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Topic: Natural justice

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Natural law

Procedural justice

Justice

Philosophy of law

Duncan Kennedy

Common law

Legal positivism

Indeterminacy debate in legal theory

Fundamental Laws of England

Good faith

Ronald Dworkin

Due process

Critical legal studies

Libertarian theories of law

Classical liberalism

	Justice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Justice in some form or another affects all things in the universe; in the context of human actions, it means according individuals or groups what they actually deserve or merit, or are in some sense entitled to (classic Latin concept of unicuique suum).
		Justice, however, is a universal and absolute concept; laws, principles, religion, etc., are merely attempts to codify the concept -- occasionally with results that entirely contradict the true nature of justice.
		Justice (in both senses) is part of the debate regarding moral relativism and moral objectivism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Justice (927 words)

	Natural Justice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Natural Justice is a charity that does research on the causes of criminal behavior, and especially on the related effects of nutrition.
		Natural Justice carried out an experiment in the Aylesbury Prison for young offenders.
		In this study, published in 2002, inmates were randomly assigned to receive either a dietary supplement or a placebo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_Justice (125 words)

	home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Natural Justice is established for the care and rehabilitation of people who offend, by the development and promotion of techniques that address the interaction of social, biological and environmental influences on criminal behaviour.
		Natural Justice started life under a different name in Cumbria in 1984 by providing supervision in the community for young offenders who would have otherwise been sent to custody.
		Natural Justice was honoured that our research into nutrition and offending has been presented at a Reception at the House of Lords by the Rt.
	www.physiol.ox.ac.uk /natural.justice (331 words)

	Haines: Revival of Natural Law Concepts: Chapter XII
		Natural law comprises then all of the rules consecrated or not by positive law, for the observance of which in a given society, it will be desirable that man be restrained by the means of exterior coercion.
		Modern exponents of natural law theories reject the mechanical notion of the place and function of the judge whereby he is expected merely to seek and apply predetermined rules and is not permitted to mold the law in the course of his application of these rules.
		Natural justice founded in reason is verified by the use of just men, is recognized and applied by judicial authorities no less than the rules of international law, which ultimately rest on the same ground.
	www.constitution.org /haines/haines_012.htm (12391 words)

	Natural Assets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Natural Assets Project examines the scope for reducing poverty through asset building in the form of natural capital.
		Like other types of assets, natural assets are unevenly distributed: in terms of de facto rights as well as de jure ownership, the poor have fewer natural assets.
		Pro-poor natural asset building strategies could also advance two further social goals: environmental protection, which aims to safeguard the rights of current and future generations as a whole to a healthy environment; and environmental justice, which aims to ensure that this right is enjoyed equally by all.
	www.umass.edu /peri/programs/development/naturalassets.htm (316 words)

	Mortimer J. Adler / The Nature of Natural Law
		Many thinkers who espouse natural law see it at work in both the human and nonhuman realms, but their main interest is in its special application to man. According to these thinkers, the natural law as applied to physical things or animals is inviolable; stars and atoms never disobey the laws of their nature.
		In Western society, especially from the Roman jurists and the theologians of the Middle Age on, we find the doctrine of the natural moral law for man. It is the source of moral standards, the basis of moral judgments, and the measure of justice in the man-made laws of the state.
		The denial of natural rights, the natural moral law, and natural justice leads not only to the positivist conclusion that man made law alone determines what is just and unjust.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /adler_naturallaw.html (1304 words)

	The St. Joseph Foundation - Christifidelis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It may be a reflection on human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government.
		Because these natural law rights to fair procedures are most familiar in the context of our democratic institutions, some may take a discussion of them in the context of canon law to be a call for a wholesale incorporation of the civil processes of the Western democracies into Church proceedings.
		Most importantly, natural justice requires that a penalty not be imposed without due notice and a fair hearing before an impartial decision-maker.
	www.st-joseph-foundation.org /cfd16-3.htm (1721 words)

	Lysander Spooner - Natural Law - Chapter 1
		Section I. The science of mine and thine — the science of justice — is the science of all human rights; of all a man’s rights of person and property; of all his rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
		And almost all men have the same perceptions of what constitutes justice, or of what justice requires, when they understand alike the facts from which their inferences are to be drawn.
		And these are questions of natural law; questions which, in regard to the great mass of cases, are answered alike by the human mind everywhere.
	praxeology.net /LS-NL-1.htm (1191 words)

	[No title]
		If it be not a natural principle, all the appeals for justice that have ever been heard, and all the struggles for justice that have ever been witnessed, have been appeals and struggles for a mere fantasy, a vagary of the imagination, and not for a reality.
		If there be in nature such a principle as justice, nothing can be added to, or taken from, its supreme authority by all the legislation of which the entire human race united are capable.
		On the other hand, if there be no such principle as justice, or natural law, then every human being came into the world utterly destitute of rights; and coming into the world destitute of rights, he must necessarily forever remain so.
	www.lysanderspooner.org /NaturalLaw.htm (2474 words)

