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Topic: Natterjack Toad

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	Toad
		Toads are a group of tailless amphibians of stout build, with more or less warty skin.
		The type of the family is the common toad[?], Bufo bufo, and round it cluster a large number of species of the same genus, and some smaller genera.
		Two species are found in the British Isles: the common toad, Bufo bufo, and the natterjack toad[?], Bufo calamita.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/to/Toad.html (279 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Natterjack toad
		Natterjack toads also have the ability to darken or lighten the colour of their skin, in order to camouflage themselves in their environment.
		Natterjack toad tadpoles are the smallest of all European tadpoles.
		Natterjack toads are protected under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act, but their populations have been affected by the decline of their heathland habitat over the last 25 years.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/482.shtml (552 words)

	Sefton Coast Partnership - Nature and Wildlife - Natterjack toad
		There are two toads native to the British Isles: the common toad Bufo bufo and the natterjack toad Bufo calamita.
		The common toad is widely distributed in Europe and Asia, the natterjack, however, is a western European species on the edge of its range in Britain.
		The natterjack is endangered in Britain and is recognised as a priority for conservation action.
	www.seftoncoast.org.uk /natcons_natterjack.html (596 words)

	Toad Facts
		The Common Toad (Bufo Bufo) which is usually brown with warty skin, and the much rarer Natterjack Toad (Bufo Calamita) which is grey /green with a distinctive yellow stripe down the centre of its back.
		It is an offence to capture or injure a Natterjack Toad or to destroy it’s habitat.
		We all know that toads eat flies but in the Arizona Desert in the USA the larvae of a sand flies wait in the sand until a toad passes by.
	www.toadholidays.co.uk /html/toad_facts.html (426 words)

	Toads to be found in British gardens
		Toads are distinguished from frogs by their warty, dry skin (the warts contain poisons to deter predators), and their crawling movements on land.
		The Natterjack are now one of the rarest native anurian species with only a few localised colonies existing in the UK spending the majority of their time out of water.
		Natterjacks are easily distinguished from the common toad Bufo bufo by the yellow stripe which runs down the centre of its back, but other obvious features include its generally smaller size, horizontally aligned pupil and lighter skin colour.
	www.marinebiology.co.uk /toads.htm (1044 words)

	Frogs and toads in the UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Toad tadpoles appear to be distasteful to many predators, and, perhaps as a result of this, are much more often to be seen in open water than those of the common frog.
		The ponds that natterjacks breed in tend to be temporary waterbodies, unlike the large permanent waterbodies favoured by common toads.
		The spawn of natterjack toads is similar to that of the common toad, except that the spawn of the common toad contains two rows of eggs, whereas natterjack toad spawn has a single row.
	www.threadnaught.net /~caleb/ukanura.html (1409 words)

	Natterjack Toad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) is a toad native to sandy and heathland areas of Northern Europe.
		Adults are 60 - 70 mm in length and are distinquished from the common toad by a yellow line down the middle of the back.
		Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call, amplified by the single vocal sack found under the chin of the male animal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natterjack_Toad (226 words)

	Common Toad - Bufo bufo
		The spawn of the common toad is easily distinguished from that of the common frog as it is laid in strings not clumps.
		At 8 to 13cm (3 - 5in) the toad is larger than the frog (6 - 9cm, 2.5 - 3.5in) which prefers to hop whereas the toad generally walks.
		The toad has a rounder snout than frogs when viewed from above and on close inspection, the warty skin of the toad identifies it from frogs.
	www.herpetofauna.co.uk /common_toad.htm (540 words)

	Wikinfo \| Toad
		The true toads are the members of the Family Bufonidae in the Order Anura of amphibians.
		Although there are characteristics which distinguish frogs from toads in this broader sense, those distinctions do not form the basis for any broad scientific differentiation between the two.
		The type species of the family Bufonidae is the Common Toad, Bufo bufo, and around it cluster a large number of species of the same genus, and some smaller genera.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=toad (393 words)

	Toad Sounds
		This is because the characteristics that are popularly used to distinguish frogs from toads are not quite the same as those used for scientific classification.
		The Natterjack is local to England, the southwest of Scotland, and the west of Ireland.
		It differs from the Common Toad in having shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds with a running gait) and in usually possessing orange/red warts, green eyes, and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back.
	www.junglewalk.com /sound/Toad-sounds.htm (444 words)

