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Topic: Neandertal

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	The Neandertal Story
		Early Neandertal fossils exhibit a rounder occipital and a rounder, receding frontal compared to Homo erectus.
		It is clear that Neandertals used their teeth differently, perhaps in ways similar to modern Eskimo who also utilize their front teeth to grip things.
		Paabo and his coworkers used the mitochondrial control region of the 30 kyr Neandertal 1, (kept at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Germany), and then copied and amplified that genetic material, (consisting of 379 base pairs), with the help of two human primers that matched the beginning of the Neandertal sequence.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/origins/hominid_journey/neandertal.html (914 words)

	The expert Neandertal mind
		Neandertals may not have been quite capable of doing nuclear physics or calculus; however, it is a travesty of the available data to argue that they did not have the full complement of basic human faculties or act in recognizably modern fashions (Hayden, 1993: 137).
		Neandertals would truly have been experts of their local domain, so much so that new arrivals would be hard pressed to compete.
		Neandertals would have been fully capable of learning and mastering any basic stone-age technology, including prismatic core technique (indeed, it is quite possible that their level of technical expertise could learn any modern technological activity).
	web.uccs.edu /twynn/Expert.htm (11650 words)

	Fossil Hominids: mitochondrial DNA
		The Feldhofer Neandertal fossil, thought to be between 30,000 and 100,000 years old, was therefore pushing the limits for this kind of work.
		The diversity of the three Neandertal mtDNA sequences (3.73%) is lower than that of chimpanzees (14.82+/-5.7%) and gorillas (18.57+/-5.26%), and similar to that of modern humans worldwide (3.43+/-1.22%).
		Interestingly, the mtDNA sequences from the Vindija Neandertals, which have a less extreme Neandertal anatomy than the classic Neandertals, and are considered transitional between modern humans and classic Neandertals by some scientists, were no closer to modern humans than the rest of the Neandertal fossils.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/mtDNA.html (2966 words)

	ENSI/SENSI Papers & Articles:DNA + Neandertals
		Neandertals, named after the German valley (Neander Tal) where their fossil remains were first discovered in 1856, are extinct hominins (formerly "hominids") that lived in Europe and Western Asia.
		Neandertal skeletons suggest they were a larger and more muscular version of modern man with low foreheads, protruding brows, poorly defined chins, and large noses with broad nostrils.
		For the conclusion that Neandertals do not contribute to modern gene pools to be correct, it is necessary for the known human sequences to be an accurate representation of the event in question.
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/dna.nean.html (1807 words)

	DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the Neandertal type specimen -- Krings et al. 96 (10): ...
		The role of Neandertals with respect to the evolution of anatomically modern humans is controversial.
		The sequences of the H primers are reverse and complemented.
		It has been suggested that Neandertals were among the direct ancestors of modern Europeans (2, 27).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/10/5581 (3672 words)

	Washington University anthropologist sets record straight on Neandertal facial length
		After compiling the data for different groups of hominids, Trinkaus concluded that the Neandertal's overall facial projection was, if anything, average for a Pleistocene epoch sample and was similar to or even modestly reduced from their non-Neandertal archaic predecessors.
		First, the majority of the more complete Neandertal skulls that anthropologists have thus far unearthed happen to be those of large males, each of whose facial length scales with the rest of their body.
		Trinkaus says there is also the influence of "time's arrow" — that is, for most of the last century, Neandertals have been compared primarily with recent humans and not to their own predecessors.
	news-info.wustl.edu /news/page/normal/256.html (960 words)

	100,000 year-old DNA sequence allows new look at Neandertal's genetic diversity
		By recovering and sequencing intact DNA from an especially ancient Neandertal specimen, researchers have found evidence suggesting that the genetic diversity among Neandertals was higher than previously thought.
		Neandertals were the only representatives of the genus Homo in Europe during most of the last 300,000 years, becoming extinct shortly after the arrival of modern humans on the continent around 30,000 years ago.
		The Neandertal specimen analyzed consists in a molar of a 10-12 year-old child that lived in the Meuse valley (Scladina cave, Belgium) around 100,000 years ago.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/cp-1yd060106.php (516 words)

	DNA Shows Neandertals Were Not Our Ancestors
		The team, however, found that Neandertals and modern humans diverged genetically 500,000 to 600,000 years ago, suggesting that though they may have lived at the same time, Neandertals did not contribute genetic material to modern humans.
		To check that the amplified DNA was really Neandertal, the researchers prepared primers based on their extracted sample and ran them on numerous human DNA samples.
		When the researchers looked at the Neandertal sequence with respect to 994 human mitochondrial DNA lineages including Africans, Europeans, Asians, Native Americans, Australians and Pacific Islanders, they found the number of base pair differences between the Neandertal sequence and these groups was 27 or 28 for all groups.
	www.psu.edu /ur/NEWS/news/Neandertal.html (784 words)

