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Topic: Natural semantic metalanguage

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	The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Homepage
		The semantic primes and their principles of combination would be a kind of "mini-language" with the same expressive power as a full natural language.
		The set of 60 or so semantic primes she has proposed in Semantics, Primes and Universals (Wierzbicka 1996a) are the fruit of that program of research, which, it must be stressed, is not yet regarded as complete.
		The syntax of natural semantic metalanguage expressions in Lao.
	www-personal.une.edu.au /~cgoddard (6411 words)

	Semantics - Psychology Wiki
		Semantics is often opposed to syntax, in which case the former pertains to what something means while the latter pertains to the formal structure/patterns in which something is expressed (for example written or spoken).
		Semantics is distinguished from ontology (study of existence) in being about the use of a word more than the nature of the entity referenced by the word.
		Semantics is a subfield of linguistics that is traditionally defined as the study of meaning of (parts of) words, phrases, sentences, and texts.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Semantics (512 words)

	The Universal Syntax of Semantic Primitives. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		EJ544540 - The Universal Syntax of Semantic Primitives.
		Examines the theory of "natural semantic metalanguage," which argues that all languages share an irreducible core of universal semantic primitives with certain universal syntactic properties.
		Hypotheses on the universal syntax of semantic primitives are outlined.
	www.eric.ed.gov /sitemap/html_0900000b80019466.html (75 words)

	Grammar
		The NSM framework is based on evidence supporting the idea that there is a set of simple, indefinable meanings ‑universal semantic primes ‑ which have concrete linguistic exponents in all the world's languages.
		The NSM framework is based on evidence supporting the idea that there is a set of simple, indefinable meanings, ‑ universal semantic primes ‑ which have concrete linguistic exponents in all the world's languages.
		The NSM system is perhaps best known as the methodology for a large body of descriptive studies in cross‑linguistic semantics and pragmatics, but it also has fundamental implications for the theory of universal grammar.
	wordtrade.com /society/grammar.htm (1741 words)

	Grammar
		The NSM framework is based on evidence supporting the idea that there is a set of simple, indefinable meanings ‑universal semantic primes ‑ which have concrete linguistic exponents in all the world's languages.
		The NSM framework is based on evidence supporting the idea that there is a set of simple, indefinable meanings, ‑ universal semantic primes ‑ which have concrete linguistic exponents in all the world's languages.
		The NSM system is perhaps best known as the methodology for a large body of descriptive studies in cross‑linguistic semantics and pragmatics, but it also has fundamental implications for the theory of universal grammar.
	www.wordtrade.com /society/grammar.htm (1741 words)

	languagehat.com: SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES.
		When we say that a semantic prime ought to be a lexical universal, the term "lexical" is being used in a broad sense.
		Semantic primes can also have variant forms (allolexes or allomorphs); for example, in English the word 'thing' functions as an allolex of SOMETHING when it is combined with a determiner or quantifier (i.e.
		Exponents of semantic primes may have different morphosyntactic characteristics, and hence belong to different "parts of speech", in different languages, without this necessarily disturbing their essential combinatorial properties.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000862.php (957 words)

	Semantics ~ Stephen's Web ~ by Stephen Downes
		Semantics is contrasted with two other aspects of meaningful expression, namely, syntax, the construction of complex signs from simpler signs, and pragmatics, the practical use of signs by agents or communities of interpretation in particular circumstances and contexts.
		In linguistics, semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as borne on the syntactic levels of words, phrases, sentences, and sometimes larger units of discourse, generically referred to as texts.
		The work of Eleanor Rosch and George Lakoff in the 1970s led to a view that natural categories are not characterizable in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, but are graded (fuzzy at their boundaries) and inconsistent as to the status of their constituent members.
	www.downes.ca /cgi-bin/page.cgi?topic=43 (2740 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Natural Semantic Metalanguage
		The Natural Semantic Metalanguage is an approach to semantic analysis based on reductive paraphrase (that is, breaking concepts/words down into combinations of simpler concepts/words) using a small collection of semantic primes.
		The semantic primes (below) believed to be atomic, primitive meanings present in all human languages.
		The Semantic Primitives (ones in parens are proposed):
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/na/Natural_Semantic_Metalanguage (159 words)

	The four basic ontologies of semantic interpretation
		Therefore, the analysis of natural language meanings within logical semantics leads necessarily to a reinterpretation of the model structure as something cognitive which is part of the speaker-hearer.
		Therefore, when (i) expanding a given semantics to a new application or when (ii) transferring partial analyses from one application to another, one should be as well-informed about the structural differences between the four basic ontologies as about the potential formal equivalences based on simplifying abstractions.
		From the viewpoint of natural language, this is problematic because it constitutes a hybrid between an utterance (i.e.
	www.linguistik.uni-erlangen.de /~rrh/papers/ontologies/dublin.html (2274 words)

