spanish Civil ...
		On the Nationalist side, the assumption has been that significant foreign involvement was limited to those who were less than volunteers, primarily German, Italian and, to a lesser extent, Portuguese soldiers.
		Perhaps the conflagration of Spain and the national context was strongest in the case of the eight members of the Romanian Iron Guard who volunteered in Spain to defend "Old Kingdom Romania" that seemed to be the "Castile of the Balkans"--"Catholic, rural, patriotic and united" against the Reds, the Hungarians and the Jews (p.
		Yet it was clear that within Spain Franco successfully cast himself as a defender of national honor against outside influence, and the treatment of foreign volunteers outside of the Caudillo's presence suggested that they were not welcomed by most on the Nationalist side.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /GENOCIDE/reviewsw122.htm (1703 words)

	Spain Bans Basque Nationalist Party \| Current Affairs \| Deutsche Welle \| 27.08.2002
		Spain slapped a three-year ban on the Basque nationalist party Batasuna on Monday.
		Aznar was furious when Batasuna refused to condemn the latest car bombing in a tourist resort which killed a six-year-old girl and a 57-year-old man. Batasuna's refusals to condemn outright such violence, saying it has roots in the Basque struggle for self-determination, have angered politicians across the political spectrum.
		Moderate Basque nationalists claim the ban will not have the desired effect, and will only serve to turn the party into a democratic martyr and drive more nationalists into the arms of ETA.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,,617378,00.html (520 words)

	Bowen on Leitz, "Göring and...Nationalist Spain"
		Christian Leitz, in his article "Hermann Göring and Nazi Germany's Economic Exploitation of Nationalist Spain," has avoided both of these traps, instead using an analysis of a central player in the Hispano-German relationship as a tool for a deeper examination of the economic links between the two nations.
		Finally, Göring's own brazenness in asserting German economic interests in Spain hardly endeared him to Franco who, in an emblematic snub of no little diplomatic significance, refused to meet with the Luftwaffe chief in May 1939, even as the Nazi leader waited offshore in his private yacht.
		Göring failed in his efforts to draw Spain into Germany's economic orbit, but this defeat was not an isolated one.
	www.h-net.org /~german/articles/bowen1.html (743 words)

	Leonese Nationalist Parties (Spain)
		We are Conceyu Xoven, a young nationalist organisation from Lleón, in Spain.
		I don't know the meaning of the [Conceyu Xoven] leonese nationalist flag but a similar symbol is used by several northern Spanish groups, as the Ensame Nacionalista Astur and the Cantabrian nationalist flag also has a similar device.
		I don't understand why this Conceyu Xoven keeps its irredentist claims over the once Leonese territory that was ceded to Portugal by Castile through the Alcañices Treaty in 12xx (after Leon was absorbed by Castile).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/es}leon.html (635 words)

	H-Net Review: David A. Messenger on Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist ...
		On the Nationalist side, the assumption has been that significant foreign involvement was limited to those who were less than volunteers, primarily German, Italian and, to a lesser extent, Portuguese soldiers.
		Perhaps the conflagration of Spain and the national context was strongest in the case of the eight members of the Romanian Iron Guard who volunteered in Spain to defend "Old Kingdom Romania" that seemed to be the "Castile of the Balkans"--"Catholic, rural, patriotic and united" against the Reds, the Hungarians and the Jews (p.
		Yet it was clear that within Spain Franco successfully cast himself as a defender of national honor against outside influence, and the treatment of foreign volunteers outside of the Caudillo's presence suggested that they were not welcomed by most on the Nationalist side.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=300811022169179 (1770 words)

	Leonese Nationalist Parties (Spain)
		We are Conceyu Xoven, a young nationalist organisation from Lleón, in Spain.
		I don't know the meaning of the [Conceyu Xoven] leonese nationalist flag but a similar symbol is used by several northern Spanish groups, as the Ensame Nacionalista Astur and the Cantabrian nationalist flag also has a similar device.
		I don't understand why this Conceyu Xoven keeps its irredentist claims over the once Leonese territory that was ceded to Portugal by Castile through the Alcañices Treaty in 12xx (after Leon was absorbed by Castile).
	www.1uptravel.com /flag/flags/es}leon.html (635 words)

	FW: Spanish Civil War (Aerial) Timeline
		In response to a Nationalist advance on Madrid using Italian troops, the Republicans added ground support missions - with devastating effects on the Italian ground units.
		A wide swath of northern Spain was Republican, from Bilboa to Oviedo.
		The Nationalists began a series of offensives, each aimed taking a major northern port and its surrounding area.
	world.std.com /~Ted7/tlspain.htm (938 words)