	Iodine deficient?
		Neandertal’s brutish brow and other features are identical to an iodine-deficient human condition called cretinism.
		Neandertal, who looked very human but was burly and stocky, developed a far less sophisticated culture than Cro-Magnon, the first modern humans in Europe, who emerged about 40,000 years ago.
		If Neandertal did suffer an iodine deficiency, either through a dietary dearth or physiological inability to extract it, it would have spread through generations because iodine is very important to fetal development.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ridgelines/dec10/iodine.htm (962 words)

	Neandertal News
		Identification of a 34,000-year-old Neandertal temporal bone found at Arcy-sur-Cure, France, is providing new insight into the relationship between the last Neandertals and contemporary Homo sapiens.
		Computerized- tomography scans of nine Neandertal temporal bones, which surround the inner ear, revealed small semicircular canals and a distinctive inner ear shape compared to modern humans.
		It proves Neandertals were able to use fire for illumination.
	www.archaeology.org /9609/newsbriefs/neandertals.html (350 words)

	ANTHROPOLOGY:
		Neandertals were not the ancestors of modern humans, according to new mitochondrial DNA data.
		Neandertal DNA sequence is distinct from all those known for humans and chimps.
		That theory predicts that Neandertals were a separate species, as the differences between the Neandertal DNA and that of modern humans now suggest.
	www.unl.edu /rhames/neander/neander.htm (2743 words)

	Technology Review: How Neandertal DNA Will Shed Light on Human Genes
		He was able to infer that Neandertals and homo sapiens came from a common ancestor and split approximately half a million years ago.
		The biggest challenge in actually sequencing the DNA is the fact that 95 percent of the genetic material in a Neandertal bone is microbial--from ancient bacteria.
		In order to generate three billion bases of Neandertal DNA [about the length of the genome] we'll need to generate 20 times more bases of sequence, for a total of 60 billion bases for this project.
	www.technologyreview.com /read_article.aspx?id=17545 (633 words)

	Recovery of Neandertal mtDNA: an evaluation
		The implication is that the Neandertals did not evolve into fully modern humans, that they were a different species from modern humans, and that they were just one of many proto-human types that were failed evolutionary experiments.
		That Neandertals and anatomically modern humans were buried together constitutes strong evidence that they lived together, worked together, intermarried, and were accepted as members of the same family, clan, and community.
		The fact that Neandertal and modern human sequences are approximately equidistant from the chimpanzee outgroup seems to be a good indication that Neandertal and modern humans comprise one species.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/4218tj_v12n1.asp (7793 words)

	ScienceDaily: Neandertal Genome To Be Deciphered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This breakthrough suggested that Neandertals did not make a substantial contribution to the modern human gene pool, even though the Neandertals and modern humans coexisted for thousands of years.
		Meaty Discovery: Neandertal Bone Chemistry Provides Food For Thought (June 13, 2000) -- New scientific testing resolves the long-standing debate over whether the Neandertals were merely scavengers who snatched the leftovers of nature's predators or were themselves high-level carnivores...
		Neanderthal -- The Neanderthal or Neandertal was a species of Homo (Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis) that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago, during the Middle...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/07/060720105836.htm (1963 words)

	Prominent Hominid Fossils
		The excellent descriptions of the skeletons established that they were very old, and largely discredited the idea that the Neandertal physique was a pathological condition, but also erroneously concluded that Neandertal Man walked with bent knees.
		This specimen was between about 30 and 40 when he died, but had a healed broken rib, severe arthritis of the hip, lower neck, back and shoulders, and had lost most of his molar teeth.
		Neandertal affinities can be detected in some specimens of both archaic and modern sapiens.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/specimen.html (4885 words)

	Neandertal Coalescence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If the human sample was not present as a reference we would argue that the german neandertal had a transversion at position 60 of the Croat sequence (ancestral to german sample), recently (since no other mutations are indicative of differences between croat and german neandertal).
		That, in order for the previous 'explanation' to be valid, then the 'trunk' of Neandertal had to also have a transversion at position 60, IOW the german sequence was the result of a reverse transversion of the croat sequence.
		There are a number of differences between human and common to all neandertal that fall on the neandertal side of the branch, thus we can seperate the A to C event from the C to A event by as many as 11 transitions, 1 transversion and one insertion (061).
	home.att.net /~DNAPaleoAnth/ResNeander.html (869 words)

