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Topic: Natural killer cell

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Interleukin

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Cytokine

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Interferon

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Faye Wong

Fernando Collor de Mello

	Natural killer cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Natural NK cells are cytotoxic; small granules in their cytoplasm contain special proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes.
		NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines.
		Patients deficient in NK cells prove to be highly susceptible to early phases of herpes virus infection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_killer_cell (386 words)

	Transfer Factor Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Born to kill, these cells were thought to travel straight from the bone marrow, where they are manufactured, to the blood, circulating there and infiltrating the sites of early tumors or infectious agents in the body.
		"Natural killer cells burst forth from the the tonsils, lymph nodes and spleen, and destroy infected and cancerous cells while the immune system's T and B cells are still mobilizing," says Münz.
		"The emerging data on the activation of natural killer cells, their distinct functions in the body and their cellular targets, are helping to move the study of natural killer cells in transplantation and cancer from conjecture to sound hypotheses," he says.
	www.transferfactorinstitute.com /Research/article1.cfm (757 words)

	Natural killer cell
		Natural killer cells (NK) are a type of nonspecific immune defense.
		These cells do not destroy the attacking microorganisms directly; they attack infected cells and cells that appear that they might cause cancer.
		NK cells are not phagocytic; they weaken the target cell's plasma membrane, causing water and ions to diffuse into the cell and expanding it.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/nk/NK_cell.html (65 words)

	NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK) RESEARCH INDEX
		Natural killer cells are being found to play a primary role in preventing and removing cancer cells in the body,
		This may be attributed to the observation that unlike the cells within a solid tumor, tumor cells enter the circulation as single cells or small clumps and are, therefore, highly accessible and more vulnerable to destruction by immune and non-immune defense mechanisms." pg.
		Moreover, the suppressive effects of surgery and anesthesia on NK cell activity may further facilitate the survival of tumor cells released from the primary or metastatic tumor growth and contribute to the increased incidence of metastasis.
	www.chem-tox.com /immune-system/nkcells/nkindex.htm (808 words)

	Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphoma
		Natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms, which are derived from mature or precursor NK cells, are rare diseases and are observed predominantly in Asian countries.
		The classification of blastic or blastoid natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma is controversial.
		The natural killer cell, infected with monoclonal (or oligoclonal) Epstein-Barr virus, seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of the hypersensitivity.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /diseases/ptcl_cd56lymphoma.htm (13265 words)

	Natural Killer Cells
		NK (natural killer) cells are a special kind of white blood cell that specialize in killing tumor and virally infected cells.
		Natural killer (NK) cells discriminate between self and non-self by monitoring the expression of MHC class I molecules.
		Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity is regulated by inhibitory receptors that bind self-MHC class I molecules.
	www.dfwcfids.org /research/nkc1.htm (675 words)

	Natural killer cell differentiation
		While a critical role for Natural Killer (NK) cells in innate and adaptive immune responses has been established, relatively little is known about the differentiation of these cells from hematopoietic progenitors.
		Human NK cell differentiation from immature lineage negative (Lin$/sp-)$ umbilical cord blood cells was examined in vitro.
		Cells expressing differentiation antigens of mature NK cells (CD56, CD16, CD2, CD8, NKR-P1A) were generated from Lin$/sp-$ cells cultured with interleukin (IL)-2 and a murine bone marrow stromal cell line expressing the human membrane-bound form of stem cell factor.
	jdc.jefferson.edu /dissertations/AAI9829078 (344 words)

	Decreased Natural Killer Cell Activity Is Associated with Severity of CFIDS
		Natural killer (NK) cell activity was measured blindly in vitro with blood specimens from 50 healthy individuals and 20 patients with clinically defined chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) who met the criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta).
		NK cell activity was assayed by the measurement of the release of 51Cr in a standard cytotoxicity assay, as previously described [3].
		However, the fact that NK cell activity decreases with the increased severity and duration of certain clinical variables suggests that measurement of NK cell function could be useful for stratification of patients and possibly for monitoring therapy for and/or the progression of CFIDS.
	www.ncf-net.org /library/decreas1.htm (1695 words)

	Natural killer cell function in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related diseases.
		Natural killer cell function in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related diseases.
		NK cells, which are closely associated with large granular lymphocytes, are spontaneously cytotoxic to tumor and virally infected targets.
		NK cells are heterogeneous both with respect to their expression of serologically defined membrane antigens and functional activity.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1989/sep/M8990254.html (559 words)