	Justice, Natural Rights and the Rule of Law: Events: The Independent Institute
		Natural law, I think, at least in the first approximation, is best thought of as a method of reasoning, as in natural law method of reasoning.
		Natural law came from the order that was in the universe or in the world that we lived in.
		The natural law of traffic does not say which side of the street it should be, so long as you pick one of the sides, it doesn’t matter, as far as the natural law is concerned, which side it is.
	www.independent.org /events/transcript.asp?eventID=46 (11373 words)

	THE LINK BETWEEN PROTECTING NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE ISSUE OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
		Environmental justice advocates argue that it is the government’s responsibility to protect natural resources in a manner that encompasses the perspectives and needs of the most vulnerable individuals and animals, so that everyone can enjoy the benefit of healthy resources and environmental services.
		Attention to minority and low-income communities and the natural resources upon which they depend is necessary because actions that adequately protect the general population may not always protect discrete segments of the population.
		That case emphasized the important point that environmental justice concerns relate, at least in the first instance, not to a community’s demographic characteristics (e.g., racial composition or income status),45 but rather to attributes frequently associated with low-income and minority communities that may place such communities at special risk.
	www.bc.edu /schools/law/lawreviews/meta-elements/journals/bcealr/28_1/01_TXT.htm (7130 words)

	Lysander Spooner : Natural Law (1882)
		Spooner meant the pamphlet to be the introduction to a comprehensive masterwork on the natural law of liberty, and it is a great tragedy of the history of political thought that Spooner never lived to complete the projected treatise.
		If there be such a natural principle as justice, it is necessarily the highest, and consequently the only and universal, law for all those matters to which it is naturally applicable.
		If there be no such natural principle as honesty, there can be no such thing as dishonesty; and no possible act of either force or fraud, committed by one man against the person or property of another, can be said to be unjust or dishonest; or be complained of, or prohibited, or punished as such.
	www.panarchy.org /spooner/law.1882.html (2835 words)

	Rommen, The Natural Law - Bibliography: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because the subject of natural law touches at least five disciplines in the modern academy—law, philosophy, theology, politics, and history—the literature is extraordinarily diverse.
		Although there are family resemblances between premodern and modern theories of natural law, the Enlightenment era theorists reworked natural law in the light of new philosophical vocabularies and under the pressure of new political and institutional forces.
		Nature and Politics: Liberalism in the Philosophies of Hobbe, Locke, and Rousseau.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Essays/Bibliographical/Rommen0220/NaturalLaw.html (1694 words)

	Justice Policy - Making Good - Green Party
		An improved approach to justice complements, and is enhanced by wider social justice in Aotearoa/New Zealand and internationally.
		Alongside our restorative justice policies, other decision making processes such as mediation, judicial conferences, and facilitation can increase people's access to the justice system while reducing the time involved in dispute resolution and court costs for all parties.
		The age at which offenders first enter the criminal justice system is significant, as the majority of male offenders in the adult system first entered the system as young people.
	www.greens.org.nz /searchdocs/policy4754.html (3928 words)

	Alberta Ombudsman -- Fairness Guidelines -- What is Natural Justice? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Supreme Court of Canada established a decision that is administrative and affects the rights, privileges or interests of an individual triggers a duty of fairness.
		Natural justice and administrative fairness are at the forefront of Ombudsman investigations.
		Comparing the two concepts, natural justice is to administrative fairness what due process is to criminal law.
	www.ombudsman.ab.ca /natural-justice.htm (283 words)

	Duhaime's Canadian Law Dictionary : N-O (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A word used to refer to situations where audi alteram partem (the right to be heard) and nemo judex in parte sua (no person may judge their own case) apply.
		The principles of natural justice were derived from the Romans who believed that some legal principles were "natural" or self-evident and did not require a statutory basis.
		Latin and a fundamental principle of natural justice which states that no person can judge a case in which he or she is party.
	www.duhaime.org /dictionary/dict-no.aspx (1485 words)

	Political Philosophy, study of governments, social contract, natural law, justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This higher law or natural law, was universally valid and thus applied to all governments.
		The natural law was known by the use of human reasoning.
		One of the purposes of government is to administer justice among the people.
	www.philosophyclass.com /politicalphilosophy.htm (391 words)

	AlterNet: Movie Mix: Natural Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The film refers to this as the realm of "natural justice" in an anarcho-fascist voiceover that may appeal to your inner torture specialist.
		These set pieces are intended to convey delicate shadings of emotion, expressing by turns wit, the humor of slapstick, and, of course, the implacable force of that "natural justice." Given that this is a Marvel franchise, these goals will be pursued in as family-friendly a manner as possible.
		This villain is clearly identified, naturally, as a homosexual and a sadist, unlike the straight sadists that comprise the balance of the film's protagonists.
	www.alternet.org /movies/18452 (1008 words)

