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| | Crusader States, Kings of Jerusalem & Cyprus, Templars, Hospitallers, Israel, etc. |
 | | While the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and King Philip II Augustus of France went on the Crusade, Frederick died on the way, Philip soon left, and operations were mainly conducted by a third monarch, the King of England, Richard I, the Lion-Heart. |
 | | "Operations" principally meant the recovery of Acre, whose inhabitants, after a long seige, and surrendering on terms, were then massacred, reinforcing the reputation for savagery and treachery that the Crusaders already had. |
 | | After robbing and expelling Lombard bankers and the Jews, Philip conceived the scheme of suppressing the Templars, many of whom had died not twenty years previously vainly defending the last of the Kingdom of Jerusalem against the Mamlûks, accusing them of all sorts of outrageous crimes, and then confiscating their wealth. |
| www.friesian.com /outremer.htm (14277 words) |
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