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Topic: Naval Ordnance Research Calculator

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	NORC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Naval Ordnance Research Calculator, or NORC, was a one-of-a-kind first-generation (vacuum tube) electronic computer built by IBM for the United States Navy's Bureau of Ordnance.
		At the presentation ceremony, it calculated pi to 3089 digits, which was a record at the time.
		In 1955 NORC was moved to the Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NORC (463 words)

	IBM NORC - NY Herald Tribune
		NORC will solve this problem with 7,000 radio tubes, sixty-seven electronic "memories," a half dozen high speed tape recorders, a seemingly tangled mass or air-conditioned wiring, push-buttons galore and enough flashing red and green lights for a dozen Christmas trees.
		NORC, the scientists said, handles on a decimal basis; an individual operation takes one-millionth of a second; multiplying is a separate operation rather than a series of additions.
		NORC, the world's fastest calculating machine, was said yesterday to be capable of predicting weather for an entire hemisphere for thirty to sixty days by a mathematical calculation taking about one day to complete.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history/norc-herald.html (871 words)

	IBM Archives: NORC Chronology
		The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) is formally demonstrated to the public at the Watson Laboratory and turned over to the Navy.
		The disassembled NORC is shipped in a fleet of 17 trucks to the Computation Laboratory at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Va.
		NORC is reassembled and installed at the Naval Proving Ground by a team of 35 men (12 from IBM and 23 civilian Navy engineers, technicians, welders, carpenters and other mechanics).
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/norc/norc_chronology.html (231 words)

	IBM NORC
		In 1958, Eckert said of NORC, "A calculation involving a billion arithmetical operations on large numbers can be completed on the Norc in approximately one day, yet more powerful calculators are foreseen to to meet the ever-increasing demands of science and technology where the solution of a large problem generates even larger problems." [81].
		NORC did not have its own card reader or punch; its only input device was tape, and output was only to tape and printer.
		McKee was one of the first NORC programmers; she recounts the time she wrote a routine to plot a greeting in Russian on the CRT, only to have the Soviet military visitor try to correct the spelling by taking an eraser to the tube.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history/norc.html (2252 words)

	Lunar Republic : Craters
		Eckert directed the construction of a number of innovative computers for performing astronomical calculations, including the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC, 1949) and the Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC, 1954), which for many years was the most powerful computer in the world.
		The accuracy of Eckert's calculations of the Moon's orbit was so good that in 1965 he was able to correctly show that there was a concentration of mass near the lunar surface.
		Discovered the mass-luminosity relationship for stars, calculated the abundance of hydrogen, and produced a theory to explain the pulsation of Cepheid variable stars.
	www.lunarrepublic.com /gazetteer/crater_e.shtml (2006 words)

	Computing at Columbia Timeline
		NORC had 200,000 electronic components: 3600 words of main memory (originally vacuum tubes, later magnetic cores), eight magnetic tape drives, 15,000 complete operations per second, decimal (not binary) arithmetic, swappable components.
		NORC was moved to the Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia, in 1955 and remained operational until 1968 [4,12,17].
		NORC had been the first such computer at Columbia but, although it was used in one Columbia PhD dissertation [65], it was not open to the Columbia community for general use [61].
	www.dgatx.com /computing/people/Frank-da-Cruz/pubs/2003/CCT/archive.html (13682 words)

	No Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Design and development of the LARC (Livermore Automatic Research Computer) were beset with problems, but in 1960 the first model was completed and accepted by Livermore, with a second model delivered to the Navy's David Taylor Model Basin.
		Both the World Wide Web and Mosaic were developed by government-funded scientific research centers: not only was this yet another example of how government funding pushed computing to a mass market, it also meant that the products of that research would be available for free or at low cost.
		Researchers at Xerox PARC are working on a concept of wearable computers-devices embedded into eyeglasses, credit cards, id badges, and clothing.
	cs.union.edu /~hemmendd/Courses/cs40/History/digcomphist.html (12008 words)

	Lemelson Center: Archives: Computer Oral History Collection
		Researchers should note that there are several interviews not included in this index.
		These files were presumably maintained by Henry Tropp for the purposes of research and in preparation of conducting oral history interviews.
		Artifacts include: digital computing machines, automatic digital computers and electronic calculators, logic devices, card and tape processors, slide rules, integrators and integraphs, harmonic analyzers and synthesizers, differential analyzers, other analog computing devices, space measurement and representation, time measurement, and combination space and time measurement.
	invention.smithsonian.org /resources/fa_comporalhist_index.aspx (1486 words)

