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	Natufian culture
		The Natufian culture existed in the Mediterranean region of the Levant.
		The Natufians are likely to have been the ancestors of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world.
		There is also evidence that the Natufians themselves had already begun deliberate cultivation of cereals.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/na/Natufian_culture.html (300 words)

	EpiPalaeolithic (European Mesolithic) Natufian Culture of Israel
		The Natufian culture occupies a special place in the evolution of human societies in the Near East, namely, that of the threshold to the emergence of farming communities.
		The idea that the Natufians were the earliest farmers is as old as the original discovery of the cultural remains by Garrod.
		The Natufian in the Levant - Anna Belfer-Cohen 1991
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Natufian_Culture.html (269 words)

	The Neolithic of the Near East (Excerpt 03)
		The Natufian Culture probably descended from and at a number of sites succeeds Geometric Kebaran A. It is dated between circa 10000 and circa 8000 BC; in other words it belongs to the very end of the Pleistocene Period.....
		The main area of Natufian occupation - seemingly chosen for its environment - was bordered by the Mediterranean coast to the west and to the east by the arid zones in which a number of Natufian seasonal camps were situated.
		As the Natufians chose the zone in which wild cereals were available for their base camps it is hardly a coincidence that agricultural tools such as querns, mortars, pestles and sickle blades should occupy a prominent place in the economy.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /03.html (700 words)

	Variability and Homogeneity Among the Natufian:
		The Natufian represents the final period of archaeologically known hunter-gatherers in Southwest Asia, preceding the advent of agricultural economies.
		Apart from the Ohalo huts (Nadel and Werker 1999), the earliest architectural remains that Levantine archaeologists have identified belong to the early Natufian period and consists of semi-subterranean circular and curvilinear structures made of stone (Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen 1999; Belfer-Cohen 1991a; Henry 1989).
		Byrd, B. 1989 the Natufian: settlement variability and economic adaptations in the Levant at the end of the Pleistocene.
	individual.utoronto.ca /archaeo_parslow/PROPOSAL.htm (5314 words)

	Israel - Mallaha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Natufian period (12500-10200 before present according to carbon 14 datings) corresponds to the first phase of a phenomenon which, within several thousands years, was to transform hunter-gatherers into the earliest city-dwellers in Mesopotamia: the making of the Neolithic culture.
		The excavations revealed mostly components of a village belonging to the little-known period of the late Natufian corresponding to the end of the cold and dry phase of the later Dryas.
		The end of the Natufian era brought about a change in the settlement of villages, which were, from then onwards, preferably set up on the border of the steppe.
	www.diplomatie.gouv.fr /en/rubrique-imprim.php3?id_rubrique=2232 (571 words)

	Natufian Stew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Natufians were a pre-agriculturalist group who lived in the area of the Levant (modern Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan) between 13,000 and 10,300 year ago (6).
		In contrast to the many trendy “Paleo-diets”, some of which try to claim that carbohydrates and particularly grains were never eaten before the ‘agricultural revolution’, this recipe tries to stay relatively true to the archaeological record of this area, which includes whole grains.
		This does not mean that all Paleolithic meals had this particular macronutrient ratio, or even all Natufian meals, but rather that in general, Paleolithic people had access to a wide variety of foods that met all of their nutritional requirements.
	faculty.smu.edu /jowillia/natufian_stew.htm (1123 words)

	Eynan/Ain Mallaha (10,000-8200 B.C.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Eynan (in Hebrew)/Ain Mallaha (in Arabic) is one of hundreds of Natufian settlements known from the eastern Mediterranean, where remains of a rich and dynamic artistic tradition have been discovered.
		Natufian art, while it follows some of the same representational conventions of the European Paleolithic in its naturalistic and sensitive portrayal of animals, reflects a new awareness of individual identity and social life.
		Natufian burials, often placed in close proximity to the homes of the living, have been found where individuals or groups are interred with elaborate jewelry made of bone, shell, and stone.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/eyna/hd_eyna.htm (351 words)

	Old World: Settled Village Life, Food Production, & Emergence of
		It is likely that some hunter groups may have either reduced the local wild game supply or overbred themselves resulting in two observable patterns: (1) some human groups moved to less favored resource areas and (2) some increasingly depended on a greater variety of wild plant and animal resources.
		Whether the original basis of a settled life was game or wild grain the outcome was the domestication of one animal for meat and its gradual establishment as an important dietary source.
		Natufian hunter-gatherer sites, such as Nahal Oren, of ca 10,000 BC are characterized generally by permanent villages with undifferentiated architecture, large populations (100-150 people), numbers of mortars and grinding stones (for processing wild grains and seeds), and flint sickle blades (used for cutting grasses [i.e., wild grains]).
	unix.temple.edu /~phansell/65online/lect8.htm (3869 words)

	biblio
		Belfer-Cohen, A. “The Natufian graveyard in Hayonim Cave.” Paléorient 14(2): 297-308.
		Garrard, A. Natufian Settlement in the Azraq Basin, Eastern Jordan.
		Henry, D.O. 1991 Foraging, Sedentism, and Adaptive Vigor in the Natufian: Rethinking the Linkages.
	www.geocities.com /levent_atici/biblio.html (7980 words)

