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	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		A grammatical characteristic of widespread occurrence in Native American languages is polysynthesism.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Native American Languages - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Native American and European colonial languages have borrowed words from one another; Native American languages have taken words from Dutch (in the Antilles), English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian (in Alaska), and French (in Canada and Louisiana).
		Languages that have switch reference indicate whether a subject or object of a clause is the same as or different from the subject or object of an earlier clause.
		Such languages occur in Kickapoo (Algic) in Mexico near Texas; several Oto-Manguean languages, Nahuatl dialects, and the Totonac languages in Middle America; and the Aguaruna (Jívaroan) and the Sirionó (Tupi) in South America (whistle speech is not restricted to Native American languages, several African languages also use it).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761573518__1/Native_American_Languages.html (3303 words)

	NativeWeb Resources: Native American Languages
		The Athabascan languages formerly spoken in the northern third of Mendocino and the southern half of Humboldt counties in northwestern California fall into three broad groups of closely related dialects: Hupa-Chilula, Mattole-Bear River, and Eel River.
		We feature language resources regarding the Potawatomi language and stories of the early neshnabek peoples prior to the removal, during the remval period, 1830-1878, after the removal period, and todays' modern Potawatomi people.
		The Quapaw tongue belongs to the Dhegiha subdivision of the Siouan language family and is closely related to the Omaha, Osage, Kansa, and Ponca tribes, all of whom speak similar dialects.
	www.nativeweb.org /resources/languages_linguistics/native_american_languages (1785 words)

	Native American Languages - MSN Encarta
		It includes Nahuatl, the language of the ancient civilizations of the Toltecs, which lasted from the 10th to 13th centuries, and the Aztecs, which lasted from the 14th to 16th centuries, and their modern descendents.
		Languages in this family are spoken throughout the Antilles; in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; and in all South American countries except Uruguay and Chile.
		Languages in the Cariban family are spoken mainly in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, and Venezuela.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573518_3/Native_American_Languages.html (1061 words)

	Native American Languages - MSN Encarta
		Native American languages have greatly contributed to the vocabularies of European languages, especially place names and terms for plants, animals, and items of native culture.
		Because these languages belong to different families and have not evolved from a common ancestral language, the word cannot be a common inheritance but must have been adopted by people in contact with each other.
		Among the languages in this group are Abenaki, Massachuset, Narragansett, and Mohegan in the East and Shawnee, Fox-Sac-Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Ojibwa, Cree, Menominee, and Cheyenne on the Plains.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573518_2/Native_American_Languages.html (1377 words)

	Native Americans
		Native Americans from surrounding areas came into the Plains (e.g., the Sioux from the Great Lakes, the Comanche and the Kiowa from the west and northwest, and the Navaho and the Apache from the southwest).
		Native Americans of the Anasazi culture who were builders of the ancient cliff dwellings found in the canyons and on the mesas of the U.S. Southwest, principally on the tributaries of the Rio Grande and the Colorado River in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado.
		Native American artisans did make notable contributions to the early development of the arts, notably in painting and architecture, but the Native Americans were mostly used as laborers under the encomienda and the repartimiento, and thousands eventually became the victims of peonage.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Natives.htm (18749 words)

	Native American Languages
		Current research on the native languages of the Americas is published in several periodicals, notably the International Journal of American Linguistics.
		While most languages have accusative case systems like that of English (opposing grammatical categories of subject and object), active systems in which the same morpheme is used to indicate the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a stative verb are not uncommon.
		The American linguist Benjamin Lee WHORF argued that the differences in semantic and syntactic organization of languages as diverse as English and Hopi were correlated with differences in thought processes.
	www.indigenouspeople.net /language.htm (1964 words)

	Albert Gallatin and Native American Languages - Friendship Hill National Historic Site
		Also, while in the Academy, stories about American natives may have sown the seeds for his later interest in ethnology, the comparative study of cultures, even before his 1780 voyage as a young man to Massachusetts.
		Regardless of the lack of reliable facts, numerous questions about the the native inhabitants were debated by politicians, army officers, intellects, and common settlers as the boundaries of the United States moved westward.
		His preferred field of expertise was the structure of languages, and he employed methods which stressed quantity, accuracy, and consistency in data collection.
	www.nps.gov /archive/frhi/nalang.htm (587 words)

