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	Enigma machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, it was, in practice, only their combination with other significant factors which allowed codebreakers to read messages: mistakes by operators, procedural flaws, and the occasional captured machine or codebook.
		In early Enigma models, the alphabet ring is fixed; a complication introduced in later versions is the facility to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the core wiring.
		Several copies of commercial Enigmas were purchased by the German Navy, leading to adoption of an adapted machine by the Navy in 1926, termed the Funkschlüssel C (Radio cipher C); the machine was revised slightly in 1933.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enigma_machine (5117 words)

	Enigma: Rising Tide Subsim.com Status page
		Enigma: Rising Tide is scheduled to be on retail shelves in mainland Europe on April 15th, in the United States and Canada on May 15th.
		Enigma: Rising Tide is a groundbreaking concept melding cinematic pacing with immersive graphics and historical accuracy to produce the worlds first alternate history, naval warfare vehicular shooter game.
		Enigma was initially created solely as an online game, however after discovering the title and its massive potential, GMX entered into an agreement with the developers to produce a FULL retail, single player version of the title.
	www.subsim.com /ssr/enigma/enigma_status.htm (2146 words)

	The Enigma Code Machine
		Although the weather ships were not enciphering their weather reports on enigma machines, they had to have one of the machines on board if they were to decode the enigma signals transmitted to them.
		It was thanks to these documents that naval enigma messages were read throughout most of July 1941, and also that the latest set of bigram tables were finally reconstructed, which opened the way for Turing and his team to exploit his banburismus procedure.
		Her replacement, the Brake, arrived and the Admiralty was reluctant to attack as it could again compromise Enigma intercepts but the heavy signal rate from and between U Boats alleviated that particular concern as they could have been found by normal means and so the Brake was to be put to the sword also.
	www.mikekemble.com /ww2/enigma.html (12566 words)

	Ultra - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These messages were generated by (several variants of) an electro-mechanical rotor machine, the Enigma, widely thought to be unbreakable in practice in the 1920s when a variant of the commercial Model D was first used by the German Navy.
		The most fundamental break into the Enigmas was made in Poland in 1932 by Marian Rejewski, who for the first time used theoretical mathematics to break into the Engima system.
		By 1938 much German Enigma traffic was being routinely deciphered by the Poles, but a change in German operations (greater rotor choice), and the impending war led the Poles to share their work on Enigma with France and England.
	www.free-definition.com /ULTRA.html (3821 words)

	Enigma News
		The Polish role in cracking Enigma was overlooked in the film, she believes, as it is in Robert Harris's novel.
		But one of the most successful was Mavis Lever, who at the age of 19 broke the Italian naval Enigma, exploiting techniques she had been taught by her boss, Dilly Knox, one of the codebreaking stars at Bletchley Park.
		There's a famous story about a woman who knew the Enigma secret and who suffered a brain hemorrhage in the early 1970s: her chief concern as she was carried off to hospital was that, in her delirium, she might start babbling about Bletchley Park.
	admiringkate.tripod.com /EnigmaFeatures.htm (9918 words)

	Bletchley Park Part 6 The German Naval Codes, Enigma, U-110 and U-559
		The Bombes, however, enabled the Enigma settings to be determined more easily, resulting in the decoding process becoming much faster.
		Enigma now had eight rotors from which to select the three actually used each day.
		The damaged U-boat eventually sank and the crew taken to Britain and interned for the duration of the war.
	www.angelfire.com /oz/colinday/bletchley/bletchley6.html (399 words)

	Letter from Erskin
		In wartime, the maximum length of a naval Enigma signal was supposed to be 80 groups (320 letters) (para.
		If James Gillogly has indeed found clear evidence of "long" naval Enigma signals (especially those containing as many as 1,000 (or even 500) letters, the Kriegsmarine was repeatedly guilty of serious breaches of cipher discipline, which would be surprising.
		Since the point is of considerable historical importance, it would therefore be interesting to know on which specific files in the DEFE 3 series the 1943 signals to which he refers are to be found, and whether their contents relate to the German navy, army, or air force.
	www.fortunecity.com /skyscraper/coding/379/erskin.htm (966 words)

	Ralph Erskine
		The article explains why Typex (which was an improved version of commercial Enigma) was much more secure in practice than Wehrmacht Enigma, and describes the development of the Combined Cipher Machine (CCM) for joint use by the US, British, and Canadian navies.
		Message keys on the German naval Enigma cipher known as Süd, which was used in the Black Sea and Mediterranean, "were doubly enciphered until at least January 1944."
		This article details the codes, ciphers, and solution methods received by the naval members of the Mission, who were also given the rotor wiring for Wehrmacht Enigma.
	intellit.muskingum.edu /alpha_folder/E_folder/erskine.html (999 words)

