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	Naturalism (literature) - MSN Encarta
		Naturalism (literature), in literature, the theory that literary composition should be based on an objective, empirical presentation of human beings.
		Naturalism was first prominently exhibited in the writings of 19th-century French authors, especially Edmond Louis Antoine de Goncourt, his brother Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, and Émile Zola.
		One of the first American exponents of naturalism was Frank Norris, whose novel McTeague (1899) is a classic study of the interplay between instinctual drives and environmental conditions.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568323/naturalism.html (199 words)

	Naturalism (literature) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Naturalism (literature), in literature, the theory that literary composition should be based on an objective, empirical presentation of human...
		Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may...
		Sociological naturalism, the view that the natural world and the social world are roughly identical and governed by similar principles; Naturalism (art), an artistic style; Naturalism (literature), a...
	encarta.msn.com /Naturalism_(literature).html (275 words)

	Naturalism in Art
		In them, the naturalism or closeness to nature, is in the treatment of the figures, whereas everything else, including their overall rhythmic organization, derives entirely from other sources or traditions.
		Here the richest naturalism in the treatment of visual detail is combined with age-old obedience to general principles of symmetry and compositional organization profoundly at odds with naturalism; although to some extent a nascent concern for perspective begins to make itself felt.
		Vermeer's naturalism could almost be called a "total" (rather than a "partial") naturalism, were it not for the extraordinary stillness and splendor of his predominant forms.
	www.thegoodternfoundation.org /naturalism-art.html (4653 words)

	Naturalism (literature) information - Search.com
		Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment.
		Naturalism was criticized in the mid-20th century by Bertolt Brecht and others who argued instead for breaking the illusion of reality in order to encourage detached consideration of the issues the play raises.
		As in film, naturalism is the general style, although the flexibility and amorphous quality of prose, as opposed to the concrete visual imagery of film, has allowed for a great number of other forms.
	www.search.com /reference/Naturalism_(literature) (474 words)

	Choice and creativity
		Naturalism says there is a single, natural world, not split into the natural and supernatural, and we are completely included in that world, there is nothing supernatural about us.
		Naturalism can give us power, both personally and socially, by virtue of the fact that it doesn’t shrink from the insight that people are fully caused creatures.
		Naturalism is based in science — science, in its methods and explanations, inevitably connects phenomena into a single natural, physical world, it’s an inherently unifying perspective.
	www.naturalism.org /choice_and_creativity.htm (4989 words)

	naturalism
		Naturalism is a metaphysical theory that holds that all phenomena can be explained mechanistically in terms of natural (as opposed to supernatural) causes and laws.
		Naturalism posits that the universe is a vast "machine" or "organism," devoid of general purpose and indifferent to human needs and desires.
		Naturalism is often confused with atheism, materialism, logical positivism, empiricism, determinism and scientism.
	skepdic.com /naturalism.html (1248 words)

	Literature
		Early Roman literature was heavily influenced by Greecian writing and consisted mainly of historical epics.
		The height of Roman literature came during the reign of Alexander with emotional poems and epics.
		Romantic literature emerged as a break from the rigid renaissance ideals, it was a opportunity to express emotion and freedom and the pursuit of unattainable goals.
	www.fisicx.com /quickreference/art/literature.html (780 words)

	Realism -- Naturalism
		Realism in art and literature may be described as an attempt to describe human behaviour and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life.
		Attempts at realism have been made periodically throughout history in all the arts; the term is, however, generally restricted to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective approach of Romanticism.
		Realist literature is defined particularly as the fiction produced in Europe and the United States from about 1840 until the 1890s, when realism was superseded by naturalism.
	arthistory.heindorffhus.dk /frame-Style14-Realism.htm (737 words)

	Naturalism in American Literature
		The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.
		It represented in a degree, to the correspondent, the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual--nature in the wind, and nature in the vision of men.
		When it occurs to a man that nature does not regard him as important, and that she feels she would not maim the universe by disposing of him, he at first wishes to throw bricks at the temple, and he hates deeply the fact that there are no bricks and no temples.
	guweb2.gonzaga.edu /faculty/campbell/enl413/natural.htm (1210 words)