	Panganiban a ‘natural justice’ - INQ7.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		THE Inquirer described Justice Artemio V. Panganiban as one who came from humble origins, supported his studies in elementary and high school by selling newspapers and cigarettes and by shining shoes; and in college, by selling textbooks to his classmates and bibles to professors.
		When he was an associate justice of the Supreme Court, he authored 10 books starting in 1995, writing one book a year as his way of reporting on his magistracy.
		The appointment of Panganiban as Chief Justice of the Philippines calls to mind the letter of Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, regarding a “pure selection” of a so-called “natural aristoi” into the office of government.
	news.inq7.net /opinion/index.php?index=1&story_id=62675 (522 words)

	Natural Law by Lysander Spooner
		And these are questions of natural law; questions which, in regard to the great mass of cases, are answered alike by the human mind everywhere.(1)
		Section V. If there be such a natural principle as justice, it is necessarily the highest, and consequently the only and universal, law for all those matters to which it is naturally applicable.
		They are either the mere conceits of simpletons, who imagine they have discovered something better than truth, and justice, and universal law; or they are mere devices and pretences, to which selfish and knavish men resort as means to get fame, and power, and money.
	www.jim.com /spooner.htm (2453 words)

	PM - Hollingworth claims he was denied natural justice
		It says criticism of the failure to conduct hearings is misconceived, and the Board argues it has been relevantly and adequately informed by documentation, written statements of fact, comment and submissions.
		While he was not criticised in the report, he told Louise Willis he agrees the Governor-General was denied natural justice.
		BERNARD YORK: No. I think a proper formal evidence would be the appropriate way, and I definitely agree he was denied natural justice, and I think the people of Australia, at the moment, are witnessing a modern-day crucifixion.
	www.abc.net.au /pm/content/2003/s852917.htm (768 words)

	Natural Justice? NZ Natural Healthcare Product Industry Suffers
		The minister had no evidence any of the natural healthcare products recalled were unsound or unfit for human consumption or damaged or deteriorated or perished, or contaminated with any poisonous, deleterious, or injurious substance,the only basis s40 provides for a mandatory recall.
		The natural healthcare product industry pays the TGA $6 million in protection money per year, money supposedly to help guarantee the credibility of the therapeutic goods industry.
		The negative impact on the natural healthcare product industry in Australia and New Zealand is likely to be $300 million-$500 million a figure orders of magnitude more than the maximum fine a court can impose on a guilty party.
	www.iahf.com /iadsa/natural_justice.html (2455 words)

	Oxford University Press: Natural Justice: Ken Binmore
		Natural Justice is a bold attempt to lay the foundations for a genuine science of morals using the theory of games.
		It is argued that the deep structure of our current fairness norms continues to reflect the logic of these primeval social contracts, but the particular fairness norm a society operates is largely a product of cultural evolution.
		In pursuing this point, the book proposes a naturalistic reinterpretation of John Rawls' original position that reconciles his egalitarian theory of justice with John Harsanyi's utilitarian theory by identifying the environment appropriate to each.
	www.us.oup.com /us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/Political/?ci=0195178114&view=usa (547 words)

	Commentary: Natural Justice, Eminent Domain, and Corporate Welfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since the preservation of human life is always more important than things, there are instances where property rights must yield to other principles, such as the preservation of human life from imminent death.
		Natural law also specifies that there are instances in which the state may legitimately take private property so that it can fulfill its particular responsibilities to the common good.
		The fact, however, the law has always insisted that adequate compensation must be given to the original owners reflects a basic demand of natural justice.
	www.acton.org /ppolicy/comment/article.php?id=291 (953 words)

	Haines: Revival of Natural Law Concepts: Index
		Brewer, Justice, on protection of property rights, 134, 135; on natural justice, 176; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 201, 202; on duty of courts to protect property, 223
		Field, Justice, on interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment, 146, 148; on fundamental rights, 160, 161; on inalienable rights, 174; conservative doctrines in Supreme Court decisions and, 199, 200.
		Natural law, Graeco-Roman concepts of, 4-12, 24-27; German current views on, 246-251; metaphysical and theological types of, 278-293; ethical concepts and, 310-316; Dean Pound on types of, 311, 315; philosophical standards and, 316-323
	www.constitution.org /haines/haines_5.htm (1488 words)

	natural justice
		Three common law rules are referred to in relation to natural justice or procedural fairness.
		This rule requires that a person must be allowed an adequate opportunity to present their case where certain interests and rights may be adversely affected by a decision-maker.
		This site will work and look better in a browser that supports web standards, but it is accessible to any browser or Internet device.
	www.unisa.edu.au /ombud/Process/naturaljustice.asp (283 words)

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