	[No title]
		The collection includes a letter to G. Baehne of IBM regarding the development of a machine for scientific calculations (1934), correspondence relating to the operation of the Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau, photographs of Eckert, and drafts of publications.
		Researchers may quote from the collection under the fair use provisions of the copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code).
		On the Calculation of the Principal Parts of the Motions of the Lunar Perigee and Node,
	special.lib.umn.edu /findaid/ead/cbi/cbi00009.xml (710 words)

	Dr. John von Neumann at the dedication of the NORD
		John von Neumann speaking on the occasion of the first public showing of the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORD) December 2, 1954.
		This is a calculation which NORD would probably do for 24 hours ahead in something of the order of 2 to 4 minutes.
		Calculate what is going to happen because the event also depends on what somebody else will do, for instance or some other factor involving human events or vulnerabilities which are statistical go through a calculation a hundred times give you the correct statistical pattern and then get oriented how the decisions should be made.
	ftp.arl.mil /~mike/comphist/54nord (840 words)

	looking.back -- December
		The subsequent machine was the Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC), constructed at the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory under the overall direction of Wallace Eckert.
		Initially the NORC had been scheduled for delivery to the White Oak Naval facility, northwest of Washington DC, but the Navy decided that it would be best to assign its operations to an experienced crew, and redirected it to Dahlgren.
		However even prior to its arrival Edward Teller attempted to have it diverted to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on the basis that the work on nuclear calculations was of greater importance than the ballistic calculations intended at Dahlgren.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/50th/December.html (1024 words)

	Fredericksburg.com - Aiming HIGH
		The base was established in 1918 as a proving ground for naval ordnance, and it still retains that function.
		Today, Dahlgren has evolved into a research facility for solving all sorts of complex technological problems for troops on the front lines, and certifying that complicated systems work as they are meant to before they are used in war.
		Base employees also have been involved in research on technology to fight the import of illegal drugs, they have developed a revolutionary new program to detect and foil computer hackers, and they have served as the Navy's lead laboratory for all aspects of chemical and biological defense.
	www.freelancestar.com /News/FLS/2003/072003/07212003/1034880 (2856 words)

	Supercomputers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The first machine generally referred to as a supercomputer (though not officially designated as one), the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator, was used at Columbia University from 1954 to 1963 to calculate missile trajectories.
		Cray Research pursued vector processing, in which hardware was designed to unwrap "for" or "do" loops.
		The logical and arithmetical section of IBM’s Naval Ordnance Research Calculator, the first commonly designated supercomputer, took up the wall of a room and was composed of vacuum tubes, resistors, condensers and crystal rectifiers arranged in circuits.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2005/0,4814,102048,00.html (835 words)

	Final frontier reaches finale at Dahlgren (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The first Navy tracking system, the Minitrack system, was developed under the supervision of Roger L. Easton at the Naval Research Laboratory and became operational in 1957 as part of the emerging Navy Vanguard satellite program.
		Naval Research Laboratory knew that the system they would build was going to depend on computers, and some of the Navy's best at that time existed here at Dahlgren.
		His computer, in fact, became the milestone for the Navy's future in computers and in 1947, Dahlgren received the most sophisticated computer in the world at that time--the MARK III Naval Ordnance Relay Calculator that became the cornerstone of the Navy's computer research and reliance.
	www.dcmilitary.com /navy/southpotomac/2_51/local_news/41406-1.html (1989 words)

	Eckert_Wallace (print-only) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Eckert applied computers, in particular the SSEC and NORC, to compute precise planetary positions and contribute to the theory of the orbit of the Moon.
		The NORC was used by Eckert to work on the problem of the position of the Moon.
		The first is the development of the theory or the solution of the differential equations of motion expressing the coordinates of the moon as explicit functions of time.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Printonly/Eckert_Wallace.html (629 words)

	Miscellaneous Sites, General (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The ERIC Database is the “ world's largest source of education information, with more than 1 million abstracts of documents and journal articles on education research and practice.” An invaluable source for all educators.
		CDISS is an interdisciplinary research center in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom.
		RAND has a long history of research on issues relating to the national security and public welfare of the United States.
	www.jfsc.ndu.edu /library/research/research_sites/misc_general.asp (2061 words)

	GottliebMath: Pi: History
		Antiphon of Heraclea inscribed a polygon in a circle and calculated the area of successive polygons as the number of sides increased.
		Bryson of Heraclea was the first person to try to calculate pi using a value greater than that of pi and one below pi (by inscribing and circumscribing polygons and a circle), and figuring that the area of the circle was somewhere between those two values.
		With a 96-gon, Snell calculated 6 digits, and was eventually able to verify the 35 digits van Cuelen calculated.
	www.joshgott.com /gottliebmath/pi/history.html (1345 words)