	George Santayana (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Science provides explanations of natural phenomena, but poetry and religion are festive celebrations of human life born of consciousness generated from the interaction of one's psyche (the natural structure and heritable traits of ones physical body) and the physical environment.
		Explanations of natural events are the proper purview of scientists, while explications of the meaning and value of action may be the proper sphere of historians and philosophers.
		The nature of truth simply is correspondence with what is, but since humans, nor any other conscious being, are able to see beyond the determinant limits of their nature and environment, pragmatism becomes the test of truth rather than correspondence.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/santayana (8644 words)

	Susannah Davis
		In literature, naturalism is known as the theory that literary composition should be based on.
		The emergence of naturalism was not a break in realism, but rather a reasonable extension to the old.
		Naturalism was first notably exhibited in the writings of 19th-century French authors such as Edmond Louis Antoine de Goncourt, his brother Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, and Émile Zola.
	inet4.swtjc.cc.tx.us /jillcoe/engl2323/naturalism.htm (500 words)

	Naturalism
		Naturalism, in literature, is an approach that proceeds from an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, e.g., heredity, environment, physical drives; those natural forces influence and determine human motivation and behavior.
		Thus, if a writer wishes to depict life as it really is, he or she must be rigorously deterministic in the representation of the characters' thoughts and actions in order to show forth the causal factors that have made the characters inevitably what they are.
		Naturalism specifically connects itself to the philosophical doctrine of biological and social determinism, according to which human beings are devoid of free will.
	www.louisville.edu /a-s/english/haymarket/jasona/alvenaturalism.html (476 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for naturalism
		naturalism In sociology and moral philosophy the term naturalism has several distinct but related uses which are frequently confused with one another.
		naturalism Late 19th-century literary movement that began in France and was led by Émile Zola.
		Naturalism vs. supernaturalism: how to survive the culture wars.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=naturalism (722 words)

	Free Essay Naturalism and Stephen Crane's "The Open Boat" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Naturalism is frequently cited as one of the dominant literary movements of 19th century America.
		Naturalism aimed at a detached, scientific objective portrayal of a natural self controlled by instincts and ruled by passion.
		Naturalism was boxed-in by a determinism established by Darwinian theory and Marxist economics.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=27458 (1944 words)

	[No title]
		Ontological naturalism is the view that the supernatural does not exist, whereas methodological naturalism is the more limited view that the supernatural can't be used in scientific methods.
		Naturalism became a conscious movement in France in the 1870’s; Emile Zola (1849-1902) was an admirer of Comte and an advocate of the scientific method.
		Literature, he felt, must become scientific or perish; it should illustrate the inevitable laws of heredity and environment or record case studies.
	www.lycos.com /info/naturalism--miscellaneous.html (602 words)

	naturalism, in literature — FactMonster.com
		naturalism, in literature, an approach that proceeds from an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, e.g., heredity, environment, physical drives.
		The chief literary theorist on naturalism was Émile
		In the drama, naturalism developed in the late 19th cent.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/ent/A0834997.html (184 words)

	Naturalism Summary & Essays - n/a
		Naturalism applies both to scientific ideas and principles, such as instinct and Darwin’s theory of evolution, and to fiction.
		Although Naturalism was inspired by the work of the French writer Émile Zola, it reached the peak of its accomplishment in the United States.
		In France, Naturalism was strongest in the late 1870s and early 1880s, but it emerged in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century and extended up to the first world war.
	www.enotes.com /naturalism (369 words)

	Naturalism
		In their biologistic view, the human animal was a creature conditioned by influences beyond his or her control and therefore largely devoid of free will or moral choice; a creature shaped by external factors such as heredity, environment, and the pressure of immediate circumstances.
		Their method was indebted to the natural and social sciences as well: according to Zola, the writer was to work as an objective 'experimenter' whose function was to observe and record the chain of cause and effect dispassionately and impersonally, without moral judgments.
		Although Shaw won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1925 and went on writing plays almost until his death at the age of 94, none of the later plays enjoyed the same kind of success as these earlier works.
	users.bart.nl /users/sceav/hgengels/naturali.htm (608 words)

	Religious Naturalism
		We find our sources of meaning within the natural world, where humans are understood to be emergent from and hence a part of nature.
		The natural world and its emergent manifestations in human creativity and community are the focus of our immersion, wonder, and reverence.
		The above is the keynote statement of the Religious Naturalism e-mail group at Yahoogroups.
	www.religiousnaturalism.org (280 words)