	Turing's Treatise on the Enigma: a preface
		Possibly, therefore, there is a continuation of Turing's account of naval Enigma methods, yet to be revealed in another version or copy of the report.
		It is hard to remember on reading his text, that Turing's taking on and persisting with the Enigma variant of such significance in the battle of the Atlantic, and doing so alone against the tide of prevailing wisdom, was perhaps his greatest individual contribution to history.
		Unfortunately the PRO introduction to the Enigma is inaccurate, especially in its apparent ignorance of the vital Polish mathematical work, and it is worthless as a comment on the important historical question about the British debt to Polish cryptanalytic methods.
	www.turing.org.uk /publications/profsbook.html (2032 words)

	Standard Naval Enigma Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is the 4-Rotor Naval Enigma machine employed by Germany's U-Boats in World War II.
		Additionally, the Naval machine came with a different reflector known as THIN B, its internal wirings were different than the THICK B reflector used in the standard 3-rotor machine.
		However, when the 4th rotor was in a particular setting, the 4-rotor naval machine perfectly emulated a standard 3-rotor Army Enigma machine making communication between the different military branches possible..
	richwielgosz.com /naval_enigma.html (144 words)

	Cryptologia: Kriegsmarine short signal systems--and how Bletchley Park exploited them
		One reason for the Kriegsmarine's adoption of short signals was its awareness of the use made of naval shore direction-finding (DF) by the major European naval powers during WWI.
		Kriegsmarine short signals fell into three main classes: alpha signals (called "E bars" by BP and the Royal Navy because of the German morse form3 of their prefix), beta signals4 (known as "B bars" by the British) and weather signals (called "WWs" by Hut 8 on account of their prefix).
		The message key indicator was sent in standard morse, as figures, without undergoing the lengthy process normally involved in a naval Enigma message.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_199901/ai_n8847244 (1285 words)

	Solving the Enigma - History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe
		Certainly the Germans’ faith in the Enigma was not unfounded because of the astronomical mathematical possibilities.
		It was, then, the offensive use of radio intelligence, the increased number and perfected technique and teamwork of carrier task groups, and the greater effectiveness through the improved radar and extended ranges of land-based [aircraft] that accounted for the destruction of the German refueling fleet in the year beginning in June 1943.
		The mechanical portion of the unit consists of 16 Enigma equivalents consisting of a set of 4 spindles and brush holders on which cross-wired wheels are loaded by hand.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00016.cfm (12382 words)

	Publications & presentations
		"Enigma: Actions Involved in the ‘Double-Stepping’ of the Middle Rotor"; Cryptologia, Vol.
		"Enigma Variations; An Extended Family of Machines" [with Geoff Sullivan and Frode Weierud]; Cryptologia, Vol.
		"Codes, Ciphers and the Enigma Machine", presented at the Clarence Dillon Memorial Library, Bedminster, NJ, 18 November 2003 and repeated on 18 February 2004.
	www.eclipse.net /~dhamer/pubs.htm (439 words)

	Ultra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Dilly Knox, of GC&CS, is said to have broken it during the 1920s.
		Together with his colleagues at the Biuro Szyfrow, he went on to develop practical methods of decrypting some of the Enigma traffic.
		In other cases, Enigma operators would constantly use the same settings for their message codes, often their own initials or those of their girlfriends (one apparently had the initials "C.I.L.", so Bletchley Park named such hints 'cillies').
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/U/Ultra.htm (3883 words)

	Alan Turing Scrapbook - The Enigma War
		The German use of the Enigma depended on systems for setting the keys for each message transmitted, and it was these key-systems that had to be broken.
		The Nova site has some good material about the Enigma and the codebreaking process, though nothing about the central principle of the Bombe which was Turing's main contribution, and on which everything depended.
		The naval Enigma was more complicated than those of the other German services, using a stock of eight rather than five rotors.
	www.turing.org.uk /turing/scrapbook/ww2.html (1909 words)

	Virtual Bletchley Park
		The first use of Enigma by the German Navy and why did it become so difficult to break?
		See how Banburismus was used to break German Naval Enigma
		The race to break the four wheel Enigma
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /virtualbp/navenigma/navindex.htm (84 words)

	SUBSIM Review - SUBSIM NEWS
		Our AI runs military strategy like a pro, and an offline version of ENIGMA: RISING TIDE lets us offer the community a taste of what we have in the works for the larger multiplayer game." "The offline version makes for a fun, suspenseful experience," he said.
		Enigma: Rising Tide is an exciting, massively multiplayer game featuring fast-paced ship-to-ship battles with very high player densities.
		In the way of naval sims, pickings are slimmer than ever.
	www.subsim.com /simupdat.html (4049 words)

	Break Naval Enigma
		In 1939 only two people thought Naval Enigma could be broken: Frank Birch, Head of German Naval Section, and Alan Turing.Birch because it had to be broken.Turing because it would be so interesting to break it!.
		rotors were inserted in Enigma changed only every two days.
		The main role for naval Ultra was probably in re-routeing convoys, but it was used in many different ways.
	www.ma.hw.ac.uk /~foss/valentin/BreakNaval..html (849 words)

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