	Aurelie
		Toads are restricted to twelve native sites in County Kerry and one site in County Wexford where Natterjack toads have been introduced in the early 1990s.
		If toad populations remain healthy and manage to breed successfully, it indicates that local environmental conditions are favourable for the species and for other animals and plants living in these habitats.
		In 2004, Natterjack toad populations were regularly monitored during their breeding season (April-July) at all sites in County Kerry where toads are known to breed: the Maharees, Lough Gill, Stradbally golf course, Fermoyle, Tularee, Roscullen Island, Loughs Yganavan and Nambrackdarrig, Dooks, Glenbeigh and Caherdaniel.
	www.ucc.ie /staff/memmers/Aurelie.htm (546 words)

	Page 4 of 6. Frequently asked questions.
		The natterjack toad can attain an adult length of up to around 7cm; unlike the common toad, there is little difference in size between the sexes.
		Natterjack toads are distinctively marked, with an olive green or greenish-brown background colour and a yellow stripe running down the back.
		Unlike the other amphibians, natterjack toads are very specialised in their habitat needs, being found almost exclusively in sand dunes, salt marshes, and lowland heath.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/egret/616/QuestionsPage4.html (304 words)

	Natterjack Toad - Bufo Calamita
		The Natterjack benefits from small and shallow temporary pools where invertebrate predator numbers are kept low due to seasonal desiccation of the ponds.
		This toad is classified as an endangered species and reintroduction programmes are being implemented in the UK to help halt its decline.
		The Natterjack Toad is an endangered species and protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.
	www.herpetofauna.co.uk /natterjack_toad.htm (364 words)

	Conservation Agreement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although the current distribution of the toad may be restricted from historic levels because of urban and agricultural development, this cannot be validated with any accuracy because of the lack of historic baseline survey information or comprehensive accounts of distribution prior to extensive habitat alteration.
		Because the Amargosa toad is so narrowly distributed, the primary purpose of this Agreement and Strategy is to provide stability to the limited toad habitat in the Oasis Valley, and secondarily, to minimize threats to the species through conservation actions in concert with adaptive management.
		Amargosa toad habitat alteration and/or elimination has occurred primarily through human activities including alteration or diversion of springs and associated pools and outflows, agricultural and urban land development, and alteration of the Amargosa River channel and riparian corridor for flood control and by locally intensive vehicle traffic.
	www.amargosatoad.org /consagreement.html (11430 words)

	WEALTH OF WILDLIFE
		Natterjack toad numbers in the UK have declined by 75% over the last century.
		Natterjacks need very specific conditions in their breeding ponds for spawning and the development of tadpoles.
		Outside the breeding season, natterjacks live on dry land where they hunt for their food, which is made up of mainly ground beetles.
	www.wildlifeincumbria.org.uk /wow/toads.asp (230 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Rare toads hop home after 30 years
		Conservationists are celebrating after efforts to re-introduce the rare natterjack toad to north Wales proved a major success.
		Natterjack toads were last recorded on the North Wales coast during the 1960s.
		The natterjack toad is a vulnerable species in many areas of Europe, and is protected under UK and European law.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/wales/1380099.stm (369 words)

	Factsheet: A guide to amphibia
		Many frogs and especially toads have to cross main roads to return to their hatching ponds and are killed as a result.
		The rare natterjack toad may be distinguished from the common toad by a yellow stripe down its back, and by the fact that it is totally incapable of hopping.
		Garden ponds should ideally not have fish in as they eat tadpoles, be at least 60 centimetres deep for toads, should have gently sloping sides to allow new froglets to emerge from the water and also have plants in the water and round the outside of the pond to give adults plenty of shelter.
	www.lincstrust.org.uk /factsheets/amphibia.php (1251 words)

	Bufo bufo - the Common Toad
		Their tadpoles are very similar to those of frogs but they usually emerge from the water after heavy rain in late summer rather than in spring.
		Most toads are brown or olive-brown, but you may occasionally see a brick-red young toad; it will become much browner as it matures.
		Toads move more slowly than frogs, and they tend to feed more at night, when the small creatures they prey upon are less able to escape.
	www.first-nature.com /amphibians/bufo_bufo.htm (239 words)

	toads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To keep you up-toad-ate with the natterjack toad news from Stanpit Marsh, the translocation project is in its second year.
		Natterjack toads were present in Christchurch Harbour until the 1950's but their disappearance is part of the national catastrophic decline in the last century.
		A successful re-introduction of natterjacks has taken place at Hengistbury Head and now is the ideal time to strengthen the population within the Harbour by introducing spawn to Stanpit Marsh.
	www.greenlink.co.uk /toads.htm (296 words)

	7/7/2006 -- Britain's frogs and toads face threat of extinction
		Global warming, urbanisation and pollution are devastating frog and toad populations around the world, with almost a third of species under threat.
		In Britain, the common toad population is "seriously threatened": natterjack toads have declined by 75 per cent in the past century, and since the 1960s the number of great crested newts in the country has dropped by 60 per cent.
		Ms Micklewright said that the natterjack toad, which previously inhabited all coastal areas of the UK, was now the rarest amphibian in the country and could now only be found in Norfolk, the north-west of England and in north Wales.
	forests.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=58057 (1063 words)