	Native Languages of the Americas: Contact Page
		If you have a native language teaching or preservation project which you are seeking funding for, although we cannot fund large-scale projects ourselves at this time, please feel free to send us email about it as we have contacts we may be able to pass along to you.
		Select the language you are looking for from our index of Indian tribes and browse through the links there--there are online dictionaries and phrasebooks, homepages of fluent speakers who might translate something for you, mailing lists and bulletin boards about the language where you could post a request, and in some cases even professional translators.
		Native Languages of the Americas is not a religious organization.
	www.native-languages.org /faq.htm (3851 words)

	CMMR - Native American Resources
		The Native American History Archive is designed for use by K-12 students using the Web for classroom projects, in the spirit of the Native American History Archive Inquirer, a model for collaborative group projects in History, offered as a starting point for teachers seeking authentic uses of the World Wide Web in their classrooms.
		Native Americans at Princeton is a student organization/support group for students comprised of Native Hawaiian, American Indian, and Native Alaskan members.
		Effective Language Education Practices and Native Language Survival is the proceedings of the Ninth Annual International Native American Language Issues (NALI) Institute co-sponsored by the NALI Board of Executors and the Montana Association for Bilingual Education and held in Billings, Montana, June 8 & 9, 1989.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~cmmr/Native_American.html (4318 words)

	Native American Languages
		When such correspondences are discovered, the languages being compared are judged to have a historical connection, either genetic--because of descent from a common ancestor--or through language contact and the consequent "borrowing" of words.
		While most languages have accusative case systems like that of English (opposing grammatical categories of subject and object), active systems in which the same morpheme is used to indicate the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a stative verb are not uncommon.
		The American linguist Benjamin Lee WHORF argued that the differences in semantic and syntactic organization of languages as diverse as English and Hopi were correlated with differences in thought processes.
	www.indians.org /welker/americas.htm (1965 words)

	Native American Languages
		The process of language speciation can be seen to a small extent in the way that English has come to be acquire slight differences in the different places it is spoken.
		Beyond the shrinking size of the ethnic populations, the languages have also suffered due to the prevalence of English among those of Native American ancestry.
		Most Native American languages have ceased to exist, or are spoken only by older speakers, with whom the language will die in the coming decades.
	www.cogsci.indiana.edu /farg/rehling/nativeAm/ling.html (1105 words)

	Native Languages: Links and resources for study
		Native Languages in Canada -- An Ethnologists' database (kept in England), provides statistics of language use by tribes; mostly old stats.
		SIL bibliography of Native Language publications -- non-tchnical and technical are on same page, separated by a top of the pag jump anchor.
		Native Language Learning Tapes -- Generally both tapes and workbooks of some sort are included in the Audio-visual learning aids evaluated here.
	www.kstrom.net /isk/stories/language.html (1547 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1207 words)

	Looking Over vs. Overlooking: Native American Languages: Let's Void the Void - Maxwell Institute JBMS
		Therefore, if Native American languages are not much further removed in time from Moroni than was Lehi, maybe the contemporary end of the timeline can provide as many clues as Lehi's end, if not a greater number and clearer clues.
		A proto-language is a hypothesized parent language from which a group of related languages descended; an asterisk () before a form or word signifies that it has been reconstructed by linguists as an unattested ancient or intermediate form in the parent language* on the basis of comparisons of related words (cognates) in the descendant languages.
		Native Speaker of Arizona Yaqui and a Ph.D. candidate in linguistics at the University of Arizona.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?table=jbms&id=112 (10033 words)

	ASU Libraries: Native American Languages
		It is not comprehensive, but rather a selective list of resources useful for developing language and vocabulary skills, and/or researching a variety of topics dealing with Native North American languages.
		American Indian curriculum packet, compiled by the Southwest Resource and Evaluation Center, containing units on Miwok culture, Maidu legends, Native American music, food and more.
		Language Maintenance and Shift in the United States Today: The Basic Patterns and Their Social Implications, Volume 1-Overview and Summary, Volume 2-Native Americans, David E. Lopez.
	www.asu.edu /lib/subject/NALanguages.htm (2388 words)

	Awesome Library - English
		Includes more than Native American languages, but languages are in alphabetic order.
		Classification of Native American Languages (Blackaller and Nader)
		Provides information on how many speak each Native American language in the USA and where they are located.
	www.awesomelibrary.org /Classroom/English/Languages/Native_American.html (452 words)