	Natufian culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Natufians settled in the woodland belt where oak and pistachio were prevailing species.
		The houses of the Natufian are semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone foundation.
		There are both single and multiple burials, especially in the early Natufian, and scattered human remains in the settlements that point to disturbed earlier graves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natufian (1211 words)

	The Shelby White - Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications
		The discovery of the larger, complex Natufian open sites such as ‘Ain Mallaha and Jericho in the 1950s lent strong impetus to the study of the advent of human sedentism in the Middle East.
		Yet since then, Wadi Hammeh 27 is only the third example of the large Natufian base-camp to be in the Mediterranean zone of the southern Levant, and is the only one of its type in Jordan.
		The excavations at Wadi Hammeh 27 were undertaken under the direction of the applicant, between 1983 and 1990, under the aegis of the University of Sydney Pella project.
	fas.harvard.edu /~semitic/wl/digsites/Transjordan/Pella_04/index.htm (462 words)

	Part 3. Archaeobotanical Evidence for Agricultural Transitions
		The Natufian period is the cultural entity immediately preceding the period during which the first domesticated cereals have been found in the Levant (the period known as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, or PPNA).
		Nevertheless, it is not reasonable to suppose that during the Natufian and the PPNA the need for straw for construction and the manufacture of objects was as great as might be suggested by the number of sickle pieces encountered in the levels corresponding to these periods.
		The importance attributed to sickles and their use from the beginning, during the Natufian, is shown by the fact that the blades show standardized morphology, undoubtedly to ensure calibration of multiple blades assembled end to end in grooves cut in handles and glued with adhesives.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /publications/HTMLPublications/47/ch08.htm (15820 words)

	Natufian culture
		The Natufians are likely to have been the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world.
		The Natufian culture was also among the first to domesticate dogs.
		The close bond between the people and their dogs is evident in burials at Ain Mallaha in what is now Northern Israel (12,000 BP).
	natufian-culture.mindbit.com (919 words)

	Natufian - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		NATUFIAN [Natufian] see Neolithic period ; Mesolithic period.
		In B or not in B: a reappraisal of the Natufian burials at Shukbah Cave, Judaea, Palestine.
		Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, western Galilee, Israel.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-Natufian.html (210 words)

	[No title]
		The Natufian Culture in the eastern Mediterranean is presented as a special Neolithic Culture with the presence of agriculture and some domestic animals but without pottery.
		Professor Alexeev recognizes the Natufian Culture in the eastern Mediterranean, but states that a Neolithic Period without ceramics is present elsewhere as well.
		The Natufian Culture is of advanced development and has created stone vessels of multidimensional size; some are greater than one meter while others are very small.
	home.earthlink.net /~waluk/Alekseev/Lecture7.doc (2317 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: 12/05
		While Natufians are widely acknowledged as a culture anticipating the arrival of the Neolithic, they were not the first Neolithic agriculturalists, nor where they the immediate source of the transmission of agriculture.
		Thus, the sample of 4 Natufian individuals does not represent the first pre-pottery Neolithic populations, and moreover, it does not represent the immediate source of the Neolithic in Europe, which was that of the Neolithic agriculturalists of Anatolia.
		This generally indicates that the Natufians and Neolithic people of the Levant may have differed in their ecosystem management (i.e., gathering vs. growing grains), but not in the type of food consumed.
	dienekes.blogspot.com /2005_12_01_dienekes_archive.html (12399 words)

	Paléorient (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Natufian Occupation of Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel – The Lithic Evidence.
		The Natufian levels at the site, observed throughout all seasons of excavation, provided a plethora of archaeological data including a unique cemetery.
		The present account is a summary and discussion of a study focused on the Natufian lithic component recovered during excavation.
	web.mae.u-paris10.fr /Pale/version_anglaise/article31_2_gb.htm (1903 words)

	Dr. Douglas Comer - Analyzing the Cultural Landscape of Beidha
		He sees this conclusion to fit well within the generally accepted model of the Natufian annual cycle, which is speculated to have centered on a sedentary base camp (Byrd 1989:80).
		Byrd notes that analyses of soils conducted at Beidha demonstrated that concentrations of Potassium (P), Nitrogen (N) and organic matter (OM) were much lower in the Natufian than in the PPN strata.
		To summarize the Natufian occupation of Beidha, it was, by all evidence, one that was seasonal and based in hunting.
	www.culturalsite.com /ADAJ/Beidha.html (7101 words)