	The International Journal of Language, Society and Culture
		In this shot article I will briefly trace these two words and use the semantic analytical framework of Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) to show how these concepts are part of the contemporary Australian culture value of “mateship” and the role they play in cultural norms, people’s attitude, value and socialisation of children.
		NSM stands for Natural Semantic Metalanguage, the tool to unpack the semantic meaning originated by Anne Wierzbicka (1974.
		On the other hand, the NSM and culture script are able to unpack the semantic meaning and untangle the cultural significance of the concepts.
	www.educ.utas.edu.au /users/tle/JOURNAL/ARTICLES/2005/15-4.htm (2998 words)

	UNE - nsm - Introduction
		This site contains information and resources about the 'natural semantic metalanguage' (NSM) approach to semantic analysis, which can lay claim to being the most well-developed, comprehensive and practical approach to cross-cultural semantics on the contemporary scene.
		The approach is based on evidence that there is a small core of basic, universal meanings, known as semantic primes, which can be found as words or other linguistic expressions in all languages.
		This common core of meaning can be used as a tool for linguistic and cultural analysis: to explicate complex and culture-specific words and grammatical constructions, and to articulate culture-specific values and attitudes (cultural scripts), in terms which are maximally clear and translatable.
	www.une.edu.au /lcl/nsm/index.php (279 words)

	1st Language Creation Conference: 23 April 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abstract: Semantic primes are units of meaning, presumably relatively few in number (relative to the OED anyhow), in terms of which "all" other meanings can be defined.
		We shall also look at the notion in the context of scientific linguistics, where the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) program is attempting to find the semantic primes of various languages in the hope of developing a list which works for all languages.
		The focus of the presentation is to demonstrate the importance of understanding/applying basic concepts of cognitive linguistics to increase the "realism" and individuality of a conlang, and to help avoid inadvertently mirroring the subconscious linguistic patterns of one's native language when designing a conlang.
	conlangs.berkeley.edu /talks.php (2045 words)

	Language theory, Cognitive semantics and Pragmatics course, Linguistics,Gothenburg University
		Emotions to her are a semantic domain (1995a: 235), to be investigated in a semantic metalanguage, i.e.
		In her comparative study of language-dependent conceptualizations, Wierzbicka is able to document that "every language imposes its own classification upon human emotional experiences, and English words such as anger or sadness are cultural artifacts of the English language, not culture-free analytical tools" (1992: 456; 1995a: 236).
		While the suggested set of semantic primitives that is assumed to exist in every human language started out with only fourteen, it is currently estimated (Wierzbicka 1995b, Goddard in press) to have increased to about 35-60 elements.
	www.ling.gu.se /~biljana/st1-97/pragmalect7.html (494 words)

	[No title]
		Used as a metalanguage, axiomatic language enables one to define the syntax and semantics of arbitrary language constructs, which can then be used as tools in the specification of software.
		The syntax and semantics of statements are defined by valid expressions of the form "(executing with vars and initial state yields final state )".
		The syntax and semantics of expressions are defined by valid expressions of the form "(expr with vars having values equals )".
	www.axiomaticlanguage.org /sigplan82.html (3902 words)

	SILEWP 1998-002
		The semantic field is often organized such that a set of terms represents a particular domain which refers to a speaker's area of experience.
		Closely related to semantics is pragmatics, which deals with the speech situations or social usage of utterances (Healey and Healey 1992:185).
		Lyons (1977:250ff.) outlines the general theory of semantic fields, including the difficulty and differences in the terminology that is used by various authors, such as lexical field, conceptual field, and lexical structure.
	www.sil.org /silewp/1998/002/SILEWP1998-002.html (11492 words)

	SILEBR 2006/009 — Review of “English”
		Anna Wierzbicka is Professor of Linguistics at the Australian National University and the recipient of various awards for her outstanding contributions in linguistics and semantics (for example, the Humboldt Prize for Foreign Scholars in the Humanities, election to the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences).
		Her argument is “that the cultural semantics of [various] concepts and of the discourse patterns associated with them require careful and systematic study and that a study of this kind requires a suitable methodology” (p.
		The methodology is the NSM with its associated metalanguage and literary conventions.
	www.sil.org:8090 /silebr/2006/silebr2006-009 (2773 words)

	Abstracts
		The English lexicon cannot, therefore, be used uncritically as a descriptive metalanguage for mental states, because to do so would be to assume that the culture-specific categories of the English language correspond to objective psychological realities, whereas those of other languages do not.
		These are among the 60 universal semantic primes identified over twenty years cross-linguistic research by Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage framework (Wierzbicka 1996; Goddard and Wierzbicka 2002).
		Their grammatical role is somewhat similar to quantifiers in English such as a piece of, a portion of, but they differ in that classifiers must be applied to all nouns when quantifying them.
	www.lehigh.edu /~inwords/abstracts.htm (2913 words)

	Forum - Nieuwsbrief Faculteit der Letteren - Universiteit Leiden
		The goal of the masterclass is to enable talented graduate students, postdoctoral scholars and senior professional linguists to have intensive intellectual interaction with two leading figures in the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) approach to cross-linguistic semantics - Anna Wierzbicka, the originator of the theory, and her colleague and collaborator Cliff Goddard.
		Since its inception some 30 years ago, and especially over the past decade, the natural semantic metalanguage approach has undergone steady and significant theoretical development in tandem with an ever-widening range of descriptive applications to lexical, grammatical, and discourse phenomena across many languages.
		Though much remains to be done and many aspects remain controversial, the natural semantic metalanguage approach is the most developed and empirically well-grounded framework for cross-linguistic semantics on the contemporary linguistic scene.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /forum/03_3/agenda/5.htm (523 words)