	Native American Languages 2
		Writing systems for a number of Native American languages developed after the arrival of Europeans.
		Some of these are syllabaries, in which each symbol represents a syllable (typically a consonant and a vowel).
		Contributions from South American languages include jaguar, cashew, tapioca, and toucan from Tupinamba; alpaca, condor, jerky, llama, puma, and quinine from Quechua; and barbecue, canoe, guava, hammock, hurricane, iguana, maize, papaya, and potato from Maipurean (Arawakan).
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/nativeamericans/lang2.htm (892 words)

	ASU Libraries: Native American Languages
		It is not comprehensive, but rather a selective list of resources useful for developing language and vocabulary skills, and/or researching a variety of topics dealing with Native North American languages.
		American Indian curriculum packet, compiled by the Southwest Resource and Evaluation Center, containing units on Miwok culture, Maidu legends, Native American music, food and more.
		Language Maintenance and Shift in the United States Today: The Basic Patterns and Their Social Implications, Volume 1-Overview and Summary, Volume 2-Native Americans, David E. Lopez.
	www.public.asu.edu /lib/subject/NALanguages.htm (2388 words)

	Native American Culture - Languages
		This language center was established in 1972 by state legislation as a center for documentation and cultivation of the state's 20 Native languages.
		The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee is succeeding at preserving the "NUMU TEKWAPUHA" and restoring it as a living language.
		The Manitoba Metis Federation is in partnership with the Department of Canadian Heritage - Aboriginal Languages initiative and the Metis National Council in a planned three year language project.
	www.ewebtribe.com /NACulture/lang.htm (1374 words)

	[No title]
		This federal policy statement recognizing the language rights of American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders was quietly enacted in the waning hours of the 101st Congress.
		(3) the traditional languages of Native Americans are an integral part of their cultures and identities and form the basic medium for the transmission, and thus survival, of Native American cultures, literatures, histories, religions, political institutions, and values;
		The right of Native Americans to express themselves through the use of Native American languages shall not be restricted in any public proceeding, including publicly supported education programs.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/JWCRAWFORD/nala.htm (990 words)

	Native Americans - American Indians - The First People of America; History of Native American Tribes
		It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last ice-age, approximately 20,000 - 30,000 years ago through a land-bridge across the Bering Sound, from northeastern Siberia into Alaska.
		The Natives regarded their white-complexioned visitors as something of a marvel, not only for their outlandish dress and beards and winged ships but even more for their wonderful technology - steel knives and swords, fire-belching arquebus and cannon, mirrors, hawkbells and earrings, copper and brass kettles, and so on.
		Native people and their cultural heritage, with emphasis on the traditional cultures of the Indigenous People of the Southwest by exhibiting the work of Carl Moon for the world on the internet.
	www.nativeamericans.com (1615 words)

	SNOMNH Native American Languages Main Page
		The Native American Languages collection acts at the Sam Noble Museum of Natural History is a resource center for researchers, educators, and language advocates of Native American languages.
		To carry out research, especially the documentation of indigenous languages that are facing the rapid loss of speakers, and in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of strategies for reversing the language shift.
		To provide services to Native communities and language programs, such recording, archiving and migrating materials, language policy awareness, grant writing, and training in linguistics and Native language teaching and acquisition.
	www.snomnh.ou.edu /collections-research/nal.htm (288 words)

	JEP: Typesetting Native American Languages
		All the native American languages spoken today are written either in some Latin alphabet, augmented with "accented" letters, or in a syllabary, a set of indivisible syllabic symbols, each of which represents a syllable.
		The Apache and the Navaho languages are among the native American languages that use a Latin alphabet, while Cherokee, Inuiktitut, and Cree are among the languages that use modern syllabaries.
		Of course, there are some languages that use the Latin script, like Smalgyax and Tlingit, which have some special letters (e.g., underlined letters), and the Apache language, which has some letters that are common in some European languages, but text in these languages can be processed with tools that are already widely available.
	www.press.umich.edu /jep/08-01/syropoulos.html (2348 words)

	Native American Languages
		Native American Association of Germany - It sounds weird, but these guys actually have a great list of Native American language links from many languages not found here.
		Cree is a Native language spoken in central and eastern Canada and is one of the most widely used North American Native languages.
		Quechua is spoken in Peru, Eduador, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.
	www.plumsite.com /palace/native.htm (341 words)

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