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Topic: Naturalized epistemology

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	20th WCP: Normalizing Naturalized Epistemology
		Naturalized epistemologies challenge the tradition in arguing that the description of cognitive processes is a more central epistemological concern than the search for foundations and principles of justification.
		As a part of natural science, epistemology is free to use the results of the natural sciences to answer its question[s].
		Quine's naturalization of epistemology is at one with a rejection of that model.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/TKno/TKnoBrad.htm (2837 words)

	Moral Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Nevertheless, while naturalized epistemology and moral naturalism are logically distinct, it is arguable that anyone who subscribes to naturalized epistemology and believes that moral knowledge is possible should be a moral naturalist.
		A second standard objection to naturalized epistemology is that it gives up the project of answering the global skeptic and as a consequence fails to address, much less resolve, a central issue in epistemology.
		The reply may be that this approach is no worse off than naturalized epistemology, since we must take some moral claims for granted, at least tentatively, and proceed until there is reason to revise our judgments given their lack of fit with everything else we think we know.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/moral-epistemology (16192 words)

	20th WCP: Two Points Against Naturalized Epistemology
		Epistemology in its new setting, conversely, is contained in natural science, as a chapter of psychology.
		Epistemology is to psychology as alchemy to chemistry"
		This is the question known as the question of justification and the question that naturalized epistemology, in their attempt to eliminate traditional epistemology, couldn’t drop because" Justification is necessary for knowing, and closely related to it".
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/TKno/TKnoDarw.htm (4698 words)

	MIDWEST STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY, XIX (1994)
		Unfortunately, however, like many fashionable positions, naturalized epistemology is a rather diffuse and uncertain target, and considering all of the things that have been understood by this phrase would obviously go well beyond the allowable scope of the present essay.
		Another, quite different way to appreciate the irrelevance of this conception of naturalized epistemology to traditional epistemological issues is to consider its application to bodies of belief where a substantial degree of skepticism seems warranted, e.g., to religious beliefs and beliefs in occult phenomena of various sorts.
		For just as naturalized epistemology can say nothing positive about the justification of science and common sense, and is thus impotent in the face of skepticism, so also it can say nothing distinctively negative about the justification of these less reputable sorts of belief.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~mcgrew/bonj2.htm (7416 words)

	Naturalized Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Naturalized epistemology is best seen as a cluster of views according to which epistemology is closely connected to natural science.
		The significance of the claims of advocates of naturalized epistemology can best be appreciated by seeing them as a reaction to the methods and views that have been prominent in much of the twentieth century.
		Naturalism as a general view is the sensible thesis that all facts are facts of nature.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/epistemology-naturalized (7001 words)

	11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Naturalistic epistemology rejects a purely a priori or "arm-chair" view of the field, seeing it instead as a branch of empirical science, or at least interdependent with the sciences.
		Epistemology need not be replaced by the sciences, but may draw on them to construct epistemic rules or make epistemic judgments.
		For additional readings on the relationship between naturalized epistemology and the philosophy of science, see the sample course "Epistemology and the Philosophy of Science" in the "Bridge Courses" section.
	www.ditext.com /clay/11.html (375 words)

	Naturalism and Rationality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Textbooks in epistemology are typically organised round a discussion of the proper analysis of some fundamental terms of epistemic appraisal: they discuss the nature of knowledge, justification, warrant, epistemic entitlement which belong essentially to reflection about the normative status of beliefs.
		In his claims about normative epistemology, ‘naturalism’ is taken in a relatively weak sense: we are to abandon first philosophy and the Cartesian dream, but all manner of a posteriori information may be grist to our epistemological mill.
		Epistemology must tell us what it is for a belief to be justified; unless each of our beliefs is justified our overall cognitive position is flawed; and so responsible reflective inquiry requires us to be able to tell, for each of our beliefs, whether it possesses this virtue of ‘justification’.
	www.shef.ac.uk /philosophy/staff/hookway/naturalism_and_rationality.htm (8045 words)

	Meta-epistemology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In epistemology, there are two basic meta-epistemological approaches: traditional "normative" epistemology, and naturalized epistemology.
		Traditional epistemology has been concerned with "justification." According to the classical tripartite model of knowledge, some proposition p is knowledge if and only if 1) some agent X believes p, 2) p is true, and 3) X is justified in believing in p.
		Naturalized epistemology had its provenience in the twentieth century with W.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Meta-epistemology (258 words)

	Naturalistic Epistemology [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Naturalistic epistemology is an approach to the theory of knowledge that emphasizes the application of methods, results, and theories from the empirical sciences.
		This conception of the relationship between science and epistemology contrasts vividly with the traditional view of epistemology as "queen of the sciences." It is probably the most influential aspect of Quine's naturalism.
		Kuhn-inspired naturalism is not incompatible with the naturalism that draws on psychology and the natural sciences.
	www.iep.utm.edu /n/nat-epis.htm (4769 words)

