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Topic: Natural uranium

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	Natural uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Natural uranium (NU) refers to refined uranium with the same isotopic ratios as found in nature.
		In rare occasions, uranium ore was found to have naturally engaged in fission, forming natural nuclear fission reactors.
		During the Manhattan Project, the name tuballoy was used to refer to natural uranium in the refined condition; this term is still in occasional use at present.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_uranium (219 words)

	Uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Uranium dioxide a dark brown, crystalline powder, once used in the late 1800s to mid-1900s in ceramic glazes is now used mainly as nuclear fuel, specifically in the form of fuel rods.
		Uranium carbonate (UO)) is found in both the mineral and organic fractions of coal and its fly ash and is the main component of uranium in mine tailing seepage water.
		Uranium does not absorb through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin, so uranium that is outside the body is much less harmful than it would be if it were inhaled or swallowed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium (3354 words)

	Uranium-235 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the element's other common isotope, uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission chain reaction, i.e., it is fissile.
		Only around 0.72% of all natural uranium is uranium-235, the rest being mostly uranium-238.
		Uranium which has been processed to boost its uranium-235 proportion is known as enriched uranium, different applications require unique levels of enrichment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium-235 (515 words)

	Uranium Radiation Properties
		Uranium mill tailings are the residual waste from the process of uranium extraction from the uranium ore.
		Compared to uranium ore, the alpha radiation of uranium mill tailings and thus the radiation hazard on ingestion or inhalation of tailings (dust) is approx.
		Composition of uranium isotopes in enriched uranium from enrichment of natural uranium
	www.wise-uranium.org /rup.html (3051 words)

	Uranium \| Radiation Protection Program \| US EPA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Uranium is weakly radioactive and contributes to low levels of natural background radiation in the environment.
		Uranium in soil and rocks is distributed throughout the environment by wind, rain and geologic processes.
		Uranium does not absorb through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin, so uranium that is outside the body is much less harmful than it would be if it where inhaled or swallowed.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/radionuclides/uranium.htm (1493 words)

	Uranium Medical Research Centre
		Uranium occurs in trace amounts in nature about 3 parts per million (ppm) or 3 micrograms of uranium per gram of dry soil, the equivalent of 1 teaspoon of natural uranium per 5 tonnes of earth.
		An infinitesimal quantity of natural uranium is ingested in the body on a daily basis.
		All uranium whether “natural”, “depleted” or “enriched” is a chemical and radiological toxic substance emitting alpha, beta and gamma particles.
	www.umrc.net /uranium_basics.aspx (312 words)

	Sandia National Laboratories - "Natural" uranium cleanup
		Whereas natural attenuation of organic contaminants means breakdown and elimination by microorganisms, natural attenuation of metals involves encasing the radionuclides in a mineral where they won't escape unless chemical conditions change dramatically.
		For example, uranium in groundwater is attracted to natural iron coatings located on walls of rocks through which the water is flowing.
		The scientists have also sought answers to several key questions: the rate and extent of irreversible adsorption of uranium, what fraction of uranium in aquifers is associated with the phenomenon, and how much irreversible absorption of uranium is required to reduce the amount of uranium that eventually could reach humans to "safe" levels.
	www.sandia.gov /LabNews/LN03-10-00/uranium_story.html (1092 words)

	ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Uranium
		Uranium is a natural and commonly occurring radioactive element.
		Uranium is measured in units of mass (grams) or radioactivity (curies or becquerels), depending on the type of equipment available or the level that needs to be measured.
		Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive material that is present to some degree in almost everything in our environment, including soil, rocks, water, and air.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /toxprofiles/phs150.html (5128 words)

	WHO \| Depleted uranium
		Natural uranium consists of a mixture of three radioactive isotopes which are identified by the mass numbers 238U (99.27% by mass), 235U (0.72%) and 234U (0.0054%).
		Spent uranium fuel from nuclear reactors is sometimes reprocessed in plants for natural uranium enrichment.
		Although uranium released from embedded fragments may accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) tissue, and some animal and human studies are suggestive of effects on CNS function, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions from the few studies reported.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs257/en (1959 words)

	Health Effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The origin of the uranium may be natural, or it may have been contributed to the environment by man-made sources, such as application of uranium-containing superphosphate fertilizer to crop land or combustion of fossil fuel.
		Of the 25 percent uranium initially retained in the lungs, 80 percent is cleared by the bronchial mucociliary mechanism, which results in most of the natural uranium finding its way to the GI tract where most is excreted and only a fraction enters the bloodstream.
		The chemical toxicity of ingested uranium is determined largely by the water solubility of the compound and therefore, ease of uptake from the GI tract.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /library/randrep/du/mr1018.7.chap2.html (18327 words)

	Uranium & DU
		Uranium was discovered by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, in 1789 in the mineral pitchblende, and was named after the planet Uranus.
		Uranium may also be mined by in situ leaching (ISL), where it is dissolved from the orebody in situ and pumped to the surface.
		This is mainly because the low radioactivity per unit mass of uranium means that the mass needed for significant internal exposure would be virtually impossible to accumulate in the body - and DU is less than half as radioactive as natural uranium.
	www.uic.com.au /nip53.htm (3369 words)

	Uranium Medical Research Centre
		Uranium is ubiquitous in nature and exists everywhere, in trace quantities; in the water we drink and in the food we eat.
		Consequently, natural uranium always appears in the urine we excrete.
		A typical concentration of natural uranium in urine is 0.1 part per billion, or 0.1 microgram (millionth of a gram) of natural uranium per liter of urine.
	www.umrc.net /uranium_analysis.aspx (734 words)

	Depleted Uranium: a by-product of the nuclear chain
		For the use of uranium as fuel in light water reactors, the percentage of the fissile uranium isotope uranium-235 has to be raised from its value of 0.71% in natural uranium to a reactor grade of 3.2% (for Boiling Water Reactors - BWRs) or 3.6% (for Pressurized Water Reactors - PWRs).
		But this use of depleted uranium in the form of uranium metal also included drawbacks: over 20% of these weights were corroded at each major aircraft overhaul and had to be reprocessed, although nickel and cadmium plated.
		The depleted uranium is a residue of the Eurodif Tricastin gaseous diffusion enrichment plant in the Rhône valley.
	www.wise-uranium.org /dhap991.html (2590 words)

	Depleted Uranium
		Depleted uranium results from the enriching of natural uranium for use in nuclear reactors.
		Natural uranium is a slightly radioactive metal that is present in most rocks and soils as well as in many rivers and sea water.
		Natural uranium consists primarily of a mixture of two isotopes (forms) of uranium, Uranium-235 (U235) and Uranium-238 (U238), in the proportion of about 0.7 and 99.3 percent, respectively.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/land/du.htm (475 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Kyrgyzstan
		A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud nomadic traditions, Kyrgyzstan was annexed by Russia in 1864; it achieved independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
		Current concerns include: privatization of state-owned enterprises, expansion of democracy and political freedoms, interethnic relations, and combating terrorism.
		Industrial exports include gold, mercury, uranium, and natural gas and electricity.
	www.brainyatlas.com /geos/kg.html (1221 words)

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