	Natural Killer (NK) Cell Assay for the Consumer -- Alan E. Beer Center for Reproductive Immunology and Genetics
		Natural Killer cells from the woman are separated from her blood and are cultured at different dilutions with target cells that they can kill.
		These target cells are tagged with a special cytoplasmic dye so that the flow cytometer can find them when asked to see how many of the targets have been killed by the NK cells that have been placed in culture with them.
		Natural killer (NK) cell subsets and NK cell cytotoxicity in women with histories of recurrent spontaneous abortions.
	repro-med.net /tests/nkassay.php (856 words)

	AHCC - Potent Immune System Support - Similar to MGN3 and PeakImmune4
		It is well-researched in Japan for its immune-supportive properties, in particular the ability to increase natural killer cell and macrophage activity.
		Your trillions of cells are susceptible to damage by free radicals and toxins, so a healthy immune system uses its first line of defense -- natural killer (NK) cells -- to quickly identify and destroy threatening particles.
		The effectiveness of NK cells depends on their activity level, so boosting NK activity is a smart strategy for those committed to maintaining vibrant health and longevity.
	www.discount-vitamins-herbs.net /ahcc.htm (634 words)

	DSMZ
		In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 31A: 115-119 (1995).
		In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 30A: 344-347 (1994).
		In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 29A: 819-821 (1993).
	www.dsmz.de /human_and_animal_cell_lines/main.php?contentleft_id=7&PHP... (7609 words)

	NATURAL KILLER CELL STIMULATION IN CHRONIC ILLNESS
		NK cell activity and NK cell count are not the same. NK cells may be present in sufficient numbers, but unless they are activated they are ineffective in doing their job.
		These are the cells upon which the immune system depends to both reproduce itself and gives rise to the many specialized lineage's that spring from it; the B cells, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, helper T cells, etc.
		Depressed NK cell activity and depressed NK cell populations are associated with the development and rapid progression of cancer, hepatitis, AIDS, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, various immunodeficiency syndromes, and certain autoimmune diseases.
	www.mobilemedtech.com /biomune/bio5.html (2678 words)

	Unravelling natural killer cell function: triggering and inhibitory human NK receptors
		Natural killer (NK) cells represent a highly specialized lymphoid population characterized by a potent cytolytic activity against tumor or virally infected cells.
		Thus, the ability of NK cells to lyse target cells requires both the lack of surface MHC class I molecules and the expression of appropriate ligands that trigger NK receptors.
		The receptors responsible for NK cell activation in the process of natural cytotoxicity remained elusive until recently, when three novel surface molecules were identified and molecularly characterized.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/dynapage.taf?file=/emboj/journal/v23/n2/full/7600019a.html (3712 words)

	Natural Killer Cell Activation Assay (NKa), Testing at Millenova Immunology Laboratories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Natural Killer (NK) cells are a lymphocyte subset that express CD56+ on their cell surface.
		NK cells are the most prevalent lymphocyte population in secretory endometrium and in decidua of early pregnancy.
		Elevated peripheral blood natural killer cells are effectively downregulated by immunoglobulin G infusion in women with recurrent spontaneous abortions.
	www.millenova.com /tests/nkassay.asp (486 words)

	Natural killer cell enhancing factor (US5250295)
		A factor (NKEF) for use in enhancing the activity of natural killer cells both in vivo and in vitro.
		NKEF is a soluble red blood cell cytosol protein having a molecular mass of between about 300 and 400 kilodaltons as determined by gel filtration high pressure liquid chromatography and an apparent molecular weight of about 48 kilodaltons as determined by non-reducing SDS-PAGE.
		A purified factor comprising a soluble red blood cell cytosol protein having a molecular mass of between 300 and 400 kilodaltons and an apparent molecular weight of about 48 kilodaltons as determined by non-reducing sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US05250295__ (252 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Cooper, Megan
		Regulation of NK cell activation and homeostasis is regulated to a large degree by cytokines, and NK cells constitutively express a variety of cytokine receptors.
		During the early, innate immune response to infection, monocyte-derived cytokines (monokines), stimulate NK cells to produce immunoregulatory cytokines that are important to the host's early defense.
		In order for NK cells to be maintained and available to fight infection in vivo, the homeostasis of these lymphocytes must be carefully regulated.
	rave.ohiolink.edu /etdc/view?acc_num=osu1021398366 (353 words)

	Natural Killer Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Of all the immune system's soldiers, natural killer cells (NK cells) are the most aggressive.
		This signal overrides the NK cell's urge to kill.
		In addition to their role in the control of infections, NK cells help in the regulation of other aspects of the immune system which effects our overall health.
	www.wasatchhealth.com /Pages/NKcell.html (374 words)