	Asturian Nationalist Movements (Spain)
		The flag reported by Dov Gutterman is that of Andecha Astur, an Asturian nationalist / independentist movement.
		Similar to the device in the [Conceyu Xoven] leonese nationalist flag.
		Ensame Nacionalista Astur used the Asturian flag with Covadonga [or Victory] cross without Alpha and Omega and with red star in canton (as the image [of Andecha Astur] reported by Dov Gutterman), but only in political meetings because the official flag of the party was white with fl emblem in center.
	www.fotw.net /flags/es}o.html (322 words)

	Castilian Nationalist Parties (Spain)
		According to Castilian nationalists, Castile is composed by the Spanish autonomical regions of Castile and Leon, Madrid, Castile-La Mancha, Cantabria and La Rioja.
		However, for all nationalists —not regionalists— the Commoners' purple banner is a Castilian flag too, and purple is considered by us the popular Castilian colour, while crimson or dark red is the historical Castilian colour.
		The reason of using this flag as a Castilian flag is that nowadays' nationalists are inspired by the Commoners, and consider the Battle of Villalar day —April 23, when the Commoners were defeated— as the National Day of Castile.
	www.fotw.net /flags/es}cl.html (321 words)

	Basque Nationalist Movements (Spain)
		There was one interview done in which there was an interesting variant of the ikurriña was seen — both crosses were white, making eight triangles, each of which was coloured differently, clockwise from upper hoist: orange, yellow, light green, dark green, blue, purple, marroon, red.
		ETA being a terrorist group outlawed in both France and Spain, its members have no occasion to display flags or —as they would perhaps wish— military colours.
		[During a recent vacation, I noticed that] in San Sebastián was commonly seen a mainly white flag with a fl map of the Basque region that was flown in support of an agitation for the transfer of ETA [a terrorist organization] prisoners from jails throughout Spain and France to prisons in the Basque country.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/es}pv.html (606 words)

	Spanish Civil War.
		By the end of 1936 the Nationalist troops controlled the greater part of Andalucia, Extremadura, Toledo, Avila, Segovia, Valladolid, Burgos, Leon, Galicia, a part of Asturias, Vitoria, San Sebastian, Navarra and Aragon, as well as the Canary and Balearic Islands with the exception of Menorca.
		Both sides were soon receiving aid from abroad: the International Brigades were supporting Republican Spain and Italian and German troops, Nationalist Spain.
		Nationalist forces occupied the capital on March 28, 1939, and on April 1, General Franco officially ended the war.
	www.sispain.org /english/history/civil.html (533 words)

	Catalan Nationalist Flags (Spain)
		The flag of Catalonia with a blue hoist triangle and white star in it, was designed around 1904 by Catalan nationalists who had returned from Cuba after its independence in 1902, taking the Cuban flag as model.
		It was adopted as the flag of the Estat Catala (Catalan State) party, which proposed the creation of an independent Catalan state, the flag of which would include a blue triangle (since the flag without triangle is considered the flag of the Catalan nation but not of the state).
		This flag is used by Catalan independentist leftist nationalists who propose the creation of an independent Republic of the Catalan Countries containing all Catalan-speaking territories [so-called Països Catalans, Catalan Countries], that is to say Catalonia, Valencia, Balearic Islands, Rousillion [France] and Alghero in Sardinia [Italy].
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/es}ct.html (677 words)

	Bookshops in Andalucia, books and reading in Andalucia, Southern Spain
		Description: - One of the enduring myths of the Franco state was that the Nationalist forces that won the Civil War consisted of patriotic Spaniards, while the Republic was defended by a rag tag army of foreign "Reds".
		Description: - The story of Spain's rise to greatness from its humble beginnings as one of the poorest and most marginal of European countries is a remarkable one.
		With the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, the final expulsion of the Moslems and the discovery of America, Spain took on a seemingly unstoppable dynamism that made it into the world's first global power.
	www.andalucia.com /store/books/amazon/history2.htm (347 words)

	Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain During the Spanish Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Then she goes into the detail of various volunteer groups who fought on the Nationalist side during the war.
		She also includes a chapter on foreign female reporters, publicists and medical personnel who supported the Nationalist cause.
		Franco was careful to downplay the role of foreigners in the Civil War, and Keene highlights his caution in this regard.
	www.teen-bookstore.com /item/Fighting-for-Franco-International-Volunteers-in-Nationalist-Spain-During-the-Spanish-Civil-War-0826465382.html (537 words)

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