	CIO \| A brief history of supercomputers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The sports metaphors that arise as research sites compete to create the fastest supercomputer sometimes obscure the goal of crunching numbers that had previously been uncrunchable -- and thereby providing information that had previously been inaccessible.
		Supercomputers have been used for weather forecasting, fluid dynamics (such as modeling air flow around airplanes or automobiles) and simulations of nuclear explosions -- applications with vast numbers of variables and equations that have to be solved or integrated numerically through an almost incomprehensible number of steps, or probabilistically by Monte Carlo sampling.
		When Cray left CDC in 1972 to start his own company, Cray Research he abandoned the multiprocessor architecture in favour of vector processing, a split that divides supercomputing camps to this day.
	www.cio.com.au /index.php/id;1168942840;fp;4;fpid;21 (831 words)

	Marznet's Great Moments In Computer History::The 1950s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		19 were sold to research companies, the federal government, and aircraft companies.
		The IBM 650 magnetic drum calculator establishes itself as the first mass produced computer.
		The NORC (Naval Ordnance Research Calculator) is delievered to the U.S. Navy.
	computing.marzopolis.com /50s.php (440 words)

	Marznet's Great Moments in Computer History::NORC (Naval Ordnance Research Calculator) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The NORC was a vacuum powered computer built by IBM for the U.S. Navy and was delivered in Decemeber, 1954.
		It was one of the most powerful computers of it's day, using Williams tubes for memory and had a speed of 15,000 operations per second.
		In 1955 the system was moved to the Naval Proving Ground in Virginia, where it was used until 1968.
	computing.marzopolis.com /50s/norc.php (133 words)

	UMW - Don Edwards, Instructional Technology Specialist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In my job as a computer programmer, the first computer that I worked with was the NORC (Naval Ordnance Research Calculator).
		Through provisions of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act I was at the College full-time during the spring semester of 1990, teaching 4 classes.
		Upon retiring from the Naval Surface Warfare Center in January 1994, I joined the college as a part-time employee to teach computer classes and assist with computer projects.
	www.umw.edu /doit/dtlt/about_dtlt/staff/dedwards/default.php (504 words)

	[No title]
		In oscillator-based detection it is not necessary to polarize samples prior to taking a measurement, nor is it necessary to wait for a period $T_1$ after each measurement for polarization to equilibriate.
		As requested by reviewers, this article calculated MRFM signal strength by three methods: (1)~spin and cantilever both treated classically, (2)~cantilever treated classically, spin treated quantum mechanically, (3)~a full quantum mechanical analysis of spin and cantilever as a combined quantum system.
		The effects of spin-spin interactions in target nuclei were calculated quantum mechanically.
	staff.washington.edu /mounce/publications/MRFMbiblio.txt (3632 words)

	History of Moon Investigation"
		Around 400BC, Aristotle deduced that the Earth was round from the shape of the Eath's shadow on the Moon during a lunar eclipse.
		Writing in 1954 Eckert explained the how Brown had calculated the Moon's position:- Since 1923 the work of E W Brown has constituted the basis for the published ephemerides of the moon.
		His monumental calculation, which occupied most of his lifetime, consists of two distinct steps.
	bdaugherty.tripod.com /moon/history.html (1683 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Hopper had come from a family with military traditions, thus it was not surprising to anyone when she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943.
		She was commissioned a lieutenant in July 1944 and reported to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she was the third person to join the research team of professor (and Naval Reserve lieutenant) Howard H. Aiken.
		Hopper was appointed to the Harvard faculty as a research fellow, and in 1949 she joined the newly formed Eckert-Mauchly Corporation.
	www.sdsc.edu /Publications/ScienceWomen/hopper.html (496 words)

	BRL Report 1961 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Naval Research Electronic Computer MANUFACTURER U. Naval Research Laboratory Official United States Navy Photo APPLICATIONS General purpose scientific calculation and data processing.
		U. Naval Post Graduate School The system is used primarily for the education of the officers in the Engineering School.
		We are looking forward to performing operations on research, market analysis, and a more thorough analysis of sales and determining standards of sales performance.
	www.ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/BRL61-n.html (10620 words)

	Modern Mechanix » 2006 » April » 08 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Billed by its makers as the smartest electronic brain ever built is a giant computer called the NORC, for Naval Ordnance Research Calculator.
		The NORC was designed for high-speed calculation heretofore impossible because of the time involved.
		This is the equivalent of a thousand persons calculating on paper for a lifetime.
	blog.modernmechanix.com /2006/04/08 (464 words)

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