	Selected Short Bibliography of American Literary Naturalism
		The Beginnings of Naturalism in American Fiction: A Study of the Works of Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, and Frank Norris with Special Reference to Some European Influences 1891-1903.
		Campbell, Donna M. "The 'Bitter Taste' of Naturalism: Edith Wharton's the House of Mirth and David Graham Phillips's Susan Lenox." Twisted from the Ordinary: Essays on American Literary Naturalism.
		"The Silent Partnership: Naturalism and Sentimentalism in the Novels of Rebecca Harding Davis and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps." Twisted from the Ordinary: Essays on American Literary Naturalism.
	www.wsu.edu /~campbelld/amlit/natbib.htm (1118 words)

	Stephen doCarmo's Realism and Naturalism Notes
		To make us believe in the reality of the worlds they showed us, realists filled their literature with facts to bolster the reader's feeling that yes, this is just like the everyday world I live in.
		Naturalism started getting big around 1890 and remained huge in American lit for twenty years or so.
		Naturalism's central belief, in fact, is that individual human beings are at the mercy of uncontrollable larger forces that originate both inside and outside us.
	www.bucks.edu /~docarmos/RealismNaturalism.html (1938 words)

	The Center for Naturalism
		As naturalism makes headway as a worldview, there are many allies of the Center for Naturalism out there doing good work to advance the cause.
		In her project on naturalizing ethics, which explores the commonalities between neuroscience and Spinoza's ethical and political theories, she questions the doctrine of contra-causal freedom and alerts us to its negative personal and social consequences.
		Lee Silver, molecular biologist and author of Challenging Nature: The Clash of Science and Spirituality at the New Frontiers of Life, is a forceful advocate of coming to terms with our fully physical, natural nature.
	www.centerfornaturalism.org /allies_of_naturalism.htm (1300 words)

	Naturalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Naturalism holds true that all actions are determined by heredity and/or environment and that individuals are "trapped" by driving forces such as money, sex, and power.
		However, they still celebrate the hero in a situation who is bold enough to challenge nature, even when the odds are against him.
		In introduced a genre of writing that allowed the author to communicate the uninhibited truth, allowing his or her audience to distinguish between what is ethically good and right and what is ethically evil and wrong.
	library.thinkquest.org /12160/philosophy/naturalism.htm (127 words)

	Spring 2007 \| literature.sdsu.edu \| Course Descriptions
		Literature asks us to reflect, to question our assumptions, and to see matters from different perspectives, and there is no better avenue for demonstrating this aspect of literature than examining how the literature produced during periods of cultural crisis, if not outright catastrophe, invites its readers to look critically at the culture's most cherished ideals.
		Literature is not produced, as we will see, in a timeless vacuum, but as a result of social engagement.
		In probing this period of British literature on the cusp of modernism with its radical displacements and startling innovations, we should expect to be both entertained and challenged.
	literature.sdsu.edu /coursedescriptions/spring07 (6998 words)

	Areas of Criticism - Literary Movements
		Campbell argues that, alarmed at the growing “feminine ethic in literature,” naturalists embraced brutish masculinity as an “antidote” to feminine civilization (75).
		Tracing “Frederic’s exploration of realism through his character’s progress from the conventions of sentimental and local color fiction to the harsh realities of naturalism” (80), Campbell notes that, as a minister, Theron Ware is a “hybrid female” (81).
		Garner’s chapter is a biographical sketch of Frederic that acknowledges his achievements as an editor and a journalist, but concentrates upon Frederic’s literary contributions as a writer of fiction.
	helios.acomp.usf.edu /~rrogers/areasofcrit/crit_04.html (2347 words)

	Age of Realism (1850-World War II)
		Literature of this age was influenced by many factors.
		As illustrated above, the early literature of the Age of Realism was still influenced by the romanticism of the previous age.
		Literature written in this style was done so with out the "veil of illusion" that is found in poetic realism.
	www.usd.edu /~Eric.J.Mosterd/deutsch/literatur/projekt/realism.html (533 words)

	Naturalism In Literature - A Great Resource of Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Naturalism in American literature A revolt against literary romanticism, naturalism developed in France in the 1880s and began to appear in American literature just before the turn of the 20th...
		Literary naturalism -- a literature of social protest that arose during this period -- is well known for criticizing big-business interests and dramatizing the plight of the working class.
		Kleist was rediscovered with the rise of Naturalism in literature in the 1880's and was considered a major figure in German literature by the early 20th century.
	www.literaturecorner.com /naturalisminliterature (1505 words)

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