	College Beschrijvende Semantiek
		Semantics is the branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of how meaning is expressed through language.
		The role of semantics in the study of the relations between language, culture and cognition and the applications of semantics in language teaching and learning and in dictionary making will be discussed.
		Meta-theoretical issues concerning polysemy and the place of prototypes and metaphor in semantic analysis as well as the metalanguage of semantic description will be explored.
	www.tca.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?c=31 (222 words)

	François-Régis Chaumartin
		Semantic similarity is a confidence score that reflects the semantic relation between the meanings of two sentences.
		An explanation is given here using the notion of "semantic range" (a description of a word's typical collocation patterns); antonyms are shown to be words which have a great deal of semantic range in common.
		Semantics: Primes and Universals is a major synthesis of her work, presenting a full and systematic exposition of that theory in a non-technical and readable way.
	www.linguist.jussieu.fr /~fchaumartin (5003 words)

	Domain Name Ideas Generator. Search, Bulk Check, Create & Register available domain names free!
		It covers theories of the classification and decomposition of word meaning, the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure between different languages, and the relationship of word meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.
		A question asked is if meaning is established by looking at the neighbourhood in the semantic net a word is part of and by looking at the other words it occurs with in natural sentences or if the meaning is already locally contained in a word.
		With the natural semantic metalanguage the other concepts may be described in a language and culture specific way.
	www.makewords.com /lexical-semantics.aspx (263 words)

	Models of the Semantic Structure of Dictionaries
		In Quillian 1968, the analysis of dictionary definitions was part of a study of semantic memory, and for that reason was not concerned with the full development of a dictionary model.
		Parsing a definition according to the preceding notions is still not sufficient to identify the semantic components which should be attached to a main entry, since much of the semantic content is only present by virtue of the definition's constituent words.
		If the semantic content of each definition can be captured, then it may be possible to articulate the frame for any utterance by combining the characteristics of the definitions of its constituent words within what is permitted by the parsing system.
	www.clres.com /online-papers/ajcl78.html (10037 words)

	Correspondences between the primitives of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage and concepts in the ontology or languages ...
		From the viewpoint of the knowledge representation task and languages, the primitives of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) may be categorized as follow.
		Because these language operators are not in NSM, and given the theory behind NSM, I assume that 1) they "can be defined using simpler terms in NSM", and 2) they are not "primitives that have been found to exist (or presumed to exist, subject to verification) in all natural languages".
		Following are representations (in the FT notation) of the remaining NSM primitives.
	www.webkb.org /kb/nsm.html (937 words)

	cell, producing the same trial. Even so, this was considered scandalous. John l proposed plete hermeneutic ontology. In ...
		With the new vocabulary and stylistics, d4ug testing in workplace british columbia based on the Foundations of Geometry, was published in 1910, which (along with the high concentrations of Shia civilians.
		Natural enzyme inhibitors are proteins that specifically bind to either E or ES with the initial n was in short supply.
		Take as an input and outputs a semantic fact (i.e., workplace rdug testing polivy the placebo drug often experienced considerable benefit, Gold and his colleagues supposed that other, nondrugrelated factors may have had some influence.
	drug-testing-in-the-workplace.medicinetest.info (730 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Semantic Primes and Universal Grammar [SLCS 81]
		Natural Semantic Metalanguage exponents and universal grammar in Romance: Evaluators and descriptors; mental predicates
		Natural Semantic Metalanguage exponents and universal grammar in Romance: Speech; actions, events and movement; existence and possession; life and death
		Natural Semantic Metalanguage exponents and universal grammar in Romance: Logical concepts; intensifier and augmentor; taxonomy and partonomy; similarity
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=SLCS%2081 (410 words)

	Joint International Conference on Cog Sci (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) approach to the study of meaning constitutes an important research agenda alongside formal and conceptual semantic approaches (Wierzbicka 1996; Goddard and Wierzbicka 1994).
		NSM aims to provide an explanatory framework powerful enough to treat both lexical semantics and discourse-specific phenomena.
		A version of the NSM approach to metaphor is discussed by Goddard (1999, presentation).
	hps.arts.unsw.edu.au /cogsci_conf/abstracts_authors/Wearing.html (376 words)

	MSO
		The semantics of some categories from WordNet had to be modified in order to fix inconsistencies (all the modifications have been recorded and justified).
		Sowa, Dolce, the Lifecycle Integration Schema, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage, OWL, DAML+OIL, KIF and the Dublin Core) have been kept (no direct/indirect link or definition has been modified, and hopefully the links between categories of different sources are mostly correct).
		WebKB-2 and its MSO may indeed be an instrument for ontology creators to interconnect their ontologies with other ones, and let people query these ontologies and re-use or complement them.
	meganesia.int.gu.edu.au /~phmartin/WebKB/doc/MSO.html (509 words)

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