	Naturalism
		Naturalism takes for granted that human beings have some knowledge--the evidence for this is our ability to successfully plan and carry out actions in our everyday physical and social environments.
		Naturalized epistemology, on the other hand, tries to understand how human beings form the beliefs they do in the sorts of circumstances humans are likely to encounter.
		Epistemology, on the other hand, is a normative project; it asks whether people are justified in hold-ing their beliefs and whether those beliefs qualify as knowledge.
	www.loyno.edu /~folse/nat.html (1077 words)

	Chapter 14
		Various solutions to the Fact/Value problem have been posed under the rubric of "epistemology naturalized." Some are eliminative of epistemology’s normative tasks, and those that are not eliminative hold that the development of normative epistemic standards depends closely on psychology and the cognitive sciences.
		Quine’s way of handling the normative dimension of epistemology was generally eliminative, as is famously captured in his description of epistemic normativity as merely ‘a branch of engineering,’ implying its reducibility to a purely instrumental form of reason.
		Therefore the development of a mixed account in epistemology is at the same time a step in the direction of the further goal of a unified theory of value across epistemology and ethics.
	www.scsr.nevada.edu /~axtell/monist2.html (5628 words)

	W.V.O. Quine - Epistemology Naturalized
		The study of epistemology becomes the study of the relationships of a community of language speakers.
		Epistemology covers the way that the language is agreed upon, changes and evolves over time.
		Like in the work of Code, the nature of the individual knower and his or her community become central to investigations into epistemology.
	publish.uwo.ca /~dgault/phil20/quine.htm (679 words)

	Naturalized epistemology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Naturalized epistemology is a philosophical term that encompasses a variety of epistemological theories varying in extremity.
		At its most moderate end, the general thesis is that epistemology can benefit in its inquiry by using the knowledge we have gained from the cognitive sciences.
		Naturalized epistemology is opposed to the anti-psychologism of Immanuel Kant, Gottlob Frege, and Georg Hegel, and others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naturalized_epistemology (134 words)

	quine_wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Defenders of the traditional view tend to object to Quine's naturalized epistemology on two grounds: (1) because it is circular and therefore incoherent and (2) because it lacks the normativity central to epistemology.
		Thus far we have established that naturalized epistemology is no longer concerned with providing some justification for science that is prior to science.
		If nature has constructed us so that we are biased towards truth, then the best means at arriving at truth is to use the very cognitive mechanisms nature has given us.
	www.homestead.com /songsinthenight/quine_wars.html (2172 words)

	KLI Theory Lab - Authors - Harvey Siegel
		Siegel, H. Naturalism and the abandonment of normativity.
		Siegel, H. Naturalism, instrumental rationality, and the normativity of epistemology.
		Siegel, H. Justification, discovery and the naturalizing of epistemology.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/AuthPage/S/SiegelH.html (284 words)

	SSRN-Naturalized Epistemology and the Law of Evidence by Ronald Allen, Brian Leiter
		This paper important developments in epistemology, and defends a theoretical framework for evidence scholarship from the perspective of naturalized epistemology.
		These developments in epistemology have not been much noted in legal scholarship, despite their importance in philosophy and their coincidence with some widely shared approaches to evidence scholarship.
		Evidence scholarship and law are concerned with both, and thus naturalized epistemology provides a fruitful way of understanding the limitations of some of the existing efforts to provide theoretical and philosophical foundations to evidence law.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=293732 (392 words)

	Epistemology
		The Epistemology of Keith Lehrer edited by Erik J. Olsson (Philosophical Studies Series, V. 95: Kluwer Academic) Keith Lehrer is one of the leading proponents of a coherence theory of knowledge that seeks to explain what it means to know in a characteristically human way.
		Central to his account are the pivotal role played by a principle of self-trust and his insistence that a sound epistemology must ultimately be ecumenical in nature, combining elements of internalism and externalism.
		He distinguishes naturalized epistemology from the less committal idea of naturalism, which provides a sense in which we can achieve epistemic normativity without norms.
	www.wordtrade.com /lists/epistemology1.htm (739 words)

	Majikthise : Epistemology Naturalized
		Kim claims that naturalized epistemology is self-consciously limited to describing perceptual inputs and belief outputs.
		In EN Quine argues that epistemology and natural science are mutually contained.
		By this, he means that epistemology and scientific theorizing make use of the same methods (as do common sense reasoning and language acquisition, on Quine's view.) Like epistemology, science is a normative endeavor.
	majikthise.typepad.com /majikthise_/2004/09/epistemology_na.html (2432 words)

	Feminist Epist Study Aids
		Her central conclusion, then, is that Quinian Naturalized Epistemology provides the resources to solve the bias paradox.
		One of her main points is that most feminist criticisms of traditional epistemology attempt to hold a rationalist conception of the mind in conjunction with an empiricist epistemology.
		The main focuses of recent traditional epistemology (and, indeed, virtually the sole focus of epistemology in the 1980's) has been on providing an adequate theory of epistemic justification.
	www.sju.edu /~brokes/faids.htm (2210 words)