	Neandertal DNA
		The humerus was found by quarry workers in the Feldhofer Cave, near Dusseldorf, Germany, in 1856, along with the top of a cranium, two femurs (upper leg bones), right radius and ulna (lower arm bones), part of the left ilium (pelvis), and fragments of a shoulder blade and ribs.
		Although this date must be qualified (it is based on one specimen only, and the DNA clock may or may not be as accurate as we assume), it is in accord with the fossil record.
		The relationship between Neandertals and modern humans, who are thought to have arisen in Africa some 120,000 to 150,000 years ago, and the demise of the Neandertals are intertwined.
	www.archaeology.org /online/news/dna.html (1218 words)

	News & Events - In the News Neandertal
		Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans.
		The robust composite skeleton of a Neandertal (left) is unmistakably different from that of a modern human (right).
		Due to sample contamination, the task of sequencing the Neandertal genome is much more extensive than the task of sequencing the human genome.
	www.454.com /news-events/press-kit-20060719.asp (197 words)

	What Happened to Neandertal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There are certain derived characteristics unique to Neandertals, including the supraorbital torus and lack of a chin.
		sapiens and modern humans indicates that the morphology of the ascending rami of a Neandertal is different from H.
		The morphology of the femur was typical for Neandertals, however, the degree of development, and especially the dorsal extension of its medial buttress near the midshaft, are not typical of Neandertals.
	oregonstate.edu /~veilleuc/Neandertal/Neandertal.htm (3162 words)

	American Scientist Online - Growing up Neandertal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nonetheless, Neandertals were clearly built on a human-like plan (or vice versa) with some crucial modifications.
		One of the most noticeable Neandertal features is the unmistakably large, bony browridges that stick out over the eyes.
		Overall, the Neandertal skull resembles what you might expect if someone took a human skull made of rubber, grabbed it by the face and back of the head, and pulled.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/37226 (226 words)

	neandertal: Blogs, Photos, Videos and more on Technorati
		Presencia neandertal en el NO de Europa hace 135 mil años
		El amplio pecho neandertal era producto de altos niveles de actividad
		Andra bloggar om: neandertal, intelligens, rasism --- Igår stod det i tidningen om en nobelpristagare som menade att afrikaner har lägre intelligens än vita människor.
	www.technorati.com /tag/neandertal (620 words)

	Neandertal Milestones
		brain size, 1400-1450cc, (this is a modest approximation as they have uncovered some Neandertal's whose brains were as large as 1700cc) was larger than Erectus that enabled them to have an even more advanced toolkit.
		A recent theory is that Cro-Magnan's absorbed the Neandertals into their species through interbreeding thus having become part of the modern human gene pool.
		of Neandertals conducted in 1997 and 2000 that showed a significant difference from human DNA that suggests Neandertals are not part of the human family.
	www.brainchannels.com /evolution/neandertal.html (249 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog : 2006 07
		Of course, the Neandertal genome would be very important for confirming possible genetic contributions from Neandertals.
		For their work, they will use samples from several Neandertal individuals, including the type of specimen found in 1856 in Neander Valley and a particularly well-preserved Neandertal from Croatia.
		The Max Planck Society's decision to fund the project is based on an analysis of approximately one million base pairs of nuclear Neandertal DNA from a 45,000-year-old Croatian fossil, sequenced by 454 Life Sciences.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/2006/07/21 (710 words)

	Neandertal Advance: First Fully Jointed Skeleton Built (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The skeleton was reconstructed by G.J. Sawyer, an anthropologist at the AMNH, and Blaine Maley, a graduate student in the Department of Anthropology at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
		Neandertals lived in Europe and some parts of Asia from 300,000 years ago.
		The relationship between Neandertals and the early modern humans, commonly known as Cro-Magnon beings, is fuzzy.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/03/0310_050310_neandertal.html (425 words)

	Neanderthal or Neandertal? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In either case, the 'h' must remain in the name, because the laws governing biological nomenclature forbid changing the spelling.
		Fortunately for the Neandertals, who have a bad enough image problem as it is, King's name was published two years earlier and hence has priority.
		By a strange coincidence, the "New Man Valley" named for him after his death gave its name to a new type of human that was discovered there.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/spelling.html (420 words)

	Neandertal Evolutionary Genetics: Mitochondrial DNA Data from the Iberian Peninsula -- Lalueza-Fox et al. 22 (4): 1077 ...
		Neandertal Evolutionary Genetics: Mitochondrial DNA Data from the Iberian Peninsula -- Lalueza-Fox et al.
		Neandertal morphology, around 250,000 years ago (Rightmire 2001).
		Molecular analysis of Neandertal DNA from the northern Caucasus.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/4/1077 (2735 words)

	A Reanalysis of the Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Recovered from Neandertal Bones -- Gutiérrez et al. 19 ...
		Neandertal DNA at the base of modern human diversity (fig.
		Neandertals as a different species might be artifactually increased.
		Neandertal specimen A (the most ancient) would be expected to show a mean distance to humans shorter than the most recent one (Neandertal B) if DNA had suffered no damage
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/8/1359 (3364 words)

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