	TOAD species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Colorado River TOAD is therefore notorius as the "psychedelic TOAD".
		It is nocturnal and burrows in the loose soil.
		Length: The length of this TOAD is equivalent to that of the Eastern Narrowmouth TOAD, i.e.
	www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk /~erik/toad/toad_world.html (5933 words)

	Toads
		The Common Toad, as the name suggests, is widespread throughout Britain, although it does not occur in Ireland.
		The Natterjack Toad is found mainly in the coastal dunes of East Anglia and in the North West of England.
		Toads are predators, typically eating insects and small animals such as worms, slugs and snails.
	www.countrysideinfo.co.uk /toads.htm (566 words)

	Coastlines - Summer 1997 - Natterjack Toad
		The name ‘Natterjack’, is known to most local residents along the Sefton Coast, although to many it is just the name of a pub, shop or club.
		The Natterjack is largely nocturnal and as daylight approaches it burrows into the sand to escape the heat and drought of the day.
		The Natterjack was once found on dunes and marshes all around the north-west coast of England, East Anglia and North Wales as well as the heathlands of central and southern England.
	www.seftoncoast.org.uk /articles/97summer_natterjack.html (580 words)

	Natterjack Toad
		Increase the existing natterjack toad population to a sustainable level by appropriate ongoing management and site safeguard by 2005.
		Natterjacks have spawned twice in 1999 but predation of tadpoles probably high.
		Natterjack toad has been listed as a costed, key species in the UK Steering Group Report.
	www.sbap.org.uk /saps/natoad.htm (407 words)

	Species - Amphibians and Reptiles
		The common frog is easily distinguished from the common toad by the smoothness and wetness of the skin, the variable colour, the dark patch behind the eye, and the fact that it hops instead of runs.
		The common toad is more terrestrial in habit than the common frog and is often encountered further from water and in drier habitat.
		In Lincolnshire, the only natterjack toad populations are found in the sand dunes on the coast.
	www.lincstrust.org.uk /species/amphibia/index.php (943 words)

	The Natterjack Toad
		Surprisingly some of the best areas for the Natterjack are in northern England and Scotland, notably on the sand dunes along the Merseyside coast, the coast on Cumbria and on the Scottish Solway.
		The Natterjack used to be quite common on the heaths of Surrey and Hampshire and also around the coast of East Anglia but sadly only one or two colonies now survive.
		The Natterjack gets its common name from the loud rasping call made by the male from the edge of a pond at night during the breeding season (April - July) in an effort to attract a mate.
	www.herpconstrust.org.uk /animals/natterjack_toad.htm (378 words)

	Toad - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Toad, common name for a group of frog-like amphibians that are usually distinguished from frogs by the roughness of the skin, which has a large...
		Surinam Toad, common name for several species of aquatic amphibians native to muddy river bottoms of eastern and northern South America.
		It is similar to a frog, but has dry warty skin and, except for breeding in water, lives mostly on land.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Toad.html (152 words)

	ANIMAL Teachers: Cold-blooded Ones: Midwife Toad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Another way that this Toad is unusual, is that the females proactively look for mates.
		After mating, Father Midwife Toad carries the eggs, wrapped around His body until the Polliwogs are ready to hatch.
		The Midwife Toad is a protected species in the United Kingdom.
	www.funkman.org /animal/reptile/midwifetoad.html (146 words)

	Natterjack toad - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		The natterjack is at the northern edge of its range in the UK and so is very exacting in its habitat requirements, occurring on sandy soils, both in coastal dunes or lowland heaths, and in some cases on salt marsh.
		Natterjacks have a long and drawn out breeding season, lasting from April to June.
		They breed in shallow ponds (often seasonal ones) that are relatively free of vegetation, have a pH of between 5 and 7, and are devoid of potential invertebrate predators of eggs and tadpoles (eg dragonfly and beetle larvae).
	www.rspb.org.uk /action/managingreserves/species/natterjack/index.asp (256 words)

	Amphibians in Cumbria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Common Toad is well known for its long distance hikes (in procession) to return to its area of birth and there are many places where this has occurred for generations (let me know if you are aware of any!).
		Natterjacks themselves use a similar strategy and readily colonise new pools, getting in before Common Toads and Frogs find them.
		The Natterjack is a heavily protected species and must not be disturbed.
	freespace.virgin.net /peter.wilde3/amphibians.html (547 words)

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