	Quine: "Epistemology Naturalized"
		Epistemology is concerned with the foundations of science [and thus] includes the study of the foundations of mathematics as one of its departments.
		This is “epistemology naturalized,” that is, brought under the heading of natural science.
		The “foundational” project of epistemology is to translate statements of whatever it is we have doubts about to more certain statements.
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~simoncu/380/quine3.htm (1155 words)

	Kazimierz Naturalised Epistemology Workshop '06
		The second half of the 20th Century has witnessed the rapid growth of an approach to epistemology that gives up on the idea of a first philosophy and argues for a close partnership with sciences such as biology, psychology, cognitive science, information theory and computing.
		As a result of the cross-pollination of ideas, naturalised epistemology has come to include a great richness of methodologies and approaches.
		Over the five days, the speakers will lead workshop groups that will focus on issues dealing with naturalised epistemology and arising out of their work.
	bacon.umcs.lublin.pl /~ktalmont/KNEW/index.html (170 words)

	Prudential Arguments, Naturalized Epistemology, and the Will to Believe
		The contribution of our passional nature is thus inevitable when faced with such genuine and undecidable options, because (1) the available evidence cannot decide the question, and (2) agnosticism about the issue is not an option because one cannot avoid forming a potentially false belief when faced with such forced and momentous options.
		Since most cases where we are influenced by our passional nature wonít involve genuine options, the question arises of whether or not we should accept the contribution of our passional nature in these cases as well.
		Given that the contribution of our passional nature is unavoidable if we are to believe anything at all, one should not endorse an epistemic ideal that enjoins one to pursue the chimerical goal of not forming any beliefs until one has certain evidence for them.
	www.yorku.ca /hjackman/papers/wtb.html (10103 words)

	Quine: “Epistemology Naturalized”
		Quine draws a distinction between conceptual and doctrinal projects in epistemology.
		Quine argues that if epistemology were the project of giving a validation of science – showing that scientific claims could be proved from sense-data – we would be guilty of circular reasoning in using scientific claims in the course of epistemology.
		Quine suggests that there could be a scientific procedure for figuring out the form of observation statements – they will be the statements on which members of a speech community all agree, given a certain pattern of stimulation (and we have to do empirical testing to figure out what kind of statements are observation statements).
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~jnagel/333h18.htm (767 words)

	Naturalized Epistemology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In a very influential article, Quine suggests that traditional investigations into epistemology are hopeless.
		(Again, think of Descartes.) Epistemology establishes what is justified as knowledge, and since Descartes, that has meant primarily establishing at least that the conclusions of science count as empirical knowledge.
		Some argue we can carry on doing traditional epistemology as long as we give up Cartesian aspirations to certainty.
	www.loyno.edu /~folse/NaturalizedEpistemology.html (356 words)

	Certain Doubts » Neta on Naturalized Epistemology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It would be surprising if 1) transparency is responsible for the alethic nature of epistemic norms, 2) these norms are to be understood in terms of the function of a system, but 3) the correct explanation of transparency has nothing to do with the function of this system.
		At a minimum, the paper should have a section where the relevant empirical literatures are canvassed, and then the different hypotheses discoverable in that literature are evaluated in terms of their empirical strengths.
		And I was trying to argue that we should prefer to approach epistemology by means of the former, to which Ram had replied in part by suggesting that the two questions would converge, should appropriate conditions obtain.
	bengal-ng.missouri.edu /~kvanvigj/certain_doubts/?p=407 (15938 words)

	Epistemology syllabus
		Most contemporary epistemology is a response to the problem of skepticism.
		In this course, we will examine philosophers’ attempts to respond to the skeptical challenge.
		Reiter, "Engel on Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology"
	wwwlb.aub.edu.lb /~jk09/gradepist.htm (319 words)

	Epistemology Reading List - Department of Philosophy - University of Calgary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Epistemology Reading List - Department of Philosophy - University of Calgary
		Quine, W.V., Epistemology* Naturalized, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, Columbia University Press, 1969, pp.
		Goldman, A.I., Epistemic Folkways and Scientific Epistemology*, Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences, MIT, 1992, pp.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/faculties/HUM/Philosophy/grad/epistemology.html (438 words)

	Epistemology Links
		Not all of the planned entries have been completed yet, but there's still a lot here that's useful.
		The Epistemology Research Guide - A large page of resources related to contemporary epistemology, maintained by a professor in Louisiana.
		The Epistemology Page - A variety of materials and links, maintained by a professor at Yale.
	marcus.whitman.edu /~clearfms/epist/links.htm (160 words)

	EpistemologicalResearch.html
		The Epistemology Page - by Keith DeRose, this page contains a bibliography of some epistemology papers published since 1995, a guide to departments strong in epistemology and other resources.
		KLI Theory Lab offers a heavily cross-indexed bibliography of books and articles in epistemology, as well as other areas in philosophy (mostly philosophy of science and cognitive science).
		Reformed Epistemology Bibliography, by Michael Sudduth, is divided into ten sub-categories, and works are listed in chronological order.
	www.ucs.louisiana.edu /~kak7409/EpistemologicalResearch.htm (2384 words)

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