	Spontaneous and interferon resistant natural killer cell anergy in AIDS.
		In addition to cutaneous anergy and inversion of T-helper/inducer to T-suppressor cell ratios usually observed in AIDS, we have observed in three AIDS cases with multiple opportunistic infections that spontaneous and interferon (IFN) stimulated natural killer (NK) cell activity against K-562 cells is absent or severely depressed as compared to controls.
		Spontaneous and IFN stimulated NK cell activity in promiscuous male homosexual controls was similar to that observed in heterosexual controls.
		A larger series will be required in order to ascertain the true incidence of NK cell anergy in AIDS and whether or not subgroups exist based on the association of Kaposi's sarcoma in the disease process.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1986/oct/M86A0318.html (433 words)

	Natural killer cell definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Natural killer (NK) cells are part of our first line of defense against cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
		NK cells are small lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow and develop fully in the absence of the thymus.
		If the "banner" is absent, the NK cell attaches to the target cell, releases a burst of chemicals that penetrate the target cell's wall, and the target cell breaks up (lyzes).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21219 (275 words)

	Nasri Chelation & Integrative Medicine: Natural Killer (NK) Cell Cytotoxic Activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Natural Killer Cell (NK) is one of the most important soldiers (lymphocytes) in our body.
		Abnormal or absent natural immunity, as measured in vitro by decreased NK activity and /or depressed absolute numbers of circulating NK cells, has been linked to the development and progression of cancer.
		Recent evidence indicates that NK cells are involved in multiple effectors, regulatory and developmental activities of the immune system and that deficiencies or abnormalities in NK cell may contribute to, or be a biological marker for disease.
	www.nasrichelation.com /pages/diagnostics/immune_system.html (194 words)

	A Reversible Defect in Natural Killer T Cell Function Characterizes the Progression of Premalignant to Malignant ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		T cells from the tumor microenvironment of patients with progressive myeloma can generate strong tumor specific cytolytic responses to autologous tumor loaded dendritic cells.
		Potent expansion of human natural killer T cells using alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000)-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells, cultured in the presence of IL-7 and IL-15.
		Tumor cell responses to IFNgamma affect tumorigenicity and response to IL-12 therapy and antiangiogenesis.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/197/12/1667 (5695 words)

	Natural Killer Cell Infection By HIV-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These cells are also found in the peripheral blood of HIV infected individuals and can be productively infected by both CCR5 and CXCR4-using clones of HIV-1.
		Infection of these important innate immune cells by HIV may be relevant for the defects in innate immunity observed in AIDS patients.
		Natural Killer cells are HIV-1 infected in vivo
	pavlakislab.ncifcrf.gov /nk.htm (287 words)

	Stem Cell and Natural Killer Cell Research Funding
		Miller also will direct three teams of researchers, intent on learning more about the role of natural killer cells in killing cancer and how the cells can be used in unrelated donor transplants.
		Findings reported by Miller last year were the first successful demonstration that natural killer cells donated by a family member and transfused into a patient with advanced acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), a highly fatal cancer of the bone marrow, could survive in the patient and actively attack the deadly AML cells.
		The funds from both grants will be used to continue the laboratory research, conduct clinical trials in patients, and begin to apply what has been learned about the use of natural killer cells in fighting leukemia to breast cancer.
	www.cancer.umn.edu /page/news/cellresearchfunding.html (630 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - Gene Essential for the Natural Killer Cell Response Against Cancer Identified
		Scientists at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center have identified a gene called MEF that is essential to the development of Natural Killer cells and Natural Killer T-cells, which play a vital role in the innate immune system.
		Their findings are published as the cover study in the October 2002 issue of Immunity from Cell Press.
		Note: This study entitled, "The ETS Protein MEF Plays a Critical Role in Perforin Gene Expressio and the Development of Natural Killer and NK-T Cells", is available on line at www.Immunity.com.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/11854.cfm (283 words)

	Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Function : Cancer Biology and Therapy Article Abstract by Andrew P. Makrigiannis and ...
		Individuals lacking natural killer (NK) cells have persistent viral infections and as a consequence die prematurely.
		Extreme haplotype diversity is present in both mouse and human chromosomal segments coding for NK cell class Ia MHC receptors resulting in different numbers and types of receptors being expressed in individuals and different inbred mouse strains.
		Whether the absence or presence of a particular NK cell receptor gene is advantageous or deleterious for an individual with respect to immunity to pathogens and cancer is a question of paramount importance.
	www.landesbioscience.com /journals/cbt/abstract.php?id=560 (285 words)

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