	Potluck - A Prelude to Begin With
		But what the Natufian invented was clearly not ‘agriculture’ (since agriculture was incipient all over the world at this time) but a unique style of agriculture based upon a simple (yet devastating) idea: People must enforce law upon the world.
		Quickly, the Natufian must have discovered what the gods (if we are to personify nature) knew all along — that one cannot alter the law of one species without altering the law of an entire community.
		When the Natufian began to enforce law upon the world they broke from a chain of knowledge that had been handed from person to person, generation to generation, over time, since the dawn of human culture.
	www.potluck.com /offerings/preludetobeginwith.shtml (1487 words)

	Bibliografia de referencia sobre el Epipaleolítico
		In O. Bar-Yosef and F. Valla (eds.), The Natufian Culture in the Levant, pp.
		Olszewski, D. “The north Syrian Late Epipaleolithic and its relationship to the Natufian complex.” Levant 20: 127-137.
		Unger-Hamilton, R. Natufian Plant Husbandry in the Southern Levant and Comparison with that of the Neolithic Periods: A Lithic Perspective.
	www.dearqueologia.com /biblio_epipa-eolitico1.htm (3974 words)

	Institute of Archaeology - Departments & Units - Department of Prehistory
		Belfer-Cohen, A. 1988 The Natufian Graveyard in Hayonim Cave.
		Belfer-Cohen, A. and E. Hovers 1992 Burial is in the Eye of the Beholder: Middle Palaeolithic and Natufian Burials in the Levant.
		Weinstein-Evron, M. and A. Belfer-Cohen 1993 Natufian Figurines from the New Excavations of the el-Wad Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel.
	archaeology.huji.ac.il /depart/prehistoric/annab/publications.html (2173 words)

	WEB Site Operator, Electronic Publisher, NEWS SERVER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Enos tells Kish, "assemble your best men along the top of the wall, and on all terrace levels of the ziggurat, when Yinurta moves the lightning weapon." He instructs his people to stand with their spears and other weapons, on the narrow wood platform he had built earlier, around the top of the wall.
		The Natufians were ready for most anything--prepared, for the worst-- Yinurta thought.
		The Natufians witnessed (what they believe) is a miraculous turn in events, wrought--by their Lord and Creator.
	www.fripro.com /FRIPRO1page5.htm (2004 words)

	Palestine&Cyprus
		Other remains of the Natufians have been found in front of the Wadi Fallah cave.
		The houses are round or oval, the walls are made of stones and the floors of rammed earth or pebbles.
		Although the Natufian appears in the latest stage of Mesolithic, this settlement displays small finds typical of Neolithic, a progress from Ain Mellaha.
	www.asian-center.net /ancienthistory/ch3.2.html (2468 words)

	An anomalous Cro-Magnon Site
		Chronologically, the Natufian corresponds to the Azilian in Western Europe--both are at the very beginning of the Mesolithic Age.
		The Natufian culture was considerably advanced for a Mesolithic culture, and most anthropologists believe it was among them that the domestication of animals and agriculture began--although I have shown elsewhere that both were practised earlier by the Cro-Magnon people.
		The Natufians are believed also to have invented clay pottery and domesticated the dog (Dr. Bell, personal communication).
	www.atlantisquest.com /Outpost.html (1555 words)

	Looking into Nile Valley-Natufian connections - EgyptSearch Forums
		In summation, the New Kingdom Pharaohs and Queens whose mummies have been recovered bear strong similarity to either contemporary Nubians, as with the XVII and XVIII dynasties, or with Mesolithic-Holocene Nubians, as with the XVIV and XX dynasties.
		The emergence of the Natufian is explained by Bar-Yosef (1998) as follows: “On the one hand, climatic improvements around 13,000BP provided a wealth of food resources.
		The Classic Mushabian is characterized by a dominance of arched-back bladelets, La Mouillah points, and scalene triangles, all of which were truncated at one end using the microburin technique.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/002025.html (1396 words)

	Encoding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, western Galilee, Israel. - Antiquity - HighBeam ...
		Author: Belfer-Cohen, A. Archaeological excavations at Hayonim Cave in Western Galilee, Israel have uncovered incised bone and limestone Natufian objects which bear striking resemblances with artefacts found in an earlier excavation in Kebara Cave at Mt. Carmel.
		The 1997 excavations have led to the discovery of incised patterns on the bones and limestones.
		Since the original discoveries of Natufian cultural remains by D. Garrod in Shukbah and...
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-55174722.html (167 words)

	Blurb for Lior Weissbrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		During MA research at the University of Haifa, Israel, I analyzed the micromammal remains from a ca.
		Using taphonomic analysis of this assemblage and comparing it with modern assemblages of known origin (actualistic research) I discovered that most of the remains were deposited by owls.
		sedentary Natufian hunter-gatherers in the same way that mice and rats today exist in our permanent villages, towns and cities.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~anthro/research/weissbrod.html (427 words)

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